Top

BMC Ophthalmology

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2020 | Research article

Probability of myopia in children with high refined carbohydrates consumption in France

Authors: Claire Berticat, Sonia Mamouni, Angelique Ciais, Max Villain, Michel Raymond, Vincent Daien

Published in: BMC Ophthalmology | Issue 1/2020

Abstract

Background

Evaluate risk factors for paediatric myopia in a contemporary French cohort taking into account consumption of refined carbohydrates (starches and sugars).

Methods

An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2017 and May 2018.

Two hundred sixty-four children aged 4 to 18 years attending the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gui de Chauliac in Montpellier were recruited. Ophthalmologic or optometric cycloplegic refraction were measured. Evaluated risk factors for myopia were collected, including family history of myopia, outdoor time, reading time, screen time, physical activity, and consumption of refined carbohydrates. Association between the probability of at least one eye showing myopia (defined as < 0 D) and frequency of refined carbohydrates consumption adjusted for risk factors and control factors was tested.

Results

Overall, 86/264 (32.6%) children investigated showed myopia in at least one eye. We included 180 children exhibiting refraction < 3 D in both eyes: 88 (48.9%) girls and 92 (51.1%) boys. The consumption of refined carbohydrates significantly increased the probability of myopia for girls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.13; P = 0.009) but decreased it for boys (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.98; P = 0.011). The probability of myopia was marginally increased with increased screen time (OR = 2.32; 95% CI, 0.94–6.47; P = 0.083). Outdoor time seemed marginally protective (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54–1.01; P = 0.057).

Conclusion

Refined carbohydrates consumption could be associated with child myopia, with increased probability for girls and unexpected reduced probability for boys, possibly due to the fact that frequency of carbohydrates consumption do not really capture boy’s chronic hyperglycemia, boys being more physically active than girls at all ages. Some known risk/protective factors of myopia were marginally significant: screen time (risk) and outdoor time (protective). This study reinforces the belief that modifiable risk factors for myopia could be targets for future public health actions.

Available only for authorised users

Grosvenor T, Goss D. Role of the cornea in emmetropia and eyopia. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75:132–45.PubMed

Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012;31:622–60.PubMed

Pan C-W, Dirani M, Cheng C-Y, Wong T-Y, Saw S-M. The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92:258–66.PubMed

Chen M, Wu A, Zhang L, Wang W, Chen X, Yu X, et al. The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18:159.PubMedPubMedCentral

Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036–42.PubMed

Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw S-M. Myopia. Lancet. 2012;379:1739–48.PubMed

London DS, Beezhold B. A phytochemical-rich diet may explain the absence of age-related decline in visual acuity of Amazonian hunter-gatherers in Ecuador. Nutr Res N Y N. 2015;35:107–17.

Li S-M, Li S-Y, Kang M-T, Zhou Y, Liu L-R, Li H, et al. Near work related parameters and myopia in Chinese children: the Anyang childhood eye study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0134514.PubMedPubMedCentral

Mirshahi A, Ponto KA, Hoehn R, Zwiener I, Zeller T, Lackner K, et al. Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg health study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2047–52.PubMed

10.

Vera-Díaz FA, Strang NC, Winn B. Nearwork induced transient myopia during myopia progression. Curr Eye Res. 2002;24:289–95.PubMed

11.

Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, et al. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1279–85.PubMed

12.

Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015;519:276–8.PubMed

13.

He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, Mai J, Chen Q, Zhang J, et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1142–8.PubMed

14.

Ramessur R, Williams KM, Hammond CJ. Risk factors for myopia in a discordant monozygotic twin study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2015;35:643–51.PubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Gardiner P. The diet of growing myopes. Trans Opthal Soc U K. 1956;76:171–80.

16.

Cordain L, Eaton SB, Brand Miller J, Lindeberg S, Jensen C. An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile onset myopia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80:125–35.PubMed

17.

Galvis V, López-Jaramillo P, Tello A, Castellanos-Castellanos YA, Camacho PA, Cohen DD, et al. Is myopia another clinical manifestation of insulin resistance? Med Hypotheses. 2016;90:32–40.PubMed

18.

Liu X, Wang P, Qu C, Zheng H, Gong B, Ma S, et al. Genetic association study between insulin pathway related genes and high myopia in a Han Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep. 2015;42:303–10.PubMed

19.

Feldkaemper MP, Neacsu I, Schaeffel F. Insulin acts as a powerful stimulator of axial myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:13–23.PubMed

20.

Zhuang W, Yang P, Li Z, Sheng X, Zhao J, Li S, et al. Association of insulin-like growth factor-1 polymorphisms with high myopia in the Chinese population. Mol Vis. 2012;18:634–44.PubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Zhu X, Wallman J. Opposite effects of glucagon and insulin on compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:24–36.PubMed

22.

Sheng C, Zhu X, Wallman J. In vitro effects of insulin and RPE on choroidal and scleral components of eye growth in chicks. Exp Eye Res. 2013;116:439–48.PubMed

23.

Tang R, Tan J, Deng Z, Zhao S, Miao Y, Zhang W. Insulin-like growth factor-2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibits myopia by expression blocking of retinal insulin-like growth factor-2 in guinea pig. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;40:503–11.PubMed

24.

Fountaine CJ, Liguori GA, Mozumdar A, Schuna JM Jr. Physical activity and screen time sedentary behaviors in college students. Int J Exerc Sci. 2011;4(2):102–12.

25.

Sisson SB, Broyles ST, Baker BL, Katzmarzyk PT. Screen time, physical activity, and overweight in U.S. youth: national survey of children’s health 2003. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47:309–11.PubMed

26.

Sandercock GRH, Ogunleye A, Voss C. Screen time and physical activity in youth: thief of time or lifestyle choice? J Phys Act Health. 2012;9:977–84.

27.

Lim LS, Gazzard G, Low Y-L, Choo R, Tan DTH, Tong L, et al. Dietary factors, myopia, and axial dimensions in children. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:993–997.e4.PubMed

28.

Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chuang C-C, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications. J Nutr. 2009;139:1–4.PubMed

29.

Plessz M, Kesse-Guyot E, Zins M, Czernichow S. Les habitudes alimentaires dans la cohorte Constances : équilibre perçu et adéquation aux recommandations nutritionnelles françaises. Bull D’épidémiologie Hebd. 2016;2016:660–6.

30.

Fox J, Weisberg S. An R Companion to Applied Regression, Third edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA. 2019.

31.

Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Elphick CS. A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol Evol. 2010;1:3–14.

32.

Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:5–56.PubMed

33.

Cordain L, Eades MR, Eades MD. Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just syndrome X. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A. 2003;136:95–112.

34.

Mortera RR, Bains Y, Gugliucci A. Fructose at the crossroads of the metabolic syndrome and obesity epidemics. Front Biosci Landmark Ed. 2019;24:186–211.PubMed

35.

Tappy L, Lê KA, Tran C, Paquot N. Fructose and metabolic diseases: new findings, new questions. Nutrition. 2010;26:1044–9.PubMed

36.

Seong J, Kang JY, Sun JS, Kim KW. Hypothalamic inflammation and obesity: a mechanistic review. Arch Pharm Res. 2019;42:383–92.PubMed

37.

Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN. The value of anthropometric measures in nutrition and metabolism: comment on anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue and blood-based biomarkers: a cross-sectional analysis. Nutr Metab Insights. 2019;12:1178638819831712.PubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Deacon CF. Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:80.

39.

Jellinger PS. Metabolic consequences of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Clin Cornerstone. 2007;8:S30–42.PubMed

40.

Craft S. Insulin resistance and alzheimers disease pathogenesis: potential mechanisms and implications for treatment. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2007;4:147–52.PubMed

41.

Young FA, Leary GA, Baldwin WR, West DC, Box RA, Harris E, et al. The transmission of refractive errors within eskimo families. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1969;46:676–85.PubMed

42.

Morgan RW, Munro M. Refractive problems in northern natives. Can J Ophthalmol J Can Ophtalmol. 1973;8:226–8.

43.

Wong L, Coggon D, Cruddas M, Hwang CH. Education, reading, and familial tendency as risk factors for myopia in Hong Kong fishermen. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47:50–3.PubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Trost SG, Pate RR, Sallis JF, Freedson PS, Taylor WC, Dowda M, et al. Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:350–5.PubMed

45.

Chassine T, Villain M, Hamel CP, Daien V. How can we prevent myopia progression? Eur J Ophthalmol. 2015;25:280–5.PubMed

46.

Donovan L, Sankaridurg P, Ho A, Chen X, Lin Z, Thomas V, et al. Myopia progression in Chinese children is slower in summer than in winter. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2012;89:1196–202.

47.

McCarthy CS, Megaw P, Devadas M, Morgan IG. Dopaminergic agents affect the ability of brief periods of normal vision to prevent form-deprivation myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84:100–7.PubMed

48.

Jiang L, Long K, Schaeffel F, Zhou X, Zheng Y, Ying H, et al. Effects of dopaminergic agents on progression of naturally occurring myopia in albino guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:7508–19.PubMed

49.

Pan C-W, Ramamurthy D, Saw S-M. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012;32:3–16.PubMed

50.

Deere K, Williams C, Leary S, Mattocks C, Ness A, Blair SN, et al. Myopia and later physical activity in adolescence: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:542–4.PubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJM, Anastasopoulos E, et al. Increasing prevalence of myopia in Europe and the impact of education. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1489–97.PubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Gao Z, Meng N, Muecke J, Chan WO, Piseth H, Kong A, et al. Refractive error in school children in an urban and rural setting in Cambodia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19:16–22.PubMed

Title: Probability of myopia in children with high refined carbohydrates consumption in France
Authors: Claire Berticat
Sonia Mamouni
Angelique Ciais
Max Villain
Michel Raymond
Vincent Daien
Publication date: 01-12-2020
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Ophthalmology / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2415
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01602-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Probability of myopia in children with high refined carbohydrates consumption in France

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Assessment of optometrists’ knowledge, skills and practice on cataract: a cross-sectional study from Kisumu County, Western Kenya

Diagnosis and clinical course of ocular ischemic syndrome with retinal vascular abnormalities due to unilateral ocular artery and internal carotid artery stenosis in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report

Minimal internal limiting membrane peeling with ILM flap technique for idiopathic macular holes: a preliminary study

Increased risk of tinnitus in patients with early-onset cataracts: a nationwide population-based case-control study

A case of bilateral acute depigmentation of the Iris in one of two identical twins

Influence of measurement differences of anterior chamber depth and axial length on lens thickness evaluation in cataract patients: a comparison of two tests