Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2021

01-12-2021 | Osteoarthrosis | Research article

LncRNA HOTTIP leads to osteoarthritis progression via regulating miR-663a/ Fyn-related kinase axis

Authors: Xianwei He, Kun Gao, Shuaihua Lu, Rongbo Wu

Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been implicated in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). This study was aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA HOXA terminal transcriptional RNA (HOTTIP) in the development of OA.

Methods

The expression of HOTTIP, miR-663a and Fyn-related kinase (FRK) in the OA articular cartilage and OA chondrocyte model induced by IL-1β was determined by qRT-PCR. CCK-8, colony formation and flow cytometry were used to determine the cell proliferation and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes. The specific molecular mechanism of HOTTIP in OA chondrocytes was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blotting and RNA pull-down.

Results

The expression of HOTTIP and FRK were up-regulated, while miR-663a was down-regulated in OA cartilage tissues. Knockdown of HOTTIP decreased the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells, while overexpression of HOTTIP increased the proliferation and reduced the apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells. Moreover, HOTTIP could bind to miR-663a as competitive endogenous RNA. Inhibition of miR-663a expression could alleviate the effect of HOTTIP knockdown on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cartilage model cells. Furthermore, FRK was found to be a direct target of miR-663a, which could markedly down-regulate the expression of FRK in OA chondrocytes, while HOTTIP could remarkably up-regulate the expression of FRK. In addition, miR-663a inhibition increased the proliferation and reduced the apoptosis of OA cells, while FRK knockdown reversed the effect of miR-663a inhibition on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cells. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-663a decreased the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of OA cells, while overexpression of FRK reversed the effect of miR-663a overexpression on the proliferation and apoptosis of OA cells.

Conclusion

HOTTIP was involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of OA chondrocytes via miR-663a/ FRK axis, and HOTTIP/miR-663a/FRK might be a potential target for the treatment of OA.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Glyn-Jones S, Palmer A, Agricola R, Price A, Vincent T, Weinans H, et al. Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):376–87.PubMedCrossRef Glyn-Jones S, Palmer A, Agricola R, Price A, Vincent T, Weinans H, et al. Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):376–87.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Fransen M, McConnell S, Harmer AR, Van der Esch M, Simic M, Bennell KL. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;49(24):1554-7. Fransen M, McConnell S, Harmer AR, Van der Esch M, Simic M, Bennell KL. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;49(24):1554-7.
5.
go back to reference Goldring SR, Goldring MB. Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage–bone crosstalk. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(11):632.PubMedCrossRef Goldring SR, Goldring MB. Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage–bone crosstalk. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(11):632.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Markstedt K, Mantas A, Tournier I, Martínez Ávila HC, Hägg D, Gatenholm P. 3D bioprinting human chondrocytes with nanocellulose–alginate bioink for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules. 2015;16(5):1489–96.PubMedCrossRef Markstedt K, Mantas A, Tournier I, Martínez Ávila HC, Hägg D, Gatenholm P. 3D bioprinting human chondrocytes with nanocellulose–alginate bioink for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Biomacromolecules. 2015;16(5):1489–96.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Scotece M, Pérez T, Conde J, Abella V, López V, Pino J, et al. Adipokines induce pro-inflammatory factors in activated Cd4+ T cells from osteoarthritis patient. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(6):1299–303.PubMedCrossRef Scotece M, Pérez T, Conde J, Abella V, López V, Pino J, et al. Adipokines induce pro-inflammatory factors in activated Cd4+ T cells from osteoarthritis patient. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(6):1299–303.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Barter M, Ajekigbe B, Cheung K, Skelton A, Xu Y, Deehan D, et al. Identification and characterisation of long non-coding RNAS expressed and dysregulated in knee and hip osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26:S28.CrossRef Barter M, Ajekigbe B, Cheung K, Skelton A, Xu Y, Deehan D, et al. Identification and characterisation of long non-coding RNAS expressed and dysregulated in knee and hip osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26:S28.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Pearson M, Nanus D, Davis E, Lindsay M, Jones S. The differential expression and functional role of long non coding RNAs in inflamed synovial tissue from patients with hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26:S161.CrossRef Pearson M, Nanus D, Davis E, Lindsay M, Jones S. The differential expression and functional role of long non coding RNAs in inflamed synovial tissue from patients with hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26:S161.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Chen C, Xu G, Yuan K, Sun Y, Bao G, Xu D, et al. Transcriptional analysis of long non-coding RNAs in facet joint osteoarthritis. RSC Adv. 2018;8(59):33695–701.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chen C, Xu G, Yuan K, Sun Y, Bao G, Xu D, et al. Transcriptional analysis of long non-coding RNAs in facet joint osteoarthritis. RSC Adv. 2018;8(59):33695–701.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Pearson MJ, Philp AM, Heward JA, Roux BT, Walsh DA, Davis ET, et al. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs mediate the human chondrocyte inflammatory response and are differentially expressed in osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):845–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pearson MJ, Philp AM, Heward JA, Roux BT, Walsh DA, Davis ET, et al. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs mediate the human chondrocyte inflammatory response and are differentially expressed in osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):845–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
13.
go back to reference Pradeepa MM, McKenna F, Taylor GC, Bengani H, Grimes GR, Wood AJ, et al. Psip1/p52 regulates posterior Hoxa genes through activation of lncRNA Hottip. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(4):e1006677.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pradeepa MM, McKenna F, Taylor GC, Bengani H, Grimes GR, Wood AJ, et al. Psip1/p52 regulates posterior Hoxa genes through activation of lncRNA Hottip. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(4):e1006677.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Ye H, et al. The long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes progression and gemcitabine resistance by regulating HOXA13 in pancreatic cancer. J Transl Med. 2015;13(1):84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Ye H, et al. The long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes progression and gemcitabine resistance by regulating HOXA13 in pancreatic cancer. J Transl Med. 2015;13(1):84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Cheng Y, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Corton JC, Safe S. The long non-coding RNA HOTTIP enhances pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, survival and migration. Oncotarget. 2015;6(13):10840.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cheng Y, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Corton JC, Safe S. The long non-coding RNA HOTTIP enhances pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, survival and migration. Oncotarget. 2015;6(13):10840.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Zhang H, Zhao L, Wang Y-X, Xi M, Liu S-L, Luo L-L. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP is correlated with progression and prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(11):8805–9.CrossRef Zhang H, Zhao L, Wang Y-X, Xi M, Liu S-L, Luo L-L. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP is correlated with progression and prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(11):8805–9.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Cen X, Huang X-Q, Sun W-T, Liu Q, Liu J. Long noncoding RNAs: a new regulatory code in osteoarthritis. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(11):4747.PubMedPubMedCentral Cen X, Huang X-Q, Sun W-T, Liu Q, Liu J. Long noncoding RNAs: a new regulatory code in osteoarthritis. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(11):4747.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Beyer C, Zampetaki A, Lin N-Y, Kleyer A, Perricone C, Iagnocco A, et al. Signature of circulating microRNAs in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(3):e18.PubMedCrossRef Beyer C, Zampetaki A, Lin N-Y, Kleyer A, Perricone C, Iagnocco A, et al. Signature of circulating microRNAs in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(3):e18.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Nugent M. MicroRNAs: exploring new horizons in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(4):573–80.CrossRef Nugent M. MicroRNAs: exploring new horizons in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(4):573–80.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Zhou L, Pan X, Li Z, Chen P, Quan J, Lin C, et al. Oncogenic miR-663a is associated with cellular function and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:1155–63.PubMedCrossRef Zhou L, Pan X, Li Z, Chen P, Quan J, Lin C, et al. Oncogenic miR-663a is associated with cellular function and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:1155–63.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xia X, Chao Y, He R, et al. ZBTB7A, a miR-663a target gene, protects osteosarcoma from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by suppressing LncRNA GAS5 expression. Cancer Lett. 2019;448:105–16.PubMedCrossRef Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xia X, Chao Y, He R, et al. ZBTB7A, a miR-663a target gene, protects osteosarcoma from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by suppressing LncRNA GAS5 expression. Cancer Lett. 2019;448:105–16.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Wei DM, Jiang MT, Lin P, Yang H, Dang YW, Yu Q, et al. Potential ceRNA networks involved in autophagy suppression of pancreatic cancer caused by chloroquine diphosphate: a study based on differentially-expressed circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(2):600–26.PubMed Wei DM, Jiang MT, Lin P, Yang H, Dang YW, Yu Q, et al. Potential ceRNA networks involved in autophagy suppression of pancreatic cancer caused by chloroquine diphosphate: a study based on differentially-expressed circRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(2):600–26.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Goel RK, Lukong KE. Understanding the cellular roles of Fyn-related kinase (FRK): implications in cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2016;35(2):179–99.PubMedCrossRef Goel RK, Lukong KE. Understanding the cellular roles of Fyn-related kinase (FRK): implications in cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2016;35(2):179–99.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Ogunbolude Y, Dai C, Bagu ET, Goel RK, Miah S, MacAusland-Berg J, et al. FRK inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget. 2017;8(68):113034.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ogunbolude Y, Dai C, Bagu ET, Goel RK, Miah S, MacAusland-Berg J, et al. FRK inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget. 2017;8(68):113034.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Lefkowitch JH, Antony LV. The evolving role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hepatic neoplasia: inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma in a man with metabolic syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2015;35:349–54 Thieme Medical Publishers.PubMedCrossRef Lefkowitch JH, Antony LV. The evolving role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hepatic neoplasia: inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma in a man with metabolic syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2015;35:349–54 Thieme Medical Publishers.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Hua L, Wang G, Wang Z, Fu J, Fang Z, Zhuang T, et al. Activation of STAT1 by the FRK tyrosine kinase is associated with human glioma growth. J Neuro-Oncol. 2019;143:1–13.CrossRef Hua L, Wang G, Wang Z, Fu J, Fang Z, Zhuang T, et al. Activation of STAT1 by the FRK tyrosine kinase is associated with human glioma growth. J Neuro-Oncol. 2019;143:1–13.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Chang SH, Yasui T, Taketomi S, Matsumoto T, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Omiya T, et al. Comparison of mouse and human ankles and establishment of mouse ankle osteoarthritis models by surgically-induced instability. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(4):688–97.CrossRef Chang SH, Yasui T, Taketomi S, Matsumoto T, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Omiya T, et al. Comparison of mouse and human ankles and establishment of mouse ankle osteoarthritis models by surgically-induced instability. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(4):688–97.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Takagi S, Omori G, Koga H, Endo K, Koga Y, Nawata A, et al. Quadriceps muscle weakness is related to increased risk of radiographic knee OA but not its progression in both women and men: the Matsudai knee osteoarthritis survey. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(9):2607–14.PubMedCrossRef Takagi S, Omori G, Koga H, Endo K, Koga Y, Nawata A, et al. Quadriceps muscle weakness is related to increased risk of radiographic knee OA but not its progression in both women and men: the Matsudai knee osteoarthritis survey. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(9):2607–14.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Sun Y, Hu B, Wang Q, Ye M, Qiu Q, Zhou Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes BCL-2 expression and induces chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-216a. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(2):85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sun Y, Hu B, Wang Q, Ye M, Qiu Q, Zhou Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes BCL-2 expression and induces chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-216a. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(2):85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ren Y-K, Xiao Y, Wan X-B, Zhao Y-Z, Li J, Li Y, et al. Association of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP with progression and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(9):11458.PubMedPubMedCentral Ren Y-K, Xiao Y, Wan X-B, Zhao Y-Z, Li J, Li Y, et al. Association of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP with progression and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(9):11458.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Kim D, Song J, Han J, Kim Y, Chun C-H, Jin E-J. Two non-coding RNAs, MicroRNA-101 and HOTTIP contribute cartilage integrity by epigenetic and homeotic regulation of integrin-α1. Cell Signal. 2013;25(12):2878–87.PubMedCrossRef Kim D, Song J, Han J, Kim Y, Chun C-H, Jin E-J. Two non-coding RNAs, MicroRNA-101 and HOTTIP contribute cartilage integrity by epigenetic and homeotic regulation of integrin-α1. Cell Signal. 2013;25(12):2878–87.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Zhang H, Xu C, Sun N, Zhou Y, Yu X, Yan X, et al. Gene expression profiling analysis of MENX-associated rat pituitary adenomas contributes to understand molecular mechanisms of human pituitary adenomas. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(1):125–33.PubMedCrossRef Zhang H, Xu C, Sun N, Zhou Y, Yu X, Yan X, et al. Gene expression profiling analysis of MENX-associated rat pituitary adenomas contributes to understand molecular mechanisms of human pituitary adenomas. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(1):125–33.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Zhang C, Wang P, Jiang P, Lv Y, Dong C, Dai X, et al. Upregulation of lncRNA HOTAIR contributes to IL-1β-induced MMP overexpression and chondrocytes apoptosis in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Gene. 2016;586(2):248–53.PubMedCrossRef Zhang C, Wang P, Jiang P, Lv Y, Dong C, Dai X, et al. Upregulation of lncRNA HOTAIR contributes to IL-1β-induced MMP overexpression and chondrocytes apoptosis in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Gene. 2016;586(2):248–53.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Chang JC, Sebastian A, Murugesh DK, Hatsell S, Economides AN, Christiansen BA, et al. Global molecular changes in a tibial compression induced ACL rupture model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(3):474–85.PubMedCrossRef Chang JC, Sebastian A, Murugesh DK, Hatsell S, Economides AN, Christiansen BA, et al. Global molecular changes in a tibial compression induced ACL rupture model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(3):474–85.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Zhang L, Yang C, Chen S, Wang G, Shi B, Tao X, et al. Long noncoding RNA DANCR is a positive regulator of proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in human synovium-derived stem cells. DNA Cell Biol. 2017;36(2):136–42.PubMedCrossRef Zhang L, Yang C, Chen S, Wang G, Shi B, Tao X, et al. Long noncoding RNA DANCR is a positive regulator of proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in human synovium-derived stem cells. DNA Cell Biol. 2017;36(2):136–42.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Zhao X, Li Y, Lin X, Wang J, Zhao X, Xie J, et al. Ozone induces autophagy in rat chondrocytes stimulated with il-1β through the aMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. J Pain Res. 2018;11:3003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhao X, Li Y, Lin X, Wang J, Zhao X, Xie J, et al. Ozone induces autophagy in rat chondrocytes stimulated with il-1β through the aMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. J Pain Res. 2018;11:3003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Zhou M, Wang X, Shi H, Cheng L, Wang Z, Zhao H, et al. Characterization of long non-coding RNA-associated ceRNA network to reveal potential prognostic lncRNA biomarkers in human ovarian cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(11):12598.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhou M, Wang X, Shi H, Cheng L, Wang Z, Zhao H, et al. Characterization of long non-coding RNA-associated ceRNA network to reveal potential prognostic lncRNA biomarkers in human ovarian cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(11):12598.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Zhiyuan W, Xiaohe S, Bing N, Gaoxing L, Yi T, Yi S. Contribution of hepatitis B virus X protein-induced aberrant microRNA expression to hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis. Turkish J Biol. 2019;43(2):113. Zhiyuan W, Xiaohe S, Bing N, Gaoxing L, Yi T, Yi S. Contribution of hepatitis B virus X protein-induced aberrant microRNA expression to hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis. Turkish J Biol. 2019;43(2):113.
40.
41.
go back to reference Zhang G, Wu Y, Xu D, Yan X. Long noncoding RNA UFC1 promotes proliferation of chondrocyte in osteoarthritis by acting as a sponge for miR-34a. DNA Cell Biol. 2016;35(11):691–5.PubMedCrossRef Zhang G, Wu Y, Xu D, Yan X. Long noncoding RNA UFC1 promotes proliferation of chondrocyte in osteoarthritis by acting as a sponge for miR-34a. DNA Cell Biol. 2016;35(11):691–5.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Hoffman Y, Bublik DR, Ugalde AP, Elkon R, Biniashvili T, Agami R, et al. 3’UTR shortening potentiates microRNA-based repression of pro-differentiation genes in proliferating human cells. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(2):e1005879.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hoffman Y, Bublik DR, Ugalde AP, Elkon R, Biniashvili T, Agami R, et al. 3’UTR shortening potentiates microRNA-based repression of pro-differentiation genes in proliferating human cells. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(2):e1005879.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Yan S, Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhou C, Jin L, et al. MicroRNA-34a affects chondrocyte apoptosis and proliferation by targeting the SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38(1):201–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yan S, Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhou C, Jin L, et al. MicroRNA-34a affects chondrocyte apoptosis and proliferation by targeting the SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38(1):201–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Wu X-F, Zhou Z-H, Zou J. MicroRNA-181 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis by targeting PTEN. Biochem Cell Biol. 2017;95(3):437–44.PubMedCrossRef Wu X-F, Zhou Z-H, Zou J. MicroRNA-181 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis by targeting PTEN. Biochem Cell Biol. 2017;95(3):437–44.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Li L, Kou Y, Chen F, Sun X. Expression of p-FRK and its prognostic analysis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chin J Clin Exp Pathol. 2017;33(5):525–9. Li L, Kou Y, Chen F, Sun X. Expression of p-FRK and its prognostic analysis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chin J Clin Exp Pathol. 2017;33(5):525–9.
Metadata
Title
LncRNA HOTTIP leads to osteoarthritis progression via regulating miR-663a/ Fyn-related kinase axis
Authors
Xianwei He
Kun Gao
Shuaihua Lu
Rongbo Wu
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03861-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2021 Go to the issue