Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Study protocol

Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF): a new prospective cohort study

Authors: Keith T. Palmer, Karen Walker-Bone, E. Clare Harris, Cathy Linaker, Stefania D’Angelo, Avan Aihie Sayer, Catharine R. Gale, Maria Evandrou, Tjeerd van Staa, Cyrus Cooper, David Coggon

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Demographic trends in developed countries have prompted governmental policies aimed at extending working lives. However, working beyond the traditional retirement age may not be feasible for those with major health problems of ageing, and depending on occupational and personal circumstances, might be either good or bad for health. To address these uncertainties, we have initiated a new longitudinal study.

Methods/design

We recruited some 8000 adults aged 50–64 years from 24 British general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Participants have completed questionnaires about their work and home circumstances at baseline, and will do so regularly over follow-up, initially for a 5-year period. With their permission, we will access their primary care health records via the CPRD. The inter-relation of changes in employment (with reasons) and changes in health (e.g., major new illnesses, new treatments, mortality) will be examined.

Discussion

CPRD linkage allows cost-effective frequent capture of detailed objective health data with which to examine the impact of health on work at older ages and of work on health. Findings will inform government policy and also the design of work for older people and the measures needed to support employment in later life, especially for those with health limitations.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Cooke M. Policy changes and the labour force participation of older workers: evidence from six countries. Can J Aging. 2006;25:387–400.CrossRefPubMed Cooke M. Policy changes and the labour force participation of older workers: evidence from six countries. Can J Aging. 2006;25:387–400.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Department for Work and Pensions. No one written off: reforming welfare to reward responsibility. Public consultation. London: The Stationery Office; 2008. p. 978 0 10 173632 9. Department for Work and Pensions. No one written off: reforming welfare to reward responsibility. Public consultation. London: The Stationery Office; 2008. p. 978 0 10 173632 9.
8.
go back to reference Palmer KT, Harris EC, Coggon D. Chronic health problems and risk of accidental injury in the workplace: a systematic literature review. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65:757–64.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Palmer KT, Harris EC, Coggon D. Chronic health problems and risk of accidental injury in the workplace: a systematic literature review. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65:757–64.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Kisner SM, Pratt SG. Occupational fatalities among older workers in the United States: 1980–1991. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:715–8.CrossRefPubMed Kisner SM, Pratt SG. Occupational fatalities among older workers in the United States: 1980–1991. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:715–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Midanik LT, Soghikian K, Ransom LJ, Tekawa IS. The effect of retirement on mental health and health behaviors: the Kaiser Permanente retirement study. J Gerontol. 1995;50:S59–61.CrossRef Midanik LT, Soghikian K, Ransom LJ, Tekawa IS. The effect of retirement on mental health and health behaviors: the Kaiser Permanente retirement study. J Gerontol. 1995;50:S59–61.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Mein G, Martikainen P, Hemingway H, Stansfeld S, Marmot M. Is retirement good or bad for mental and physical health functioning? Whitehall II longitudinal study of civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:46–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Mein G, Martikainen P, Hemingway H, Stansfeld S, Marmot M. Is retirement good or bad for mental and physical health functioning? Whitehall II longitudinal study of civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:46–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Waddell G, Burton AK. Is work good for your health and well-being? London: The Stationery Office; 2006. p. 0 11 7036943. Waddell G, Burton AK. Is work good for your health and well-being? London: The Stationery Office; 2006. p. 0 11 7036943.
13.
go back to reference Leino-Arjas P, Liira J, Mutanen P, Malmivaara A, Matikainen E. Predictors and consequences of unemployment among construction workers: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 1999;319:600–5.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Leino-Arjas P, Liira J, Mutanen P, Malmivaara A, Matikainen E. Predictors and consequences of unemployment among construction workers: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 1999;319:600–5.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Gallo WT, Bradley EH, Dubin JA, Jones RN, Falba TA, Teng H-M, et al. The persistence of depressive symptoms in older workers who experience involuntary job loss: results from the Health Retirement Survey. J Gerontol. 2006;61B:S221–8.CrossRef Gallo WT, Bradley EH, Dubin JA, Jones RN, Falba TA, Teng H-M, et al. The persistence of depressive symptoms in older workers who experience involuntary job loss: results from the Health Retirement Survey. J Gerontol. 2006;61B:S221–8.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Tyhurst JS, Salk L, Kennedy M. Mortality, morbidity and retirement. Am J Public Health. 1957;47:1434–44.CrossRef Tyhurst JS, Salk L, Kennedy M. Mortality, morbidity and retirement. Am J Public Health. 1957;47:1434–44.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Yelin EH. Musculoskeletal conditions and employment. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;8:311–7.CrossRef Yelin EH. Musculoskeletal conditions and employment. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;8:311–7.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Li X, Gignac MAM, Anis AH. Workplace, psychosocial factors, and depressive symptoms among working people with arthritis: a longitudinal study. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1849–55.PubMed Li X, Gignac MAM, Anis AH. Workplace, psychosocial factors, and depressive symptoms among working people with arthritis: a longitudinal study. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1849–55.PubMed
18.
19.
go back to reference Hollowell J. General Practice Research Database (GPRD): scope and quality of data. London: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; 1994. Hollowell J. General Practice Research Database (GPRD): scope and quality of data. London: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; 1994.
20.
go back to reference Williams T, van Staa TP, Puri S, Eaton S. Recent advances in the utility and use of the general practice research database as an example of a UK primary care data resource. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012;3(2):89–99.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Williams T, van Staa TP, Puri S, Eaton S. Recent advances in the utility and use of the general practice research database as an example of a UK primary care data resource. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012;3(2):89–99.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the general practice research database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69:4–14.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the general practice research database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69:4–14.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Eriksson I, Unden A-L, Elofsson S. Self-rated health. Comparisons between three different measures. Results from a population study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:326–33.CrossRefPubMed Eriksson I, Unden A-L, Elofsson S. Self-rated health. Comparisons between three different measures. Results from a population study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:326–33.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13:595–605.CrossRefPubMed Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13:595–605.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Palmer KT, Reading I, Linaker C, Calnan M, Coggon D. Population based cohort study of incident and persistent arm pain: role of mental health, self-rated health and health beliefs. Pain. 2008;136:30–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Palmer KT, Reading I, Linaker C, Calnan M, Coggon D. Population based cohort study of incident and persistent arm pain: role of mental health, self-rated health and health beliefs. Pain. 2008;136:30–7.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Palmer KT, Reading I, Calnan M, Linaker C, Coggon D. Does knee pain in the community behave like a regional pain syndrome? Prospective cohort study of incidence and persistence. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1190–4.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Palmer KT, Reading I, Calnan M, Linaker C, Coggon D. Does knee pain in the community behave like a regional pain syndrome? Prospective cohort study of incidence and persistence. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1190–4.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.CrossRef Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, et al. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:63.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, et al. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:63.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Jenkins CD, Stanton BA, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:313–21.CrossRefPubMed Jenkins CD, Stanton BA, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:313–21.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Morphy H, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Boardman HF, Croft PR. Epidemiology of insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population. Sleep. 2007;30:274–80.PubMed Morphy H, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Boardman HF, Croft PR. Epidemiology of insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population. Sleep. 2007;30:274–80.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Ilmarinen J, Tuomi K, Klockars M. Changes in the work ability of active employees over an 11 -year period. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23 Suppl 1:49–57.PubMed Ilmarinen J, Tuomi K, Klockars M. Changes in the work ability of active employees over an 11 -year period. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23 Suppl 1:49–57.PubMed
33.
go back to reference De Zwart BC, Frings-Dresen MH, van Duivenbooden JC. Test-retest reliability of the Work Ability Index questionnaire. Occup Med. 2002;52:177–81.CrossRef De Zwart BC, Frings-Dresen MH, van Duivenbooden JC. Test-retest reliability of the Work Ability Index questionnaire. Occup Med. 2002;52:177–81.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Alavinia SM, de Boer AGEM, van Duivenbooden JC, Frings-Dresen MHW, Burdorf A. Determinants of work ability and its predictive value for disability. Occup Med. 2009;59:32–7.CrossRef Alavinia SM, de Boer AGEM, van Duivenbooden JC, Frings-Dresen MHW, Burdorf A. Determinants of work ability and its predictive value for disability. Occup Med. 2009;59:32–7.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Cardiovascular health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.CrossRefPubMed Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Cardiovascular health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Bouillon K, Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Sabia S, Fransson EI, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:64.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bouillon K, Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Sabia S, Fransson EI, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:64.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:652–8.CrossRefPubMed Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, Capoluongo E, et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:652–8.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-Sørensen F, Andersson G, et al. Standardised Nordic questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon. 1987;18:233–7.CrossRefPubMed Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-Sørensen F, Andersson G, et al. Standardised Nordic questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon. 1987;18:233–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Davis AC. The prevalence of hearing impairment and reported hearing disability among adults in Great Britain. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:911–7.CrossRefPubMed Davis AC. The prevalence of hearing impairment and reported hearing disability among adults in Great Britain. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:911–7.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Baker P, Coggon D, Reading I, Barrett D, McLaren M, Cooper C. Sports injury, occupational physical activity, joint laxity, and meniscal damage. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:557–63.PubMed Baker P, Coggon D, Reading I, Barrett D, McLaren M, Cooper C. Sports injury, occupational physical activity, joint laxity, and meniscal damage. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:557–63.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Burdorf A, Sorock G. Positive and negative evidence of risk factors for back disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23:243–56.CrossRefPubMed Burdorf A, Sorock G. Positive and negative evidence of risk factors for back disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23:243–56.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Adm Sci Q. 1979;24:285–308.CrossRef Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Adm Sci Q. 1979;24:285–308.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Palmer KT, D’Angelo S, Harris EC, Linaker C, Coggon D. The role of mental health problems and common psychotropic drug treatments in accidental injury at work, a case–control study. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71:308–12.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Palmer KT, D’Angelo S, Harris EC, Linaker C, Coggon D. The role of mental health problems and common psychotropic drug treatments in accidental injury at work, a case–control study. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71:308–12.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Palmer KT, D’Angelo S, Harris EC, Linaker C, Coggon D. Epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and accidental injury at work. Occup Med. 2014;64:448–53.CrossRef Palmer KT, D’Angelo S, Harris EC, Linaker C, Coggon D. Epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and accidental injury at work. Occup Med. 2014;64:448–53.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference McCormick A, Fleming D, Charlton J. Office of population census surveys. Morbidity statistics from primary care. 4th national study 1991–2. Series MB5 no. 3. London: HMSO; 1995. McCormick A, Fleming D, Charlton J. Office of population census surveys. Morbidity statistics from primary care. 4th national study 1991–2. Series MB5 no. 3. London: HMSO; 1995.
54.
go back to reference Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. 5th ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1987. p. p37 & p171. Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. 5th ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1987. p. p37 & p171.
Metadata
Title
Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF): a new prospective cohort study
Authors
Keith T. Palmer
Karen Walker-Bone
E. Clare Harris
Cathy Linaker
Stefania D’Angelo
Avan Aihie Sayer
Catharine R. Gale
Maria Evandrou
Tjeerd van Staa
Cyrus Cooper
David Coggon
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2396-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

BMC Public Health 1/2015 Go to the issue