Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Study protocol

Evaluation of a school-based depression prevention program among adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Authors: Karlijn W. J. de Jonge-Heesen, Kim M. van Ettekoven, Sanne P. A. Rasing, Farina H. J. Oprins-van Liempd, Ad A. Vermulst, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Daan H. M. Creemers

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Adolescents are at risk of developing depressive symptoms. Given the prevalence, recurrence and negative consequences of adolescent depression, it is crucial to implement prevention programs for high-risk adolescents. Prevention programs at an indicated level have shown to be successful in reducing depressive symptoms in adolescents. This study will evaluate the (cost)effectiveness of the prevention program ‘Op Volle Kracht (OVK 2.0)’ for adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms.

Methods

We will perform a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with an intervention and control condition to test the effectiveness of an indicated prevention program aimed at depression in adolescents. Adolescents in their second year of secondary education (11–15 year) will be screened for depressive symptoms. Those with heightened levels of depressive symptoms (CDI-2 ≥ 14) will be randomly assigned to the intervention (N = 80) or control group (N = 80). The participants in the intervention condition will receive a prevention program comprising eight meetings of 60 min each. The participants in the control condition will receive psycho-educational information. All participants and their parents will complete assessment at baseline, post-intervention, and 6-, 12- and 24- month follow-up. Primary outcome will be depressive symptoms. Additionally, the present study will identify mechanisms that mediate and moderate the program effects and test the effect of OVK 2.0 on secondary outcomes.

Discussion

This paper describes a study designed to screen adolescents for depressive symptoms and offer them a prevention program to prevent the onset of depressive symptomatology. Adolescents in the intervention condition are expected to show lower levels of depressive symptoms at 12 month follow-up compared to adolescents in the control condition. If OVK 2.0 proves to be effective, the screening and intervention program could be implemented in schools on a large scale.

Trial registration

Dutch Trial Register NTR5725. Date registered: 11th of March 2016.
Literature
1.
Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(10):972–86.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A. Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(12):1263–71.
3.
Monshouwer K, Smit F, Ruiter M, Ormel H, Verhulst F, Vollebergh W, Oldehinkel T. Identifying target groups for the prevention of depression in early adolescence: the TRAILS study. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(3):287–94.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ. Mental health, educational and social role outcomes of depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(3):225–31.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Fletcher JM. Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment. Health Econ. 2008;17(11):1215–35.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Giletta M, Scholte RHJ, Engels R, Ciairano S, Prinstein MJ. Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197(1-2):66–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Fried LE, Williams S, Cabral H, Hacker K. Differences in risk factors for suicide attempts among 9th and 11th grade youth: a longitudinal perspective. J Sch Nurs. 2013;29(2):113–22.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Meijer SA, Smit F, Schoemaker C, Cuijpers P. Gezond verstand: evidence-based preventie van psychische stoornissen. In: RIVM-Rapport nr 270672001; VTV Themarapport. Bilthoven/Utrecht: RIVM/Trimbos Instituut; 2006.
9.
Poos MJJC, Smit JM, Groen J, Kommer G, Slobbe LCJ. Kosten van ziekten in Nederland 2005: zorg voor euro’s-8. In: RIVM rapport 270751019. 2008.
10.
Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(12):1002–14.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Matthews RR, Hall WD, Vos T, Patton GC, Degenhardt L. What are the major drivers of prevalent disability burden in young Australians. Med J Aust. 2011;194(5):232–5.
12.
Leaf PJ, Alegria M, Cohen P, Goodman SH, Horwitz SM, Hoven CW, Narrow WE, VadenKiernan M, Regier DA. Mental health service use in the community and schools: results from the four-community MECA study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(7):889–97.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
Holzel L, Harter M, Reese C, Kriston L. Risk factors for chronic depression - a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1-3):1–13.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Rickwood DJ, Deane FP, Wilson CJ. When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? Med J Aust. 2007;187(7):S35–9.PubMed
16.
Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press; 1976.
17.
Horowitz JL, Garber J. The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(3):401–15.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Cox GR, Brudevold-Iversen T, Bir JJ, McDowell H. Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(12):27–9.
19.
Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Smit F, Mihalopoulos C, Beekman A. Preventing the onset of depressive disorders: a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions. Am J Psychiatr. 2008;165(10):1272–80.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Mrazek PJ, Haggerty RJ. Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington: National Academies Press; 1994.
21.
Stice E, Shaw H, Bohon C, Marti CN, Rohde P. A meta-analytic review of depression prevention programs for children and adolescents: factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(3):486–503.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Gillham JE, Reivich KJ, Freres DR, Chaplin TM, Shatte AJ, Samuels B, Elkon AGL, Litzinger S, Lascher M, Gallop R, et al. School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the penn resiliency program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(1):9–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Brunwasser SM, Gillham JE, Kim ES. A meta-analytic review of the penn resiliency program’s effect on depressive symptoms. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(6):1042–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Tak YR, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A, Gillham JE, Van Zundert RMP, Engels R. Universal school-based depression prevention ‘Op Volle Kracht’: a longitudinal cluster randomized controlled trial. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016;44(5):949–61.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Kindt KCM, Kleinjan M, Janssens J, Scholte RHJ. Evaluation of a school-based depression prevention program among adolescents from low-income areas: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(5):5273–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Wijnhoven L, Creemers DHM, Vermulst AA, Scholte RHJ, Engels R. Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a depression prevention program (‘Op Volle Kracht’) among adolescent girls with elevated depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(2):217–28.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Nolenhoeksema S, Morrow J, Fredrickson BL. Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. J Abnorm Psychol. 1993;102(1):20–8.CrossRef
28.
Asseraf M, Vaillancourt T. Longitudinal links between perfectionism and depression in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(5):895–908.CrossRefPubMed
29.
30.
Auerbach RP, Bigda-Peyton JS, Eberhart NK, Webb CA, Ho MHR. Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(4):475–87.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(1):128–40.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Castelao CF, Kroner-Herwig B. Different trajectories of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: predictors and differences in girls and boys. J Youth Adolesc. 2013;42(8):1169–82.CrossRef
33.
Jernigan TL, Trauner DA, Hesselink JR, Tallal PA. Maturation of human cerebrum observed in vivo during adolescence. Brain. 1991;114(5):2037–49.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Kazdin AE, Nock MK. Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: methodological issues and research recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44(8):1116–29.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Gijzen S, Boere-Boonekamp MM, L’Hoir MP, Need A. Child mortality in the Netherlands in the past decades: an overview of external causes and the role of public health policy. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35(1):43–59.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Portzky G, Audenaert K, van Heeringen K. Adjustment disorder and the course of the suicidal process in adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2005;87(2-3):265–70.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao SY, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric-disorders in the United-States- results from the national-comorbidity-survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Bohman H, Jonsson U, von Knorring AL, von Knorring L, Paaren A, Olsson G. Somatic symptoms as a marker for severity in adolescent depression. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(11):1724–30.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, Grp C. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(8):834–40.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Bodden D, Braet C, Stikkelbroek Y. CDI-2: Screeningsvragenlijst voor depressie bij kinderen en jongeren (Nederlandse bewerking). Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers; 2016.
41.
Kovacs M. Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI2). North Tonawanda: Multi-health Systems; 2011.
42.
Siebelink BM, Treffers DA, De Ryke L. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, child version. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger; 2001.
43.
44.
Campbell MK, Thomson S, Ramsay CR, MacLennan GS, Grimshaw JM. Sample size calculator for cluster randomized trials. Comput Biol Med. 2004;34(2):113–25.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Ruggiero KJ. Behavioral Treatment for Trauma-Exposed Adolescents (BT-TEA): treatment manual. Charlestion: Medical University of South Carolina, National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center; 2005.
46.
Kerkhof AJFM, Huisman A, Vos C, Smits N. Handleiding VOZZ & VOZZ screen: Vragenlijst over Zelfdoding. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 2015.
47.
Bouwmans C, Schawo S, Hakkaart-van Roijen L. Handleiding Vragenlijst TiC-P voor kinderen. Rotterdam: iMTA, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam; 2012.
48.
Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Zwirs B, Bouwmans C, Tan S, Schulpen T, Vlasveld L, Buitelaar J. Societal cost and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(5):316–26.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Group TE. EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy. 1990;16(3):199–208.CrossRef
50.
51.
Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RC, Lushene RE, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
52.
Frost RO, Marten P, Lahart C, Rosenblate R. The dimensions of perfectionism. Cogn Ther Res. 1990;14(5):449–68.CrossRef
53.
Boone L, Soenens B, Luyten P. When or why does perfectionism translate into eating disorder pathology? A longitudinal examination of the moderating and mediating role of body dissatisfaction. J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(2):412.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P. Manual for the use of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Leiderdorp: DATEC; 2002.
55.
Muthen LK, Muthen BO. Mplus User's Guide, Seventh edition edn. Los Angeles: Muthen & Muthen; 1998–2012.
56.
Enders CK. Applied missing data analysis. New York: The Guilford Press; 2010.
57.
Johnson DR, Young R. Toward best practices in analyzing datasets with missing data: comparisons and recommendations. J Marriage Fam. 2011;73(5):926–45.CrossRef
58.
Ramsey S, Willke R, Briggs A, Brown R, Buxton M, Chawla A, Cook J, Glick H, Liljas B, Petitti D, et al. Good research practices for cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials: the ISPOR RCT-CEA task force report. Value Health. 2005;8(5):521–33.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Brunwasser SM, Garber J. Programs for the prevention of youth depression: Evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and readiness for dissemination. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44:1–21.
Metadata
Title
Evaluation of a school-based depression prevention program among adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Authors
Karlijn W. J. de Jonge-Heesen
Kim M. van Ettekoven
Sanne P. A. Rasing
Farina H. J. Oprins-van Liempd
Ad A. Vermulst
Rutger C. M. E. Engels
Daan H. M. Creemers
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1119-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Psychiatry 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Pathways through care of severely mentally ill individuals experiencing multiple public crisis events: a qualitative description

Research article

Psychiatric care utilization among older people with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population: a register study

Research article

Validation of the Chinese version of the PHQ-15 in a tertiary hospital

Research article

An evaluation of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder criteria in two samples of adolescents and young adults exposed to mass shootings: factor analysis and comparisons to ICD-10 and DSM-IV

Research article

Validation of the clutter image rating (CIR) scale among psychiatric outpatients in Singapore

Research article

Relationship between negative symptoms and neurocognitive functions in adolescent and adult patients with first-episode schizophrenia