Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Pediatrics
Published in: BMC Pediatrics 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Care | Research article

Emotional and behavioral problems and associated factors among children and adolescents on highly active anti-retroviral therapy in public hospitals of West Gojjam zone, Amhara regional state of Ethiopia, 2018: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Demewoz Kefale, Abdisa Boka, Zureyash Mengstu, Zelalem Belayneh, Shegaw Zeleke

Published in: BMC Pediatrics | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems than the general population. This can result in a continuing negative influence on the quality of life, school performance, immunity and co-morbidity of children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS.

Objective

To assess the prevalence and associated factors of Emotional and Behavioral Problems among children and adolescents on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy in the public hospitals of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara regional state of Ethiopia.

Methods

An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted by screening 411 children and adolescents for emotional and behavioral problems using Pediatric Symptomatology Check List (PSCL). Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were fitted to identify factors associated with Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the level of significance.

Result

Out of the total 411 participants, 43.6% were screened positive for Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Lower age (AOR = 5.33, 95%CI: 2.56–11.04), having non-kin care giver (AOR = 4.64, 95%CI: 1.20–17.90), parental loss (AOR = 2.15, 95%CI: 1.03–4.49), non self -disclosure of HIV sero status (AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.16–3.41) and having distressed care giver (AOR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.04–2.57) had statistically significant association with EBPs.

Conclusion

The prevalence of Emotional and Behavioral Problems is high among children and adolescents on HAART. Lower age, care giver’s mental distress, non-self disclosure status, having non-kin care giver and parental loss were variables significantly associated with EBPs. This demonstrates a need for the integration of Mental Health and Psycho Social Support (MHPSS) service with HIV/AIDS care.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Challe S, Christopoulos S, Kull M, Meuleman L. Steering the poverty-environment Nexus in Central Asia: a Metagovernance analysis of the poverty environment initiative (PEI). Dev Policy Rev. 2017;36(4):409–31.CrossRef
2.
Katherine Hutchinson M, Kahwa E, Waldron N, Hepburn Brown C, Hamilton PI, Hewitt HH, et al. Jamaican mothers’ influences of adolescent girls’ sexual beliefs and behaviors. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2012;44(1):27–35.CrossRef
3.
Petersen I, Bhana A, Myeza N, Alicea S, John S, Holst H, et al. Psychosocial challenges and protective influences for socio-emotional coping of HIV+ adolescents in South Africa: a qualitative investigation. AIDS Care. 2010;22(8):970–8.CrossRef
4.
Biemba G, Macwangi M, Phiri B, Simon J. Zambia research situation analysis on orphans and other vulnerable children. Final Report Boston University Centre for Global Health and Development in collaboration with University of Zambia; 2010.
5.
Mavhu W, Berwick J, Chirawu P, Makamba M, Copas A, Dirawo J, et al. Enhancing psychosocial support for HIV positive adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe. PloS one. 2013;8(7):e70254.CrossRef
6.
Pitorak H, Duffy MH, Sharer M. “There is no health without mental health”: mental health and HIV service integration in Zimbabwe: situational analysis; 2012.
7.
UNAIDS J. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2010.
8.
Giannattasio A, Officioso A, Continisio GI, Griso G, Storace C, Coppini S, et al. Psychosocial issues in children and adolescents with HIV infection evaluated with a World Health Organization age-specific descriptor system. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011;32(1):52–5.CrossRef
9.
Abbas S, Ihle P, Adler J-B, Engel S, Günster C, Holtmann M, et al. Predictors of non-drug psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment in children and adolescents with mental or behavioural disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(4):433–44.CrossRef
10.
Scholte WF, Verduin F, van Lammeren A, Rutayisire T, Kamperman AM. Psychometric properties and longitudinal validation of the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) in a Rwandan community setting: a validation study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11(1):116.CrossRef
11.
Pathak R, Sharma RC, Parvan U, Gupta B, Ojha RK, Goel N. Behavioural and emotional problems in school going adolescents. Australas Med J. 2011;4(1):15.CrossRef
12.
Idris IB. Emotional And Behavioural Problems Among Children: Issues and trends in Malaysia. Int J Public Health Res. 2017;7(2):829–35.
13.
Coleman MC, Webber J. Emotional and behavioral disorders: theory and practice. Child Educ. 1996;70:279–82.
14.
Egger HL, Angold A. Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(3–4):313–37.CrossRef
15.
Dow DE, Turner EL, Shayo AM, Mmbaga B, Cunningham CK, O'Donnell K. Evaluating mental health difficulties and associated outcomes among HIV-positive adolescents in Tanzania. AIDS Care. 2016;28(7):825–33.CrossRef
16.
Fawzi MCS, Ng L, Kanyanganzi F, Kirk C, Bizimana J, Cyamatare F, et al. Mental Health and Antiretroviral Adherence Among Youth Living With HIV in Rwanda. Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):e20153235.CrossRef
17.
Nöstlinger C, Bartoli G, Gordillo V, Roberfroid D, Colebunders R. Children and adolescents living with HIV positive parents: emotional and behavioural problems. Vulnerable Children Youth Studies. 2006;1(1):29–43.CrossRef
18.
Belfer ML. Child and adolescent mental disorders: the magnitude of the problem across the globe. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(3):226–36.CrossRef
19.
Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Yu X, Devandra A, Nguyen C, Ahmed S, et al. Factors associated with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):264.CrossRef
20.
Black MM, Jukes MC, Willoughby MT. Behavioural and emotional problems in preschool children. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):89–90.CrossRef
21.
Abera M, Robbins JM, Tesfaye M. Parents’ perception of child and adolescent mental health problems and their choice of treatment option in Southwest Ethiopia. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9(1):40.CrossRef
22.
Bankole KO, Bakare MO, Edet BE, Igwe MN, Ewa AU, Bankole IA, et al. Psychological complications associated with HIV/AIDS infection among children in south-South Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa. Cogent Medicine. 2017;4(1):1372869.CrossRef
23.
Tadesse AW, Berhane Tsehay Y, Girma Belaineh B, Alemu YB. Behavioral and emotional problems among children aged 6–14 years on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Addis Ababa: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Care. 2012;24(11):1359–67.CrossRef
24.
Lowenthal E, Lawler K, Harari N, Moamogwe L, Masunge J, Masedi M, et al. Validation of the pediatric symptom checklist in HIV-infected Batswana. J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2011;23(1):17–28.CrossRef
25.
Jellinek MS, Murphy JM, Little M, Pagano ME, Comer DM, Kelleher KJ. Use of the pediatric symptom checklist to screen for psychosocial problems in pediatric primary care: a national feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(3):254–60.CrossRef
26.
Han DH, Woo J, Jeong JH, Hwang S, Chung U-S. The Korean version of the pediatric symptom checklist: psychometric properties in Korean school-aged children. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(8):1167–74.CrossRef
27.
Joshi D, Tiwari MK, Kannan V, Dalal S, Mathai S. Emotional and behavioral disturbances in school going HIV positive children attending HIV clinic. Med J Armed Forces India. 2017;73(1):18–22.CrossRef
28.
Beusenberg M, Orley JH, Organization WH. A User's guide to the self reporting questionnaire (SRQ). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994.
29.
Mendoza R, Hernandez-Reif M, Castillo R, Burgos N, Zhang G, Shor-Posner G. Behavioural symptoms of children with HIV infection living in the Dominican Republic. West Indian Med J. 2007;56(1):55–9.CrossRef
30.
Ruiseñor-Escudero H, Familiar I, Nakasujja N, Bangirana P, Opoka R, Giordani B, et al. Immunological correlates of behavioral problems in school-aged children living with HIV in Kayunga, Uganda. Global Mental Health. 2015;2.
31.
Pastor PN, Reuben CA, Duran CR. Identifying Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children Aged 4–17 Years: United States, 2001–2007. National Health Statistics Reports. Number 48. National Center for Health Statistics; 2012.
32.
Monico L, Nobre-Lima L, Arraiol D, Rodrigues F, Cardeira H, editors. Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with hiv: a study with the youth self report and the child behaviour checklist. SGEM2014 Conference on Psychology and Psychiatry, Sociology and Healthcare, Education; 2014: Stef 92 Technology.
33.
34.
Tadesse B, Kebede D, Tegegne T, Alem A. Childhood behavioural disorders in Arnbo district, western Ethiopia. I. Prevalence estimates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999;100:92–7.CrossRef
35.
Ashenafi Y, Kebede D, Desta M, Alem A. Prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders in children in Ethiopia. East Afr Med J. 2001;78(6):308–11.CrossRef
36.
Whetten K, Reif S, Whetten R, Murphy-McMillan LK. Trauma, mental health, distrust, and stigma among HIV-positive persons: implications for effective care. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(5):531–8.CrossRef
37.
Krentz HB, Cosman I, Lee K, Ming JM, Gill MJ. Pill burden in HIV infection: 20 years of experience. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(5):833–40.CrossRef
38.
Organization WH. Guideline on HIV disclosure counselling for children up to 12 years of age. 2011.
39.
Malee KM, Tassiopoulos K, Huo Y, Siberry G, Williams PL, Hazra R, et al. Mental health functioning among children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection and perinatal HIV exposure. AIDS Care. 2011;23(12):1533–44.CrossRef
40.
Sanmaneechai O, Puthanakit T, Louthrenoo O, Sirisanthana V. Growth, developmental, and behavioral outcomes of HIV-affected preschool children in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(12):1873.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Puffer ES, Drabkin AS, Stashko AL, Broverman SA, Ogwang-Odhiambo RA, Sikkema KJ. Orphan status, HIV risk behavior, and mental health among adolescents in rural Kenya. J Pediatr Psychol. 2012;37(8):868–78.CrossRef
42.
Skeen S, Tomlinson M, Macedo A, Croome N, Sherr L. Mental health of carers of children affected by HIV attending community-based programmes in South Africa and Malawi. AIDS Care. 2014;26(sup1):S11–20.CrossRef
43.
Mellins CA, Malee KM. Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1).CrossRef
44.
Sherr L, Cluver LD, Betancourt TS, Kellerman SE, Richter LM, Desmond C. Evidence of impact: health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children. Aids. 2014;28:S251–S9.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Emotional and behavioral problems and associated factors among children and adolescents on highly active anti-retroviral therapy in public hospitals of West Gojjam zone, Amhara regional state of Ethiopia, 2018: a cross-sectional study
Authors
Demewoz Kefale
Abdisa Boka
Zureyash Mengstu
Zelalem Belayneh
Shegaw Zeleke
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Pediatrics / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2431
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1453-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

BMC Pediatrics 1/2019 Go to the issue

Research article

Liver stiffness measurement predicts the difficulty of Kasai procedure in biliary atresia: a single center retrospective analysis of 199 patients

Case report

A case report of tinea capitis in infant in first year of life

Research article

Association between television viewing and early childhood overweight and obesity: a pair-matched case-control study in China

Research article

A nationwide survey on neonatal medical resources in mainland China: current status and future challenges

Research article

Breastfeeding and timing of pubertal onset in girls: a multiethnic population-based prospective cohort study

Research article

Quality of care and suspected developmental delay among children aged 1–59 months: a cross-sectional study in 8 counties of rural China