Top

BMC Cancer

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Case report

Radiogenic angiosarcoma of the breast: case report and systematic review of the literature

Authors: Askin Dogan, Peter Kern, Beate Schultheis, Günther Häusler, Günther A. Rezniczek, Clemens B. Tempfer

Published in: BMC Cancer | Issue 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Radiogenic angiosarcoma of the breast (RASB) is a rare late sequela of local irradiation of the breast or chest wall after breast cancer. The prognosis of women with RASB is poor and there is no standardized therapy for this type of malignancy.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 54 year old woman with RASB (poorly differentiated angiosarcoma of the left breast; pT1, pNX, M0, L0, V0) and a history of invasive-ductal cancer of the left breast (pT1b, G2, pN0, ER positive, PR positive, HER-2/neu negative) treated in July 2012 with breast-conserving surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy with 6 cycles of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide, adjuvant irradiation of the left breast with 50 Gray, and adjuvant endocrine therapy with an aromatase inhibitor. In August 2016, a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed to remove a tumor of the left ovary, which was diagnosed as breast cancer recurrence. At the same time, a small, purple skin lesion of 1.2 cm in diameter was noted in the inner upper quadrant of the right breast. RASB was diagnosed by punch biopsy and the tumor was excised with clear margins. Imaging studies showed no evidence of further metastases. A systemic chemotherapy with 6 cycles of liposomal doxorubicin was initiated. Five months later, a local recurrence of RASB was diagnosed and mastectomy was performed. Six months later, the patient is alive with no evidence of disease.

Three hundred seven cases of RASB were identified. The pooled incidence rate of RASB was 1/3754 women. The most common treatment of RASB was mastectomy in 83% of cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy were rarely used with 6 and 4%, respectively, whereas in case of recurrence, chemotherapy was the mainstay of treatment, used in 58% of cases. Radiotherapy and repeated surgery were also common with 30 and 33% of cases, respectively. Overall, the prognosis of women with RASB was poor and the recurrence-free survival was short with a mean of 15.9 months. Mean overall survival was 27.4 months.

Conclusion

RASB is a rare late complication of breast irradiation. The prognosis of women with RASB is poor. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for localized disease while systemic chemotherapy and re-irradiation are appropriate for women with disseminated or recurrent RASB.

Shah S, Rosa M. Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast. Clinical and pathologic features. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140:477–81.CrossRefPubMed

Holm M, Aggerholm-Pedersen N, Mele M, Jorgensen P, Baerentzen S, Safwat A. Primary breast sarcoma. A retrospective study over 35 years from a single institution. Acta Oncol. 2016;55:584–90.CrossRefPubMed

Laé M, Lebel A, Hamel-Viard F, Asselain B, Trassard M, Sastre X, Kirova YM. Can c-myc amplification reliably discriminate postradiation from primary angiosarcoma of the breast? Cancer Radiother. 2015;19:168–74.

Fodor J, Orosz Z, Szabó E, Sulyok Z, Polgár C, Zaka Z, Major T. Angiosarcoma after conservation treatment for breast carcinoma. Our experience and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:499–504.CrossRefPubMed

Marchal C, Weber B, de Lafontan B, Resbeut M, Mignotte H, Du Chatelard PP, Cutuli B, Reme-Saumon M, Broussier-Leroux A, Chaplain G, Lesaunier F, Dilhuydy JM, Lagrange JL. Nine breast angiosarcomas after conservative treatment for breast carcinoma. A survey from French comprehensive Cancer Centers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:113–9.CrossRefPubMed

D’Angelo SP, Antonescu CR, Kuk D, Qin L, Moraco N, Carvajal RC, Chi P, Dickson MA, Gounder M, Keohan ML, Singer S, Schwartz GK, Tap WD. High-risk features in radiation-associated breast angiosarcomas. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:2340–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Esler-Brauer L, Jaggernauth W, Zeitouni NC. Angiosarcoma developing after conservative treatment for breast carcinoma. Case report with review of the current literature. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:749–55.PubMed

Feigenberg SJ, Mendenhall NP, Reith JD, Ward JR, Copeland EM 3rd. Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy. Experience with hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:620–6.CrossRefPubMed

Strobbe LJ, Peterse HL, van Tinteren H, Wijnmaalen A, Rutgers EJ. Angiosarcoma of the breast after conservation therapy for invasive cancer, the incidence and outcome. An unforseen sequela. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998;47:101–9.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Stacchiotti S, Van Tine BA. Synovial sarcoma: current concepts and future perspectives. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(2):180–7.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Ji Y, Chen S, Xiang B, Li K, Xu Z, Yao W, Lu G, Liu X, Xia C, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang C, Yang K, Yang G, Tang X, Xu T, Wu H. Sirolimus for the treatment of progressive kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(4):848–55.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Smith TL, Morris CG, Mendenhall NP. Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy. Long-term disease control and late effects with hyperfractionated accelerated re-irradiation (HART). Acta Oncol. 2014;53:235–41.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Seo IS, Min K-W. Postirradiation epithelioid angiosarcoma of the breast. A case report with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2003;27:197–203.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Shaikh NA, Beaconsfield T, Walker M, Ghilchik MW. Postirradiation angiosarcoma of the breast--a case report. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1988;14:449–51.PubMed

15.

Iqbal FM, Ahmed B, Vidya R. Double-edged sword of radiotherapy. A cause of secondary angiosarcoma after breast conservation therapy. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-215310.

16.

Jayalakshmy PS, Sivaram AP, Augustine J, Bindu P. Postmastectomy-postirradiation atypical vascular lesion of the skin. Report of 2 cases. Case Rep Pathol. 2012;2012:710318.PubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Vertse G, Svastics E, Iványi A. Postirradiation angiosarcoma of the breast. Magy Seb. 2010;63:164–7.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Des Guetz G, Chapelier A, Mosseri V, Dorval T, Asselain B, Pouillart P. Postirradiation sarcoma. Clinicopathologic features and role of chemotherapy in the treatment strategy. Sarcoma. 2009;2009:764379.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

West JG, Qureshi A, West JE, Chacon M, Sutherland ML, Haghighi B, Harrison J. Risk of angiosarcoma following breast conservation. A clinical alert. Breast J. 2005;11:115–23.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Rao J, Dekoven JG, Beatty JD, Jones G. Cutaneous angiosarcoma as a delayed complication of radiation therapy for carcinoma of the breast. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:532–8.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Polgár C, Orosz Z, Szerdahelyi A, Fodor J, Major T, Mágori A, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Vámosi Nagy I, Szakolczai I, Fejös Z, Németh G. Postirradiation angiosarcoma of the chest wall and breast. Issues of radiogenic origin, diagnosis and treatment in two cases. Oncology. 2001;60:31–4.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Vesoulis Z, Cunliffe C. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of postradiation epithelioid angiosarcoma of breast. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22:172–5.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Layfield LJ, Dodd LG. Cytologic findings in a case of postirradiation angiosarcoma of the breast. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:612–4.PubMed

24.

Sole J, Guedea F, Matiasguiu X, Lerma E, Seral A. Long-term risk of sarcoma following radiation treatment for breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 1996;3:397–9.PubMed

25.

Wijnmaalen A, van Ooijen B, van Geel BN, Henzen-Logmans SC, Treurniet-Donker AD. Angiosarcoma of the breast following lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy for primary breast cancer. Three case reports and a review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;26:135–9.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Segal SL, Lenchner GS, Cichelli AV, Promisloff RA, Hofman WI, Baiocchi GA. Angiosarcoma presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Chest. 1988;94:214–6.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Otis CN, Peschel R, McKhann C, Merino MJ, Duray PH. The rapid onset of cutaneous angiosarcoma after radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1986;57:2130–4.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Lo TC, Silverman ML, Edelstein A. Postirradiation hemangiosarcoma of the chest wall. Report of a case. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1985;24:237–40.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Armengot-Carbó M, Roca-Estellés MJ, Quecedo-Estébanez E, Gimeno-Carpio E. Angiosarcoma of the skin after breast cancer radiotherapy. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:557–9.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Fernández Ortega A, Gil Gil JM, Urruticoetxea A, Serra Payró JM. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Two cases following breast conserving treatment for invasive carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006;8:536–9.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Di Tommaso L, Fabbri A. Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising after radiotherapy treatment of a breast carcinoma. Description of a case and review of the literature. Pathologica. 2003;95:196–202.PubMed

32.

Friedrich M, Krauth M, Lange K. Angiosarcoma of the breast after breast-preserving therapy of invasive ductal carcinoma. Rofo. 1996;165:195–7.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Colville RJ, Ramsden A, Malcolm A, McLean NR. Angiosarcoma of the breast after quadrantectomy and postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:622–4.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Hogewind BF, Boutkan HB, de Jager-Nowak HK, Merkus JW. Angiosarcoma following breast-conserving therapy. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004;148:995–7.PubMed

35.

Williams EV, Banerjee D, Dallimore N, Monypenny IJ. Angiosarcoma of the breast following radiation therapy. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1999;25:221–2.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Mermershtain W, Cohen AD, Koretz M, Cohen Y. Cutaneous angiosarcoma of breast after lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy for primary breast carcinoma. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:597–8.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Deutsch M, Safyan E. Angiosarcoma of the breast occurring soon after lumpectomy and breast irradiation for infiltrating ductal carcinoma. A case report. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26:471–2.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Pfeiffer DF, Bode-Lesniewska B. Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy for carcinoma supported by use of a cell block and immunohistochemistry. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:553–6.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Griffa B, Basilico V, Clerici D, Bellotti R, Scognamiglio G, Zanardo M, Capriata G. Angiosarcoma of the breast after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for early breast carcinoma. Description of a case. Minerva Chir. 2000;55:799–802.PubMed

40.

Kariniemi AL, Autio P. Angiosarcoma of the breast after radiotherapy. Duodecim. 1998;114:1963–5.PubMed

41.

Hildebrandt G, Mittag M, Gütz U, Kunze ML, Haustein UF. Cutaneous breast angiosarcoma after conserving treatment of breast cancer. Eur J Dermatol. 2001;11:580–3.PubMed

42.

Catena F, Santini D, Di Saverio S, Laneve A, Ansaloni L, Fogacci T, Gagliardi S, Gazzotti F, Guidi G, de Cataldis A, Taffurelli M. Skin angiosarcoma arising in an irradiated breast. Case-report and literature review. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:447–55.PubMed

43.

Moe M, Bertelli G. Breast angiosarcoma following lumpectomy and radiotherapy for breast cancer. A case with short latent period and false negative result on biopsies. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:801.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Lamblin G, Oteifa M, Zinzindohoue C, Isaac S, Termine L, Bobin JY. Angiosarcoma after conservative treatment and radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the breast. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27:146–51.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Hodgson NC, Bowen-Wells C, Moffat F, Franceschi D, Avisar E. Angiosarcomas of the breast. A review of 70 cases. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30:570–3.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Weed BR, Folpe AL. Cutaneous CD30-positive epithelioid angiosarcoma following breast-conserving therapy and irradiation. A potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Dermatopathol. 2008;30:370–2.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Bolin DJ, Lukas GM. Low-grade dermal angiosarcoma of the breast following radiotherapy. Am Surg. 1996;62:668–72.PubMed

48.

Soldić Z, Salopek D, Jazvić M, Radić J, Marić-Brozić J, Tomas D, Kirac P, Bolanca A, Kusić Z. Parenchymal post-irradiation angiosarcoma. A case report. Acta Clin Croat. 2009;48:433–7.PubMed

49.

Horevoets J, Devos B. Angiosarcoma of the breast. Case report and review of the literature. Acta Chir Belg. 2013;113:223–7.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Andrews S, Wilcoxon R, Benda J, Jacobson G. Angiosarcoma following MammoSite partial breast irradiation. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124:279–82.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Kajo K, Lúcan J, Macháleková K, Beratsová Z. Cutaneous angiosarcoma following conservative surgery and radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. A case report. Cesk Patol. 2007;43:59–63.PubMed

52.

Nambisan M, Elwood E, Mammolito D. Locally recurrent angiosarcoma after excision in a patient treated with breast-conserving therapy. Am Surg. 2008;74:1227–8.PubMed

53.

Zucali R, Merson M, Placucci M, Di Palma S, Veronesi U. Soft tissue sarcoma of the breast after conservative surgery and irradiation for early mammary cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1994;30:271–3.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Aydogdu M, Trams G. Angiosarcoma of the breast after conservatively operated breast carcinoma--a sequela of adjuvant radiotherapy? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1996;56:60–2.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Del Mastro L, Garrone O, Guenzi M, Cafiero F, Nicolò G, Rosso R, Venturini M. Angiosarcoma of the residual breast after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for primary carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1994;5:163–5.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Weber B, Marchal C. Three cases of breast angiosarcomas after breast-conserving treatment for carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 1995;37:250–2.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Majeski J, Austin RM, Fitzgerald RH. Cutaneous angiosarcoma in an irradiated breast after breast conservation therapy for cancer. Association with chronic breast lymphedema. J Surg Oncol. 2000;74:208–12. discussion 212-3CrossRefPubMed

58.

Wiebringhaus P, Gröger A, Menke H. Secondary angiosarcoma of the breast after breast-conserving therapy. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2015;47:134–8.PubMed

59.

Bonetta A, Pagliari C, Morrica B. Post-radiation angiosarcoma of the breast. A clinical case. Tumori. 1995;81:219–21.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Nakamura R, Nagashima T, Sakakibara M, Nakano S, Tanabe N, Fujimoto H, Arai M, Kadowaki M, Oide T, Tanizawa T, Miyazaki M. Angiosarcoma arising in the breast following breast-conserving surgery with radiation for breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer. 2007;14:245–9.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Anania G, Parodi PC, Sanna A, Rampino E, Marcotti E, Di Loreto C, Zuiani C, Donini A. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma of the breast. Case report and self-criticism of therapeutic approach. Ann Chir. 2002;127:388–91.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Barbosa OV, Reiriz AB, Boff RA, Oliveira WP, Rossi L. Angiosarcoma in previously irradiated breast in patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. A case report. Sao Paulo Med J. 2015;133:151–3.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Nestle-Krämling C, Bölke E, Budach W, Peiper M, Niederacher D, Janni W, Eisenberger CF, Knoefel WT, Scherer A, Baldus SE, Lammering G, Gerber PA, Matuschek C. Hemangiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy of breast cancer. Report of four cases with molecular genetic diagnosis and literature review. Strahlenther Onkol. 2011;187:656–64.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Billings SD, McKenney JK, Folpe AL, Hardacre MC, Weiss SW. Cutaneous angiosarcoma following breast-conserving surgery and radiation. An analysis of 27 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:781–8.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Sessions SC, Smink RD Jr. Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the breast after segmental mastectomy and radiation therapy. Arch Surg. 1992;127:1362–3.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Zafar A, Neary P, O’Donoghue G, Fiuza-Castinieria C. A breast surgeon’s paranoia pays off. The importance of keen clinical acumen in a case of postradiotherapy breast angiosarcoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012

67.

Navarro Cecilia J, Jiménez Anula J, Luque López C, Martín Salvago MD, Dueñas Rodríguez B. Secondary breast angiosarcoma. Multifocal recurrence in a postmastectomy breast reconstruction flap. Cir Esp. 2015;93:260–2.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Uryvaev A, Moskovitz M, Abdach-Bortnyak R, Hershkovitz D, Fried G. Post-irradiation angiosarcoma of the breast. Clinical presentation and outcome in a series of six cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;153:3–8.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Gennaro M, Valeri B, Casalini P, Carcangiu ML, Gronchi A, Conti AR, Agresti R, Greco M. Angiosarcoma of the breast and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Tumori. 2010;96:930–5.PubMed

70.

Taat CW, van Toor BS, Slors JF, Bras J, Blank LE, van Coevorden F. Dermal angiosarcoma of the breast. A complication of primary radiotherapy? Eur J Surg Oncol. 1992;18:391–5.PubMed

71.

Hui A, Henderson M, Speakman D, Skandarajah A. Angiosarcoma of the breast. A difficult surgical challenge. Breast. 2012;21:584–9.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Adhikari D, Hajdu SI, Levine D. Post-radiation angiosarcoma and bilateral mastectomy. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002;32:428–33.PubMed

73.

Azizun-Nisa, Zeeshanuddin, Kayani N. Malignant vascular tumours associated with the breast. A study of 7 cases. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63:646–9.

74.

Hanasono MM, Osborne MP, Dielubanza EJ, Peters SB, Gayle LB. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma after mastectomy and TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:211–4.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Mocerino C, Iannaci G, Sapere P, Luise R, Canonico S, Gambardella A. Multidisciplinary approach to breast angiosarcoma in an elderly patient. Repeated local relapses and significant objective responses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016;29:537–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Scow JS, Reynolds CA, Degnim AC, Petersen IA, Jakub JW, Boughey JC. Primary and secondary angiosarcoma of the breast. The Mayo Clinic experience. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:401–7.PubMed

77.

Zemanova M, Rauova K, Boljesikova E, Machalekova K, Krajcovicova I, Lehotska V, Mikulova M, Svec J. Analysis of radiation-induced angiosarcoma of the breast. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014;115:307–10.PubMed

78.

Moskaluk CA, Merino MJ, Danforth DN, Medeiros LJ. Low-grade angiosarcoma of the skin of the breast. A complication of lumpectomy and radiation therapy for breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:710–4.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Plichta JK, Hughes K. Radiation-induced angiosarcoma after breast-cancer treatment. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:367.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Boyan W Jr, Farr M, Georges R. High grade angiosarcoma fifteen years after breast conservation therapy with radiation therapy. A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2014;5:1176–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

D’Angelo SP, Munhoz RR, Kuk D, Landa J, Hartley EW, Bonafede M, Dickson MA, Gounder M, Keohan ML, Crago AM, Antonescu CR, Tap WD. Outcomes of systemic therapy for patients with metastatic angiosarcoma. Oncology. 2015;89:205–14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Italiano A, Cioffi A, Penel N, Levra MG, Delcambre C, Kalbacher E, Chevreau C, Bertucci F, Isambert N, Blay J-Y, Bui B, Antonescu C, D’Adamo DR, Maki RG, Keohan ML. Comparison of doxorubicin and weekly paclitaxel efficacy in metastatic angiosarcomas. Cancer. 2012;118:3330–6.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Ray-Coquard IL, Domont J, Tresch-Bruneel E, Bompas E, Cassier PA, Mir O, Piperno-Neumann S, Italiano A, Chevreau C, Cupissol D, Bertucci F, Bay JO, Collard O, Saada-Bouzid E, Isambert N, Delcambre C, Clisant S, Le Cesne A, Blay JY, Penel N. Paclitaxel given once per week with or without bevacizumab in patients with advanced angiosarcoma: a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(25):2797–802.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Ishida Y, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Cutaneous angiosarcoma: update on biology and latest treatment. Curr Opin Oncol. 2017; [Epub ahead of print]

Title: Radiogenic angiosarcoma of the breast: case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Askin Dogan
Peter Kern
Beate Schultheis
Günther Häusler
Günther A. Rezniczek
Clemens B. Tempfer
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Cancer / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4369-7

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Case presentation

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Serum and blood based biomarkers for lung cancer screening: a systematic review

Gene expression profiles in genome instability-based classes of colorectal cancer

TRPM7 overexpression enhances the cancer stem cell-like and metastatic phenotypes of lung cancer through modulation of the Hsp90α/uPA/MMP2 signaling pathway

A molecular and staging model predicts survival in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer

The DNA methylation profile of liver tumors in C3H mice and identification of differentially methylated regions involved in the regulation of tumorigenic genes

The association of diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment with expression of insulin-related proteins in breast tumors

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer