Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

The investigation of Helicobacter pylori in the dental biofilm and saliva samples of children with dyspeptic complaints

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The oral cavity can be an extra-gastric reservoir for Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). This can play a role in the pathogenesis of halitosis, glossitis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and dental caries. The present study was conducted to detect the presence of H.pylori within the dental biofilm and in saliva samples collected from children suffering from dyspepsia and children without any gastrointestinal complaints. Associations with gastric infection, halitosis, and some oral parameters were also evaluated.

Methods

Seventy children (aged between 5–16) with dyspepsia were selected for the study group and control group composed of 30 healthy children without dyspepsia were also included in the study. After detailed oral and clinical examinations for oral parameters, saliva, and supragingival dental biofilm samples were collected for 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The presence of gastric H.pylori was evaluated in endoscopic biopsy specimens histopathologically. Halitosis was evaluated by benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamid (BANA) test. Salivary S.mutans and Lactobacilli sp. counts were also carried out by commercial kits.

Results

H.pylori was histopathologically detected amongst 83% of the children with the dyspeptic condition. The detection rate of this bacteria in dental biofilm and saliva samples and halitosis were found relatively higher in the dyspeptic children rather than the control group (p < 0.01). Halitosis was not significantly different between dyspeptic children and those detected with H.pylori (p > 0.05). In the gastric H.pylori positive group with dyspepsia, DMFT/S and dmft/s numbers and plaque indices were found higher than the control group (p < 0.01). Only plaque indices of gastric H.pylori negative group with dyspepsia were found higher than the control group (p < 0.01). S.mutans and Lactobacilli sp. counts were not significantly different between gastric H.pylori positive and negative groups (p > 0.05). Comparing to those with negative for both genes, in children whose dental biofilm and saliva samples were positive for both 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes, significantly higher results for halitosis, and DMFS numbers and significantly lower results for dmfs numbers and pH values were found (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Helicobacter pylori can occur in the oral cavity aside and independently from the stomach. However, the high number of bacteria in the oral cavities of children with gastric H.pylori, an association between the presence of H.pylori and halitosis, DMFS, and pH were found.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Al Asqah M, Al Hamoudi N, Anil S, Al Jebreen A, Al-Hamoudi WK. Is the presence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis a risk factor for gastric infection? Can J Gastroenterol. 2009;23(3):177–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Dowsett SA, Archila L, Segreto VA, Gonzalez CR, Silva A, Vastola KA, Bartizek RD, Kowolik MJ. Helicobacter pylori infection in indigenous families of Central America: serostatus and oral and fingernail carriage. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(8):2456–60.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Burgers R, Schneider-Brachert W, Reischl U, Behr A, Hiller KA, Lehn N, Schmalz G, Ruhl S. Helicobacter pylori in human oral cavity and stomach. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116(4):297–304.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Medina ML, Medina MG, Martin GT, Picon SO, Bancalari A, Merino LA. Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori in oral samples from patients suffering digestive pathologies. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(1):38–42.
5.
Valdez-Gonzales JA, Mares-Moreno PC, Kawolik MJ, Valdez- Gonzales JA, Gonzales- Salazar F, De la Garza-Ramos MA. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of Mexican children by real-time PCR. Health J. 2014;6(4):231–5.CrossRef
6.
Liu Y, Lin H, Bai Y, Qin X, Zheng X, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Study on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque and the occurrence of dental caries or oral hygiene index. Helicobacter. 2008;13(4):256–60.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Elsheikh MN, Mahfouz ME. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in recurrent aphthous ulcerations in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the pharynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(9):804–8.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Naito T, Iwamoto T, Masuo Y, Yamada K, Hisama K, Okada I, Hirofuji T. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the saliva of patients complaining of halitosis. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57(Pt 12):1553–9.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Krasteva A, Panov V, Krasteva A, Kisselova A. Oral cavity and Systemic Diseases- Helicobacter Pylori and dentistry. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq. 2011;25(3):2447–51.CrossRef
10.
Kilmartin CM. Dental Implications of Helicobacter pylori. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(8):489–93.PubMed
11.
Vale FF, Vitor JM. Transmission pathway of Helicobacter pylori: Does food play a role in rural and urban areas? Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;138(1–2):1–12.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Ahmed KS, Khan AA, Ahmed I, Tiwari SK, Habeeb MA, Ali SM, Ahi JD, Abid Z, Alvi A, Hussain MA, Ahmed N, Habibullah CM. Prevalence study to elucidate the transmission pathways of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastroduodenal sites of a South Indian population. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(4):291–6.PubMed
13.
Bickley J, Owen RJ, Fraser AG, Pounder RE. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the urease C gene of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples and dental plaque. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39(5):338–44.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Loster BW, Majewski SW, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Bielanski W, Pierzchalski P, Konturek SJ. The relationship between the presence of Helicobacter Pylori in the Oral Cavity and Gastric in the stomach. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57(3):91–100.PubMed
15.
Andersen LP, Rasmussen L. Helicobacter pylori- coccoid forms of biofilm formation. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56(2):112–5.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Chow TK, Lambert JR, Wahlqvist ML, Hsu-Hage BH. Helicobacter pylori in Melbourne Chinese immigrants: evidence for oral-oral transmission via chopsticks. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;10(5):562–9.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Megraud F. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;9(2):85–91.PubMed
18.
Anand SA, Kamath KP, Anil S. Role of dental plaque, saliva and periodontal disease in Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(19):5639–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Morales-Espinosa R, Fernandez-Presas A, Gonzalez-Valencia G, Flores-Hernandez S, Delgado-Sapien G, Mendez-Sanchez JL, Sanchez-Quezada E, Munoz-Perez L, Leon-Aguilar R, Hernandez-Guerrero J, Cravioto A. Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity is associated with gastroesophageal disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009;24(6):464–8.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Eskandari A, Mahmoudpour A, Abolfazli N, Lafzi A. Detection of Helicobacter pylori using PCR in dental plaque of patients with and without gastritis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(1):28–31.
21.
Torcatoru A, Roman I. The oral presence of helicobacter pylori and its implications on oral condition and gastric pathology. AMT J. 2010;2(1):259–61.
22.
Namiot DB, Namiot Z, Kemona A, Golebiewska M. Peptic ulcers and oral health status. Adv Med Sci. 2006;51:153–5.PubMed
23.
Oshowo A, Tunio M, Gilliam D, Botha AJ, Holton J, Boulos P, Habsley M. Oral colonization is unlikely to play an important role in Helicobacter pylori infection. Br J Surg. 1998;85(6):850–2.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Suk FM, Chen SH, Ho YS, Pan S, Lou HY, Chang CC, Hsieh CR, Cheng YS, Lien GS. It is difficult to eradicate Helicobacter pylori from dental plaque by triple therapy. Chin Med J. 2002;65(10):468–73.
25.
Liu Y, Yue H, Li A, Wang J, Jiang B, Zhang Y, Bai Y. An epidemiologic study on the correlation between oral Helicobacter pylori and gastric H. pylori. Curr Microbiol. 2009;58(5):449–53.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Al-Refai AN, Fathalla SE, Nagamani R, Al-Momen S. Incidence of helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of Saudi gastritis patients. J Fam Comm Med. 2002;9(2):27–36.
27.
Ghosh P, Bodhankar SL. Determination of risk factors and transmission pathways of Helicobacter pylori in asymptomatic subjects in Western India using polymerase chain reaction. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2012;2(1):12–7.CrossRef
28.
Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney system. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:1161–81.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Unsal B, Alaaddinoglu E, Ozcan G, Dogan B, Tuncer C. Supragingival Dental Plak ve Gastrik Mukozada Helicobacter Pylori'nin Tespiti. GU Dişhek Fak Derg. 2002;19(3):15–18.
30.
Hardo PG, Tugnait A, Hassan F, Lynch DA, West AP, Mapstone NP, Quirke P, Chalmers DM, Kowolik MJ, Axon AT. Helicobacter pylori infection and dental care. Gut. 1995;37(1):44–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Anand PS, Nandakumar K, Shenoy KT. Are dental plaque, poor oral hygiene, and periodontal disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection? J Periodontol. 2006;77(4):692–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Nahar S, Kibria KM, Hossain ME, Sultana J, Sarker SA, Engstrand L, Bardhan PK, Rahman M, Endtz HP. Evidence of intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori by PCR-based RAPD fingerprinting in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28(7):767–73.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Luman W. Helicobacter pylori transmission: Is it due to kissing? J. R. Coll Physicians Edinb 2002;32:275–79.
34.
World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 1997. Oral health surveys: basic methods.
35.
Gurbuz AK, Ozel AM, Yazgan Y, Celik M, Yildirim S. Oral colonization of Helicobacter pylori: risk factors and response to eradication therapy. South Med J. 2003;96(3):244–7.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Butt AK, Khan AA, Izhar M, Alam A, Shah SW, Shafqat F. Correlation of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002;52(5):196–200.PubMed
37.
Berroteran A, Perrone M, Correnti M, Cavazza ME, Tombazzi C, Goncalvez R, Lecuna V. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the oral cavity and gastroduodenal system of a Venezuelan population. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51(9):764–70.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Paradowska A, Sieja A, Braksator M. Helicobacter pylori infection and oral cavity. Gastroenterologia Polska. 2010;17(6):423–26.
39.
Nguyen AM, Engstrand L, Genta RM, Graham DY. el-Zaatari FA. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31(4):783–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Bali D, Rosamma J, Bali A. The Association of dental plaque and Helicobacter Pylori infection in dyspeptic patients undergoing endoscopy. J Clin Diagn Res. 2010;4(1):3614–21.
41.
Chitsazi MT, Fattahi E, Farahani RMZ, Fattahi S. Is it diagnostic value for gastric infection? Med Orol Oatol Oral Cir Bucal. 2006;11:325–8.
42.
Namiot DB, Leszczynska K, Namiot Z, Chilewicz M, Bucki R, Kemona A. The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori antigens in dental plaque; an association with oral health status and oral hygiene practices. Adv Med Sci. 2010;55(2):167–71.CrossRefPubMed
43.
World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods 4th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
44.
45.
46.
Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: Current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol. 1992;63(9):776–82.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Gasbarrini A, Ojetti V, Pitocco D, De Luca A, Franceschi F, Candelli M, Sanz Torre E, Pola P, Ghirlanda G, Gasbarrini G. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients affected by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10(6):469–72.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Werdmuller BF, van der Putten TB, Balk TG, Lamers CB, Loffeld RJ. Clinical presentation of Helicobacter pylori-positive and -negative functional dyspepsia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(5):498–502.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Tiomny E, Arber N, Moshkowitz M, Peled Y, Gilat T. Halitosis and Helicobacter pylori. A possible link? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;15(3):236–7.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Serin E, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, Ozer B, Yilmaz U, Boyacioglu S. Halitosis in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspepsia: an indication for eradication therapy? Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14(1):45–8.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Li XB, Liu WZ, Ge ZZ, Zhang DR, Zhao YJ, Dai J, Xue HB, Xiao SD. Analysis of clinical characteristics of dyspeptic symptoms in Shanghai patients. Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6(2):62–7.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Loesche WJ, Bretz WA, Kerschensteiner D, Stoll J, Socransky SS, Hujoel P, et al. Development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infection based on plaque hydrolysis of Benzoyl-DL-Arginine-Naphthlamide. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(7):1551–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Colombo AP, Teles RP, Torres MC, Souto R, Rosalem J, Mendes MC, et al. Subgingival microbiota of Brazilian subjects with untreated chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2002;73(4):360–9.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Matarazzo F, Figueiredo LC, Cruz SE, Faveri M, Feres M. Clinical and microbiological benefits of systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin in the treatment of smokers with chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):885–96.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Altındiş S, Altındiş M, Özdemir M, Ellidokuz E, Uslan I, Duran İ, Dilek H. Dispeptik yakınmalı hastaların dental plak ve mide biyopsi örneklerinde helicobacter pylori'nin real time-PCR ile araştırılması. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2010;17(2):1–7.
56.
Teoman I, Ozmeric N, Ozcan G, Alaaddinoglu E, Dumlu S, Akyon Y, Balos K. Comparison of different methods to detect Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque of dyspeptic patients. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):201–5.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Wichelhaus A, Brauchli L, Song Q, Adler G, Bode G. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the adolescent oral cavity: dependence on orthodontic therapy, oral flora and hygiene. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72(3):187–95.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Olivier BJ, Bond RP, van Zyl WB, Delport M, Slavik T, Ziady C. Terhaar Sive Droste JS, Lastovica A, van der Merwe SW. Absence of Helicobacter pylori within the oral cavities of members of a healthy South African Community. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(2):635–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Glocker E, Berning M, Gerrits MM, Kusters JG, Kist M. Real-time PCR screening for 16S rRNA mutations associated with resistance to tetracycline in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(8):3166–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Marais A, Monteiro L, Occhialini A, Pina M, Lamouliatte H, Megroud F. Direct detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to macrolides by a polymerase chain reaction/ DNA enzyme immunoassay in gastric biopsy specimens. Gut. 1999;44(4):463–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Chaudhry S, Idrees M, Izhar M, Butt AK, Khan AA. Simultaneous amplification of two bacterial genes: more reliable method of Helicobacter pylori detection in microbial rich dental plaque samples. Curr Microbiol. 2011;62(1):78–83.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Shi S, Liang Q, Hayashi Y, Yakushiji M, Machida Y. The relationship between caries activity and the status of dental caries application of the Dentocult SM method. Chin J Dent Res. 1998;1(3):52–5.PubMed
63.
Mohtaram N, Mehdi S, Mohamad A, Ahmad D. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa and dental plaque in Sari, northern Iran. J Chin Clin Med. 2008;3(7):383–7.
64.
Vahedi M, Khalilian A, Abdollahzadeh S, Shafiei N. Saliva secretion and efficacy of helicobacter pylori eradication in peptic ulcer patients. J Dent. 2011;8(4):165–9.
65.
Malık MF, Hussain T, Khan MN, Mırza SM, Faroo M. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with dyspeptic symptoms having normal endoscopy. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2010;41(21):30–2.
66.
Jafri W, Yakoob J, Abid S, Siddiqui S, Awan S, Nizami SQ. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: population-based age-specific prevalence and risk factors in a developing country. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(2):279–82.PubMed
67.
Kadayıfçı A, Büyükhatipoğlu H, Cemil Savaş M, Şimşek I. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with triple therapy: an epidemiologic analysis of trends in Turkey over 10 years. Clin Ther. 2006;28(11):1960–6.CrossRefPubMed
68.
69.
Sayed MM, Ibrahim WA, Abdel-bary SA, Abdelhakam SM, El-Masry S, Ghorba D. Salivary PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Egyptian patients with dyspepsia. Egypt J Med Hum Gen. 2011;12(1):211–6.CrossRef
70.
Martinez-Gomis J, Diouf A, Lakhssassi N, Sixou M. Absence of Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity of 10 non-dyspeptic subjects demonstrated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006;21(6):407–10.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Bharath TS, Reddy MS, Dhanapal R, Raj Kumar NG, Neeladri Raju P, Saraswathi T. Molecular detection and correlation of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric biopsies of dyspeptic patients. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2014;18(1):19–24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Ou Z, Xiong L, Li DY, Geng L, Li L, Chen P, Yang M, Zeng Y, Zhou Z, Xia H, Gong S. Evaluation of a new fluorescence quantitative PCR test for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in children. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13(7):1–6.
73.
Kignel S, de Almeida PF, Andre EA, Alves Mayer MP, Birman EG. Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and saliva of dyspeptic patients. Oral Dis. 2005;11(1):17–21.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Clayton CL, Kleanthous H, Coates PJ, Morgan DD, Tabaqchali S. Sensitive detection of Helicobacter pylori by using polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:192–200.PubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Bielanski W, Guzik TJ, Loster B, Konturek SJ. Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity and its implications for gastric infection, periodontal health, immunology and dyspepsia. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;56(6):77–89.PubMed
76.
Nasrelahei M, Maleki L, Tirgar Fakheri H. The relationship between Helicobacter pylori colonization in Dental Plaque and Gastric Infection. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2004;7(2):27–31.
77.
Siddiq M, Rehman H, Mahmood A. Evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in dental plaque and gastric mucosa. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004;14(4):205–7.PubMed
78.
Schubert TT, Schubert AB, Ma CK. Symptoms, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori in patients referred for endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38(3):357–60.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Katsinelos P, Tziomalos K, Chatzimavroudis G, Vasiliadis T, Katsinelos T, Pilpilidis I, Triantafillidis I, Paroutoglou G, Papaziogas B. Eradication therapy in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients with halitosis: long-term outcome. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16(2):119–23.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Chen X, Tao DY, Li Q, Feng XP. The relationship of halitosis and Helicobacter pylori. Shanghai J Stomatol. 2007;16(3):236–8.
81.
Song Q, Lange T, Spahr A, Adler G, Bode G. Characteristic distribution pattern of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and saliva detected with nested PCR. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49(4):349–53.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Kolho KL, Holtta P, Alaluusua S, Lindahl H, Savilahti E, Rautelin H. Dental caries is common in Finnish children infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(11):815–7.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Banatvala N, Lopez Romero C, Owen RJ, Hurtado A, Abdi Y, Davies GR, Hardie JM, Feldman RA. Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction to detect Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque of healthy and symptomatic individuals. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 1994;7(1):1–8.CrossRef
84.
Chaudhry S, Iqbal HA, Khan AA, Izhar M, Butt AK, Akhter MW, Izhar F, Mirza KM. Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and gastric mucosa: correlation revisited. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58(6):331–4.PubMed
85.
Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim RS. Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Am J Theo Appl Stat. 2015;5(1):1–4.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The investigation of Helicobacter pylori in the dental biofilm and saliva samples of children with dyspeptic complaints
Publication date
01-12-2017
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-017-0361-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Oral Health 1/2017 Go to the issue

Research article

Characterization of a potential ABC-type bacteriocin exporter protein from Treponema denticola

Case report

Cervical metastasis of gingival carcinoma misdiagnosed as branchiogenic carcinoma, a rare entity - report of a case and review of literature

Research article

Assessing the progression of chronic periodontitis using subgingival pathogen levels: a 24-month prospective multicenter cohort study

Research article

Treatment decisions on Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) by Norwegian dentists – a questionnaire study

Study protocol

Clinical registry of dental outcomes in head and neck cancer patients (OraRad): rationale, methods, and recruitment considerations

Research article

Developmental defects of enamel in primary teeth - findings of a regional German birth cohort study