Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Grewia asiatica Linn. bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Authors: Naznin Ara Khatune, Bytul Mokaddesur Rahman, Ranjan Kumar Barman, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Inspite of introduction of oral hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and its related complications remains to be a major clinical problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of Grewia asiatica (Linn) stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (110 mg/kg) in Norwegian Long Evans rats. Ethanol extract of barks from Grewia asiatica (GAE 200 and 400 mg/kg) and metformin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered once daily for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of rats were measured on 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of oral treatment. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed and blood sample were collected for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), SGOT and CK-MB. Analysis of liver glycogen content and histopathlogy of pancreas were carried out. In vitro DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of GAE were also determined.

Results

After 15 days of oral administration of GAE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased survival rate and showed a significant attenuation in blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Oral ingestion of GAE significantly reduced the SGOT and CK-MB levels and restored liver glycogen content when compared to diabetic control. The effects of GAE on SGOT, CK-MB and liver glycogen content were dose-dependent. The diabetic rats treated with GAE showed significant improvement in normal cellular population size of islets. Phytochemical screening of GAE revealed the presence of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content was 44.65 ± 3.17 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gm of GAE extract and the total flavonoid content was 39.11 ± 4.65 mg of quercetin equivalent per gm of GAE extract. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 values of GAE and ascorbic acid were found 76.45 and 12.50 μg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that ethanol extract of barks from G. asiatica possess glucose, lipid lowering efficacy, restored liver glycogen and protects pancreas from oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thus, the results of the present study provide a scientific rationale for the use of G. asiatica in the management of diabetes and its related complications.
Literature
1.
Scheen JA. Drug treatment of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the 1990s achievements and future development. Drug. 1997;54:355–68.CrossRef
2.
Burke JP, Williams K, Narayan KMV, Lelbson C, Haffner SM, Stern MP. A population perspective on diabetes prevention: whom should we target for preventing weight gain? Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1999–2004.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Vats RK, Kumar V, Kothari A, Mital A, Ramachandran U. Emerging targets for diabetes. Curr Sci. 2005;88:241–9.
4.
Tiwari AK, Madhusudana RJ. Diabetes mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: present status and future prospects. Curr Sci. 2002;83:30–8.
5.
Brown WV. Lipoprotein disorders in diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 1994;87:143–61.CrossRef
6.
Stamler I, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors and 12-yrs cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;15:434–44.CrossRef
7.
Goldstein JL, Schrott HG, Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Motulsky AG. Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease, genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidemia. J Clin Invest. 1973;52:1544–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
9.
10.
Dey L, Anoja MD, Attele S. Alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. Altern Med Rev. 2002;7:56–7.
11.
Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine. 1995;2:137–89.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Huang X, Vagg A, Hanson M, Weng J, Goop L. Impaired insulin stimulated expression of glycogen synthase gene in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients in acquired rather than inherited. J Chin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1584–90.
13.
Hwang HJ, Kim SW, Lim JM, Joo JH, Kim HO, Kim HM, Yun JW. Hypoglycemic effect of crude exopolysaccharides produced by medicinal musroom Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2005;76:3069–80.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Vinson JA, Zhang J. Black and green teas equally inhibit diabetic cataracts in streptozotocin induced rat model of diabetes. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:3710–3.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Salunkhe DK, Desai BB. In: Salunkhe, Desai, editors. Postharvest biotechnology of fruits; 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1984. p. 129.
16.
Hays WB. Fruit Growing in India. 2nd ed. Allahabad: Kitabistan; 1953.
17.
Sastri BN. The wealth of India: raw materials. Grewia linn. Tilliaceae Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1956; 4: 260–6.
18.
Nair MG, Deueitt DL, Wang H, Krempir D, Wand Mody DK. Dietary food supplement containing natural cyclooxygenase inhibitors and methods for inhibiting pain and inflammation US Patent Specification. 2005.
19.
Phalsa YAK. In: Janick J, editor. A potential new small fruit for Georgia. Alexandria: ASHS; 1999. p. 348–52.
20.
Gopalan C, Sastri BVR, Balasubramanyam SC. Food composition table nutritive value of Indian foods. Hyderabad: ICMR; 2002. p. 1–156.
21.
Abou Zeid AHS, Sleem AA. Antidiabetic effect and flavonoids of Grewia asiatica L. Leaves, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 2005.
22.
Sharma KV, Sisodia R. Evaluation of the free radical scavenging activity and radioprotective efficacy of Grewia asiatica fruit. J Radiol Prot. 2009;29:429–43.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Sisodia R, Singh S, Sharma KV, Ahaskar M. Post treatment effect of Grewia asiatica against radiation induced biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2008;27:113–21.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Priyanka P, Patel MM, Bhavsar CJ. Preliminary phytochemical and hypoglycemic activity of leaves of Grewia Asiatica L. Res J Pharm, Biol Chem Sci. 2011;2(1):516–20.
25.
Parvin A, Irfan M, Mohammad F. Antihyperglycemic activity in Grewia asiatica, a comparative investigation. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(1):210–3.
26.
Pollock JRA, Stevens R. Dictionary of organic compounds, vol. 5. 4th ed. London: Eyre and Spottishwoode Publishers; 1965.
27.
Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. 12th ed. Baillier Tindall: ELBS Publications; 1996. p. 344–539.
28.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals / Section 4: Health Effects Test No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method. Paris: OECD; 2002.
29.
Lenzen S. The mechanisms of action of allxan-and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetology. 2008;51:216–26.CrossRef
30.
Bergmeyer HU, Bernayer I, Giabi M, Moss DW. Bergmeyer Methods of enzymatic analysis 3rd Ed. Overlay Chemical. 1992.
31.
Reddy AR, Reddy PG, Venkateshwarlu E, Srinivas N, Nirmala D. Anti-diabetic and Hypolipidemic effect of Acalypha indica in streptozotocin nicotinamide induced type -II diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(2):205–12.
32.
Gruber W. Inhibition of creatine kinase activity by Ca+2 and reversing effect of ethylendiaminetetraacetate. Clin Chem. 1978;24:177.PubMed
33.
Barnet RN, et al. Protective effects of prostaglandin 12 analogues on super- oxide induced hepatocyte injury. Am J Clin Path. 1973;59:836.CrossRef
34.
Schumann G, et al. IFCC primary reference procedures for the measurement of catalytic activity concentrations of enzymes at 37 °C. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Part 5. Reference procedure for the measurement of catalytic concentration of aspartate aminotransferase. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002;40(7):725–33.PubMed
35.
Tarnoky K, et al. Spectrophotometric determination of glycogen with O-toluidine. Clin Chem Acta. 1963;8:627–8.CrossRef
36.
Yen G-C, Chen H-Y. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem. 1995;43:27–32.CrossRef
37.
McDonald S, Prenzler PD, Autolovich M, Robards K. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive oil extracts. Food Chem. 2001;73:73–84.CrossRef
38.
Kumaran K. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 2007;10(3):178–82.
39.
Szkudelski T. The Mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in β-cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol Res. 2001;50:536–46.
40.
Goth A. Medical pharmacology: principles and concepts. 9th ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby Company; 1978.
41.
Pari L, Latha M. Effect of Cassia auriculata flowers on blood sugar alevels, serum and tissue lipids in streptpzotocin diabetic rats. Singapore Med J. 2002;43:617–21.PubMed
42.
Lee MK, Kim MJ, Cho SY, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoids Oliv.) leaves in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67:22–8.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Khan BA, Abraham A, Leelamma S. Hypoglycemic action of Murraya koengii (curry leaf) and Brussia juncea (mustard): mechanism of action. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1995;32:106–8.PubMed
44.
Swanston-Flat SK, Day C, Bailley CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatment for diabetes: studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia. 1990;33:462–4.CrossRef
45.
Chatterjea MN, Shinde R. Diabetes mellitus. In: Text book of medical biochemistry. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical publishers; 2002. p. 317.
46.
47.
Krishnakumar K, August KT, Vijayammal PL. Hypolipidemic effect of Salacia oblonga Wall. Root bark in Streptozotocin diabetic rats. Med Sci Res. 2000;28:65–7.
48.
49.
Bainton D, Miller NE, Botton CH, Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Baker IA, Lewis B, Elwood PC. Plasma triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol a predictors of ischemic heart disease in Britain man. Br Heart J. 1992;68:60–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Taskimen MR. Lipiprotin lipase in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1987;3:551–70.CrossRef
51.
Ghosh S, Suryawanshi SA. Effect of Vinca rosea extracts in treatment of alloxan diabetes in male albino rat. Ind J Exp Biol. 2001;39:748–59.
52.
53.
Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gode KD. Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (−)-epicatechin. Life Sci. 1982;31:2693–7.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Gorray KC, Baskin D, Brodsky J, Fujimoto WY. Responses of pancreatic b cells to alloxan and streptozotocin in the guinea pig. Pancreas. 1986;1:130–8.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Grewia asiatica Linn. bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Authors
Naznin Ara Khatune
Bytul Mokaddesur Rahman
Ranjan Kumar Barman
Mir Imam Ibne Wahed
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1276-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Early electroacupuncture treatment ameliorates neuroinflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury

Research article

The utilization of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine for non-communicable diseases and mental disorders in health care patients in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam

Research article

The correlation between antimutagenic activity and total phenolic content of extracts of 31 plant species with high antioxidant activity

Research article

Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) and butein induce apoptosis of paclitaxel-resistant SKOV-3/PAX ovarian cancer cells through inhibition of AKT phosphorylation

Research article

Analysis of molecular networks and targets mining of Chinese herbal medicines on anti-aging

Research article

Passiflora incarnata attenuation of neuropathic allodynia and vulvodynia apropos GABA-ergic and opioidergic antinociceptive and behavioural mechanisms