Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

The Building Wealth and Health Network: methods and baseline characteristics from a randomized controlled trial for families with young children participating in temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)

Authors: Jing Sun, Falguni Patel, Rachel Kirzner, Nijah Newton-Famous, Constance Owens, Seth L. Welles, Mariana Chilton

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Families with children under age six participating in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF) must participate in work-related activities for 20 h per week. However, due to financial hardship, poor health, and exposure to violence and adversity, families may experience great difficulty in reaching self-sufficiency. The purpose of this report is to describe study design and baseline findings of a trauma-informed financial empowerment and peer support intervention meant to mitigate these hardships.

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a 28-week intervention called Building Wealth and Health Network to improve financial security and maternal and child health among caregivers participating in TANF. Participants, recruited from County Assistance offices in Philadelphia, PA, were randomized into two intervention groups (partial and full) and one control group. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline to assess career readiness, economic hardship, health and wellbeing, exposure to adversity and violence, and interaction with criminal justice systems.

Results

Baseline characteristics demonstrate that among 103 participants, there were no significant differences by group. Mean age of participants was 25 years, and youngest child was 30 months. The majority of participants were women (94.2 %), never married (83.5 %), unemployed (94.2 %), and without a bank account (66.0 %). Many reported economic hardship (32.0 % very low household food secure, 65.0 % housing insecure, and 31.1 % severe energy insecure), and depression (57.3 %). Exposure to adversity was prevalent, where 38.8 % reported four or more Adverse Childhood Experiences including abuse, neglect and household dysfunction. In terms of community violence, 64.7 % saw a seriously wounded person after an incident of violence, and 27.2 % had seen someone killed. Finally, 14.6 % spent time in an adult correctional institution, and 48.5 % of the fathers of the youngest child spent time in prison.

Conclusions

Baseline findings demonstrate that caregivers participating in TANF have suffered significant childhood adversity, adult violence exposure, and poverty-related stressors that can limit workforce success. High prevalence of housing and food insecurity, exposure to adversity, violence and criminal justice systems demands comprehensive programming to support families. Trauma-informed approaches to career readiness such as the Building Wealth and Health Network offer opportunities for potential success in the workforce.

Trial registration

This study is retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov
The Identifier is: NCT02577705
The Registration date is October 13, 2015
Literature
1.
Cook JT et al. A brief indicator of household energy security: Associations with food security, child health, and child development in US infants and toddlers. Pediatrics. 2008;122(4):e867–75.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Loprest P, Maag E. Disabilities among TANF recipients: Evidence from NHIS. Washington, D.C: The Urban Institute; 2009.
3.
Danziger SK, Seefeldt KS. Barriers to employment and the ‘hard to serve’: Implications for services, sanctions, and time limits. Soc Policy Soc. 2003;2(02):151-160.
4.
Kneipp SM, Kairalla JA, Sheely AL. A randomized controlled trial to improve health among women receiving welfare in the U.S.: The relationship between employment outcomes and the economic recession. Soc Sci Med. 2013;80:130–40.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Kneipp SM et al. Public Health Nursing Case Management for Women Receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: A Randomized Controlled Trial Using Community-Based Participatory Research. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(9):1759–68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Administration, S.A.a.M.H.S. Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. In: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.
7.
Bloom SL. Creating sanctuary: toward the evolution of sane societies. New York: Routledge; 1997. p. 306.
8.
Mahlke CI et al. Peer support in mental health services. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(4):276–81.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Mead S, Hilton D, Curtis L. Peer Support: A Theoretical Perspective. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2001;25(2):134-41.
10.
Floyd I, LaDonna P, Schott L. TANF Continues to Weaken as a Safety Net. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2015.
11.
Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J. Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development. Child Dev. 2000;71(1):188–96.
12.
Black MM et al. WIC participation attenuates child health risks associated with dual stressors of household food insecurity and caregiver depressive symptoms. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(5):444–51.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Frank DA et al. Nutritional-assistance programs play a critical role in reducing food insecurity. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):e1267. author reply e1267-8.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Dworsky A, Courtney ME. Barriers to employment among TANF applicants and their consequences for self-sufficiency. Fam Soc J Contemp Soc Serv. 2007;88(3):379–89.
15.
16.
Bloom D, Loprest PJ, Zedlewski SR. TANF recipients with barriers to employment. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program—Research Synthesis Brief; 2011. p. 1.
17.
Kennedy AC. Urban adolescent mothers exposed to community, family, and partner violence: prevalence, outcomes, and welfare policy implications. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(1):44–54.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Bowie SL, Dopwell DM. Metastressors as barriers to self-sufficiency among TANF-reliant African American and Latina women. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work. 2013;00(0):1-17.
19.
20.
Raphael J. Keeping battered women safe during welfare reform: new challenges. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2002;57(1):32–5.PubMed
21.
Cheng TC. Intimate Partner Violence and Welfare Participation A Longitudinal Causal Analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2013;28(4):808–30.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Adams AE et al. Does job stability mediate the relationship between intimate partner violence and mental health among low-income women? Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2013;83(4):600–8.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Staggs SL et al. Intimate partner violence, social support, and employment in the post-welfare reform era. J Interpers Violence. 2007;22(3):345–67.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Frogner B, Moffit R, Ribar D. Leaving Welfare: Long-Term Evidence from Three Cities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University; 2010 in Three City Study, Working Paper 10-01. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University; 2010.
25.
Breiding MJ, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014
26.
Cambron C, Gringeri C, Vogel-Ferguson MB. Physical and mental health correlates of adverse childhood experiences among low-income women. Health & social work. 2014;39(4):221–9.CrossRef
27.
Danese A et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(12):1135–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Anda RF et al. Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(5):396–403.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Ross CE, Mirowsky J. Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and health. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42(3):258-76.
30.
Chilton M et al. The relationship between childhood adversity and food insecurity: 'It's like a bird nesting in your head'. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(14):2643-53.
31.
Anda RF et al. Childhood Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and Indicators of Impaired Adult Worker Performance. Perm J. 2004;8(1):30–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Phillips SD, Dettlaff AJ. More than parents in prison: The broader overlap between the criminal justice and child welfare systems. J Publ Child Welfare. 2009;3(1):3–22.CrossRef
33.
Travis J. Families and Children of Offenders Who Return Home. Fed Probation. 2005;69:31.
34.
Head V, Born CE, Ovwigho P. Criminal History as an employment barrier for TANF recipients. Baltimore: University of Maryland Baltimore; 2009.
35.
Lu W et al. Correlates of adverse childhood experiences among adults with severe mood disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(9):1018–26.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Evans GW, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK, Stressing out the poor: Chronic physiological stress and the income-achievement gap. Community Investments; 2011(Fall): p. 22–27.
37.
Liu Y et al. Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and unemployment among adults from five U.S. states. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(3):357–69.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Farah MJ et al. Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Res. 2006;1110(1):166–74.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Noble KG, McCandliss BD, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Dev Sci. 2007;10(4):464–80.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Randles JM. Partnering and Parenting in Poverty: A Qualitative Analysis of a Relationship Skills Program for Low‐Income, Unmarried Families. J Policy Anal Manage. 2014;33(2):385–412.CrossRef
41.
Larkin H, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: implications for practice and health policy. Soc Work Public Health. 2014;29(1):1–16.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Larkin H, MacFarland NS. Restorative integral support (RIS) for older adults experiencing co-occurring disorders. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2012;74(3):231–41.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Pavetti L, Derr MK, Hesketh H. Review of sanction policies and research studies, report from Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services (March 2003). 2003.
44.
Lindhorst T, Mancoske RJ. The social and economic impact of sanctions and time limits on recipients of temporary assistance to needy families. J Sociol Soc Welf. 2006;33(1):93.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Lens V. Work sanctions under welfare reform: Are they helping women achieve self-sufficiency. Duke J Gender L & Pol’y. 2006;13:255.
46.
Pavetti L et al. The use of TANF work-oriented sanctions in Illinois, New Jersey, and South Carolina. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc; 2004.
47.
Cook J et al. Welfare reform and the health of young chidren: A Sentinel survey in 6 US cities. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(7):678.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Kalil A, Seefeldt KS, Wang HC. Sanctions and material hardship under TANF. Soc Serv Rev. 2002;76(4):642–62.CrossRef
49.
Oggins J, Fleming A. Welfare reform sanctions and financial strain in a food-pantry sample. J Soc & Soc Welfare. 2001;28:101.
50.
Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Curtis MA. TANF Sanctioning and Hardship. Soc Serv Rev. 2005;79(2):215–36. 403-404.CrossRef
51.
Larson AM, Singh S, Lewis C. Sanctions and Education Outcomes for Children in TANF Families. Child Youth Services. 2011;32(3):180–99.CrossRef
52.
Stegman MA, Faris R. Welfare, work and banking: The use of consumer credit by current and former TANF recipients in Charlotte, North Carolina. J Urban Aff. 2005;27(4):379–402.CrossRef
53.
Zhan M, Anderson SG, Scott J. Financial management knowledge of the low-income population: Characteristics and needs. J Soc Serv Res. 2006;33(1):93–106.CrossRef
54.
Anderson S, Zhan M, Scott J. Improving the knowledge and attitudes of low-income families about banking and predatory financial practices. Fam Soc J Contemp Soc Serv. 2007;88(3):443–52.
55.
Sullivan JX. Welfare Reform, Saving, and Vehicle Ownership Do Asset Limits and Vehicle Exemptions Matter? J Hum Resour. 2006;41(1):72–105.CrossRef
56.
FDIC Unbanked/Underbanked Survey Study Group. 2011 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households. Federal Deposit Ensurance Corporation, editor. Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Ensurance Corporation; 2012.
57.
Sherraden MW. Assets and the poor: a new American welfare policy. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe; 1991. p. 324.
58.
Shapiro TM, Wolff EN. Assets for the poor: the benefits of spreading asset ownership, The Ford Foundation series on asset building. New York: Russell Sage; 2001. p. 389.
59.
Sherraden MW. Inclusion in the American dream: assets, poverty, and public policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 409.
60.
Shanks TR, Robinson C. Over-stressed kids: Examining the impact of economic security on children and families. Annie E. Casey Foundation, editor. Baltimore, MD: 2011.
61.
Brooks, J, Wiedrich K. Assets & Opportunity Scorecard: A Portrait of financial insecurity and Policies to Rebuild Prosperity in America, in CFED, http://​scorecard.​cfed.​org, Editor. 2012: Washington, D.C.
62.
Hendey L, McKernan S-M, Woo B. Weathering the Recession: The Financial Crisis and Family Wealth Changes in Low-Income Neighborhoods. The Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Urban Institute, editor. Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC; 2012.
63.
Collins JM. Effects of mandatory financial education on low-income clients. Focus. 2010;27(1):13–8.
64.
Elliott W, Beverly SG. The role of savings and wealth in reducing ‘wilt’ between expectations and college attendance. J Child Poverty. 2011;17(2):165–85.CrossRef
65.
Edin K. More than Money: The Role of Assets in the Survival Strategies and Material Well-being of the Poor, in Assets for the poor: the benefits of spreading asset ownership. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2001. p. 206-231.
66.
Choi L, et al. For what it’s worth: Strengthening the financial future of families, communities and the nation. Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco & Corporation for Enterprise Development; 2015
67.
US Department Of Health And Human Services. Strengthening TANF Outcomes By Developing Two-Generation Approaches, Administration For Children And Families Office Of Family Assistance, editor. Washington DC: Information Memoranda TANF-ACF-IM-2016-03; 2016.
68.
Pennsylvania State Administrators. Participation Rates for TANF Referrals. 2014.
69.
70.
Fernandez MI et al. Development of an easy to use tool to assess HIV treatment readiness in adolescent clinical care settings. AIDS Care. 2011;23(11):1492–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Bloom SL, Sreedhar SY. The sanctuary model of trauma-informed organizational change. Reclaiming Children Youth. 2008;17(3):48–53.
72.
Hong P, Polanin J, Pigott T. Validation of the Employment Hope Scale: measuring psychological self-sufficiency among low-income jobseekers. Res Soc Work Pract. 2012;22(3):323–32.CrossRef
73.
Hong PYP. The employment hope scale: Measuring an empowerment pathway to employment success. Int J Psychol Res. 2013;8(3).
74.
Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized Self-Efficacy scale, in Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M. Editors. Windsor, England: NFER-NELSON; 1995 p. 35–37.
75.
Bickel G. et al. Guide to measuring household food security. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. Washington, DC.
76.
Bickel G et al. Measuring Food Security in the United States: Guide to Measuring Household Food Security. Alexandria: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation; 2000.
77.
78.
Blake KS, Kellerson RL, Simic A. Measuring overcrowding in housing. Washington, DC: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research; 2007.
79.
Casey P et al. Maternal depression, changing public assistance, food security, and child health status. Pediatrics. 2004;113(2):298–304.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.CrossRef
81.
Hann D, Winter K, Jacobsen P. Measurement of depressive symptoms in cancer patients: evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). J Psychosom Res. 1999;46(5):437–43.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Zhang W et al. Validating a Shortened Depression Scale (10 Item CES-D) among HIV-Positive People in British Columbia, Canada. Plos One. 2012;7(7):e40793.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Glascoe FP. Scoring, Administration and Interpretation Guidelines, in Collaborating with parents: Using Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status to detect and address developmental and behavioral problems. Nolensville, TN: Ellsworth & Vandermeer Press; 1998. p. 9–30.
84.
Brothers KB, Glascoe FP, Robertshaw NS. PEDS: Developmental Milestones--An Accurate Brief Tool for Surveillance and Screening. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008;47(3):271-9.
85.
Glascoe FP. Collaborating with parents: Using Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status to detect and address developmental and behavioral problems. Nolensville, TN: Ellsworth & Vandermeer Press; 1998.
86.
Glascoe FP. Parents’ evaluation of developmental status: how well do parents’ concerns identify children with behavioral and emotional problems? Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42(2):133–8.CrossRef
87.
Glascoe FPMK. Detecting children with developmental-behavioral problems: the value of collaborating with parents. Psychol Test Assess Model. 2011;53(2):258–79.
88.
Dong MX et al. The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse Negl. 2004;28(7):771–84.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Edwards VJ et al. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1453-1460.
90.
Richters JE, Saltzman W. Survey of Exposure to Community Violence: Parent report version. 1990. J.E. Richters.
91.
Scarpa A et al. Community Violence Exposure in University Students A Replication and Extension. J Interpers Violence. 2002;17(3):253–72.CrossRef
92.
Osborne C, Knab J. Work, welfare, and young children’s health and behavior in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2007;29(6):762–81.CrossRef
93.
Wildeman C. Paternal Incarceration and Children’s Physically Aggressive Behaviors Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces. 2010;89(1):285–309.CrossRef
94.
Schwarzer R. Everything you wanted to know about the General Self-Efficacy Scale but were afraid to ask: documentation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. 2014.
95.
Miller L, World Federation for Mental Health. Mental health in rapid social change. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press; 1972. p. 415.
96.
Barkley RA. Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale (BDEFS). Guilford Press; 2011
97.
98.
Löwe B et al. Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). J Affect Disord. 2004;81(1):61–6.CrossRefPubMed
99.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
100.
Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo Jr EA. Food insufficiency and American school-aged children’s cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics. 2001;108(1):44–53.PubMed
101.
Woolfenden S et al. A systematic review of the prevalence of parental concerns measured by the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) indicating developmental risk. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14(1):231.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
102.
Felitti V et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14(4):245–58.CrossRefPubMed
103.
Cronholm P. Adverse Childhood Experiences Expanding the Concept of Adversity. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(3):354–61.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Kliewer W, Zaharakis N. Community violence exposure, coping, and problematic alcohol and drug use among urban, female caregivers: A prospective study. Personal Individ Differ. 2013;55(4):361–6.CrossRef
105.
Zhang S, Anderson SG. Low-income single mothers’ community violence exposure and aggressive parenting practices. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2010;32(6):889–95.CrossRef
106.
Carson E. Prisoners in 2013, in Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, Editor. 2014, NCJ 247282, U.S. Department of Justice: Washington, DC.
107.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. 2014, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4884; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Rockville, MD.
108.
Murphy A et al. Group attachment-based intervention: Trauma-informed care for families with Adverse Childhood Experiences. Family Community Health. 2015;38(3):268–79.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Mosle A, Patel N. Two Generations, One Future: Moving Parents and Children Beyond Poverty Together. The Aspen Institute; 2012
110.
Shonkoff JP, Fisher PA. Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(4 pt2):1635–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
111.
Payne N. The Washington State Learning Disabilities Screening. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. 1997.
112.
Collins JM. Finding a Yardstick: Field Testing Outcome Measures for Community‐based Financial Coaching and Capability Programs. Research Outcomes Brief, Center for Financial Security, Editor. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Madison, Wisconsin. 2013.
113.
Danes SM, C Huddleston-Casas, L Boyce. Financial planning curriculum for teens: impact evaluation. Financial Counseling and Planning, 1999;10(1):25–37.
114.
Babor TF, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. 2nd ed. New York (USA): World Health Organization-WHO; 2002.
115.
116.
Brooks-Gunn J, et al. Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study [Public Use Data]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). 2011.
117.
Block CR, et al. The Chicago women’s health risk study: Risk of serious injury or death in intimate violence, A collaborative research project. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2000.
118.
Williams D. On and off the’Net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 2006;11(2):593–628.
Metadata
Title
The Building Wealth and Health Network: methods and baseline characteristics from a randomized controlled trial for families with young children participating in temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
Authors
Jing Sun
Falguni Patel
Rachel Kirzner
Nijah Newton-Famous
Constance Owens
Seth L. Welles
Mariana Chilton
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3233-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Implementation challenges and opportunities for HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) among young men in Vancouver, Canada: a qualitative study

Research article

Overweight and obesity among women: analysis of demographic and health survey data from 32 Sub-Saharan African Countries

Research article

Determinants of tetanus, pneumococcal and influenza vaccination in the elderly: a representative cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)

Research article

The art of being mentally healthy: a study to quantify the relationship between recreational arts engagement and mental well-being in the general population

Research article

Effectiveness of a smartphone app in increasing physical activity amongst male adults: a randomised controlled trial

Research article

Assessment of sedentary behaviors and transport-related activities by questionnaire: a validation study