Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Research article

Spanish validation of the self-evaluation of negative symptoms scale SNS in an adolescent population

Authors: Juan F. Rodríguez-Testal, Salvador Perona-Garcelán, Sonia Dollfus, María Valdés-Díaz, Jesús García-Martínez, Miguel Ruíz-Veguilla, Cristina Senín-Calderón

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Negative symptoms (NS) may be observed in the general population in an attenuated form and in high-risk mental states. However, they have been less studied in the general population than positive symptoms, in spite of their importance at the insidious onset of schizophrenia and their appearance before positive symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the empirical structure of the Spanish version of the Self-Evaluation of Negative Symptoms (SNS) Scale and find its psychometric properties and invariance of measurement across sex and age in a sample of adolescents.

Methods

The sample consisted of 4521 adolescents (53.6% female) from 11 to 18 years of age.

Results

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the SNS confirmed an internal structure of five first-order factors by the characteristic dimensions of NS: avolition, social withdrawal, diminished emotional range, anhedonia, alogia, and one second-order factor which includes the total NS score. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale was invariant across sex and age. Total scale reliability was adequate. A strong relationship was found between the SNS with depressive symptomatology, moderate with ideas of reference and low with aberrant salience. Conclusion: The results back use of the Spanish version of the SNS scale for detection of NS in the general population of adolescents.
Literature
1.
Buchanan RW. Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: an overview. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1013–22.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Alphs L, Morlock R, Coon C, Cazorla P, Szegedi A, Panagides J. Validation of a 4-item negative symptom assessment (NSA-4): a short, practical clinical tool for the assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2011;20:e31–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, Arango C. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;0366:1–14.
4.
5.
6.
Strauss GP, Esfahlani FZ, Galderisi S, Mucci A, Rossi A, Bucci P, et al. Network Analysis Reveals the Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;:1–9.
7.
Foussias G, Agid O, Fervaha G, Remington G. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical features, relevance to real world functioning and specificity versus other CNS disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:693–709.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kaiser S, Lyne J, Agartz I, Clarke M, Mørch-Johnsen L, Faerden A. Individual negative symptoms and domains – relevance for assessment, pathomechanisms and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:39–45.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Messinger JW, Trémeau F, Antonius D, Mendelsohn E, Prudent V, Stanford AD, et al. Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:161–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Mezquida G, Cabrera B, Bioque M, Amoretti S, Lobo A, González-Pinto A, et al. The course of negative symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia and its predictors: A prospective two-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res. 2017;189 October:84–90.
11.
Dollfus S, Mach C, Morello R. Self-evaluation of negative symptoms: a novel tool to assess negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:571–8.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Dominguez MDG, Saka MC, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Van Os J. Early expression of negative/disorganized symptoms predicting psychotic experiences and subsequent clinical psychosis: a 10-year study. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1075–82.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Riecher-Rössler A, Pflueger MO, Aston J, Borgwardt SJ, Brewer WJ, Gschwandtner U, et al. Efficacy of using cognitive status in predicting psychosis: a 7-year follow-up. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66:1023–30.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Malaspina D, Walsh-Messinger J, Gaebel W, Smith LM, Gorun A, Prudent V, et al. Negative symptoms, past and present: A historical perspective and moving to DSM-5. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;:1–15.
15.
Lyne J, Renwick L, O’Donoghue B, Kinsella A, Malone K, Turner N, et al. Negative symptom domain prevalence across diagnostic boundaries: the relevance of diagnostic shifts. Psychiatry Res. 2015;228:347–54.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Kaiser S, Heekeren K, Simon JJ. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia: category or continuum? Psychopathology. 2011;44:345–53.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Werbeloff N, Dohrenwend BP, Yoffe R, Van Os J, Davidson M, Weiser M. The association between negative symptoms, psychotic experiences and later schizophrenia: a population-based longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2015;10:1–12.CrossRef
18.
Mark W, Toulopoulou T. Psychometric properties of “community assessment of psychic experiences”: review and meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:34–44.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Stefanis NC, Hanssen M, Smirnis NK, Avramopoulos DA, Evdokimidis IK, Stefanis CN, et al. Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychol Med. 2002;32:347–58.CrossRefPubMed
20.
van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2009;39:179.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Mason OJ. The duality of schizotypy: Is it Both dimensional and categorical? Front Psychiatry. 2014;5 SEP:1–5.
22.
Binbay T, Drukker M, Elbi H, Tanik FA, Özkinay F, Onay H, et al. Testing the psychosis continuum: differential impact of genetic and nongenetic risk factors and comorbid psychopathology across the entire spectrum of psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:992–1002.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Kırlı U, Binbay T, Drukker M, van Os J, Alptekin K, Kayahan B, et al. Psychotic experiences and mood episodes predict each other bidirectionally: a 6-year follow-up study in a community-based population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54:331–41.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Butjosa A, Gómez-Benito J, Huerta-Ramos E. Del cacho N, Barajas a, Baños I, et al. incidence of stressful life events and influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables on the onset of first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2016;245:108–15.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Ronald A, Sieradzka D, Cardno AG, Haworth CMA, McGuire P, Freeman D. Characterization of psychotic experiences in adolescence using the specific psychotic experiences questionnaire: findings from a study of 5000 16-year-old twins. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40:868–77.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Peters E, Ward T, Jackson M, Morgan C, Charalambides M, McGuire P, et al. Clinical, socio-demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a "need for care&quot. World Psychiatry. 2016;15:41–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Koren D, Lacoua L, Rothschild-Yakar L, Parnas J. Disturbances of the basic self and prodromal symptoms among young adolescents from the community: a pilot population-based study. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:1216–24.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Calkins ME, Moore TM, Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Turetsky BI, Roalf DR, et al. Persistence of psychosis spectrum symptoms in the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort: a prospective two-year follow-up. World Psychiatry. 2017;16:62–76.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Dominguez MDG, Saka MC, R. L, Wittchen H-U, van Os J. Early expression of negative/disorganized symptoms predicting psychotic experiences and subsequent clinical psychosis: A 10-year study. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1075–1082.
30.
Millan MJ, Fone K, Steckler T, Horan WP. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical characteristics, pathophysiological substrates, experimental models and prospects for improved treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:645–92.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Velthorst E, Nieman DH, Becker HE, van de Fliert R, Dingemans PM, Klaassen R, et al. Baseline differences in clinical symptomatology between ultra high risk subjects with and without a transition to psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2009;109:60–5.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Piskulic D, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Heinssen R, et al. Negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2012;196:220–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Valmaggia LR, Stahl D, Yung AR, Nelson B, Fusar-Poli P, McGorry PD, et al. Negative psychotic symptoms and impaired role functioning predict transition outcomes in the at-risk mental state: a latent class cluster analysis study. Psychol Med. 2013;43:2311–25.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Demjaha A, Valmaggia L, Stahl D, Byrne M, McGuire P. Disorganization/cognitive and negative symptom dimensions in the at-risk mental state predict subsequent transition to psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:351–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Fulford D, Niendam TA, Floyd EG, Carter CS, Mathalon DH, Vinogradov S, et al. Symptom dimensions and functional impairment in early psychosis: more to the story than just negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2013;147:125–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Ising HK, Ruhrmann S, Burger NAFM, Rietdijk J, Dragt S, Klaassen RMC, et al. Development of a stage-dependent prognostic model to predict psychosis in ultra-high-risk patients seeking treatment for co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2016;46:1839–51.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Addington J, Liu L, Goldstein BI, Wang J, Kennedy SH, Bray S, et al. Clinical staging for youth at-risk for serious mental illness. Early Interv Psychiatry. February 2018;2019:1–8.
38.
Bang M, Park JY, Kim KR, Lee SY, Song YY, Kang JI, et al. Psychotic conversion of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: The potential roles of schizotypy and basic symptoms. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2017; July:1–9.
39.
Pelizza L, Azzali S, Garlassi S, Paterlini F, Scazza I, Chiri LR, et al. Adolescents at ultra-high risk of psychosis in Italian neuropsychiatry services: prevalence, psychopathology and transition rate. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;27:725–37.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Flückiger R, Ruhrmann S, Debbané M, Michel C, Hubl D, Schimmelmann BG, et al. "Psychosis-predictive value of self-reported schizotypy in a clinical high-risk sample”: correction to Flückiger et al. (2016). J Abnorm Psychol 2016;125:945–945.
41.
Addington J, Cornblatt BA, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, et al. Public access NIH public access. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:800–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Raballo A, Poletti M, Carpenter WT. Rethinking the psychosis threshold in clinical high risk. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:1–2.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Polari A, Lavoie S, Yuen HP, Amminger P, Berger G, Chen E, et al. Clinical trajectories in the ultra-high risk for psychosis population. Schizophr Res. 2018;197:550–6.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Sauvé G, Brodeur MB, Shah JL, Lepage M. The prevalence of negative symptoms across the stages of the psychosis continuum. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27:15–32.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Pelizza L, Poletti M, Azzali S, Paterlini F, Garlassi S, Scazza I, et al. Anhedonia in adolescents at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis: findings from a 1-year longitudinal study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019.
46.
Lyne J, O’Donoghue B, Roche E, Renwick L, Cannon M, Clarke M. Negative symptoms of psychosis: a life course approach and implications for prevention and treatment. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018;12:561–71.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Lincoln TM, Dollfus S, Lyne J. Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:8–18.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Blanchard JJ, Kring AM, Horan WP, Gur R. Toward the next generation of negative symptom assessments: the collaboration to advance negative symptom assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:291–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Hollingshead AB. Four factor index of social status. Yale J Sociol. 1975;8:21–52.
50.
Cicero DC, Kerns JG, McCarthy DM. The aberrant salience inventory: a new measure of psychosis proneness. Psychol Assess. 2010;22:688–701.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Senín-Calderón C, Sánchez-Arjona M, Hidalgo-García M, Marchesini-Moreno C, Rodríguez-Testal JF. Estructura factorial de la escala de saliencia aberrante en adolescentes. Madrid: Pirámide; 2017.
52.
Lenzenweger MF, Bennett ME, Lilenfeld LR. The referential thinking scale as a measure of schizotypy: scale development and initial construct validation. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:452–63.CrossRef
53.
Senín-Calderón C, Rodríguez-Testal JF, Fernández-Jiménez E, Valdés-Diaz M, Benítez-Hernández MM, Fuentes-Márquez S, et al. Reliability and validity of the ref scale for referential thinking. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;Suppl. 1 Suppl.1:758.
54.
Kovacs M. Children’s depression inventory CDI manual. Toronto; 1992.
55.
Del Barrio MV, Carrasco Ortíz MA. CDI : inventario de depresión infantil : manual. Madrid: TEA Ediciones; 2004.
56.
Baumgartner H, Homburg C. Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: a review. Int J Res Mark. 1996;13:139–61.CrossRef
57.
Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models : tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol Res Online. 2003;8:23–74.
58.
Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of- fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model A Multidiscip J. 2002;9:233–55.CrossRef
59.
Sicras-Mainar A, Maurino J, Ruiz-Beato E, Navarro-Artieda R. Impact of negative symptoms on healthcare resource utilization and associated costs in adult outpatients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Gill KE, Quintero JM, Poe SL, Moreira AD, Brucato G, Corcoran CM, et al. Assessing suicidal ideation in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2015;165:152–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Gee B, Hodgekins J, Fowler D, Marshall M, Everard L, Lester H, et al. The course of negative symptom in first episode psychosis and the relationship with social recovery. Schizophr Res. 2016;174:165–71.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Shakoor S, McGuire P, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Ronald A. A twin study exploring the association between childhood emotional and behaviour problems and specific psychotic experiences in a community sample of adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;5:565–73.
63.
Jones HJ, Stergiakouli E, Tansey KE, Hubbard L, Heron J, Cannon M, et al. Phenotypic manifestation of genetic risk for schizophrenia during adolescence in the general population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:221–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Pain O, Dudbridge F, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Lu Y, Lundstrom S, et al. Genome-wide analysis of adolescent psychotic-like experiences shows genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. September 2017;2018:416–25.
65.
Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J, McCleery A, Reddy LF, Wynn JK. At issue: social disconnection in schizophrenia and the general community. Schizophr Bull. 2017;38:1008–15.
66.
van Duijvenvoorde ACK, Peters S, Braams BR, Crone EA. What motivates adolescents? Neural responses to rewards and their influence on adolescents’ risk taking, learning, and cognitive control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;70:135–47.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Gruber J, Strauss GP, Dombrecht L, Mittal VA. Neuroleptic-free youth at ultrahigh risk for psychosis evidence diminished emotion reactivity that is predicted by depression and anxiety. Schizophr Res. 2018;193:428–34.CrossRefPubMed
68.
69.
Moritz S, Fritzsche A, Engel M, Meiseberg J, Klingberg S, Hesse K. A plea for a transdiagnostic conceptualization of negative symptoms and for consistent psychiatric vocabulary. Schizophr Res. 2018; xxxx:8–10.
70.
Fusar-Poli P, Yung AR, McGorry P, Van Os J. Lessons learned from the psychosis high-risk state: towards a general staging model of prodromal intervention. Psychol Med. 2014;44:17–24.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Van Os J, Linscott RJ. Introduction: the extended psychosis phenotype - relationship with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38:227–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Strauss GP, Gold JM. A new perspective on anhedonia in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr. 2012;169:364–73.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Levine SZ, Leucht S. Identifying a system of predominant negative symptoms: network analysis of three randomized clinical trials. Schizophr Res. 2016;178:17–22.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Kaymaz N, Drukker M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Werbeloff N, Weiser M, et al. Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results. Psychol Med. 2012;42:2239–53.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Spanish validation of the self-evaluation of negative symptoms scale SNS in an adolescent population
Authors
Juan F. Rodríguez-Testal
Salvador Perona-Garcelán
Sonia Dollfus
María Valdés-Díaz
Jesús García-Martínez
Miguel Ruíz-Veguilla
Cristina Senín-Calderón
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2314-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

BMC Psychiatry 1/2019 Go to the issue

Research article

Associations of mood symptoms with NYHA functional classes in angina pectoris patients: a cross-sectional study

Study protocol

Study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and treatment as usual in bipolar disorder

Research article

Prevalence and determinants of symptoms of antenatal common mental disorders among women who had recently experienced an earthquake: a systematic review

Study protocol

Study design of the Routine Outcome Monitoring for Geriatric Psychiatry & Science (ROM-GPS) project; a cohort study of older patients with affective disorders referred for specialised geriatric mental health care

Research article

Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence

Research article

The prevalence, metabolic disturbances and clinical correlates of recent suicide attempts in Chinese inpatients with major depressive disorder