Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Infectious Diseases
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

Community-based surveillance of norovirus disease: a systematic review

Authors: Thomas Inns, John Harris, Roberto Vivancos, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, Sarah O’Brien

Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Norovirus is a common cause of infectious gastrointestinal disease. Despite the increased ability to detect norovirus in affected people, the number of reported cases and outbreaks in the community is still substantially underestimated. We undertook a systematic review to determine the nature, scope and scale of community-based surveillance systems which capture information on norovirus disease.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus for studies published between 01 January 1995 and 31 December 2015, using terms relating to norovirus and surveillance. Publications were screened independently by two reviewers using exclusion criteria. Data extraction from included papers was performed using a standardized data extraction form. Outcomes were descriptions of the methods reported in included papers, and any estimates of incidence rate of norovirus disease in each community, stratified by age.

Results

After exclusions, we reviewed 45 papers of which 23 described surveillance studies and 19 included estimates of incidence. The estimates of incidence varied by outcome measure, type of laboratory test and study population. There were two estimates of norovirus hospitalisation; 0.72 and 1.04 per 1000 person-years. Estimates of norovirus disease ranged between 0.024 cases per 1000 person-years and 60 cases per 1000 person-years and estimates of all gastroenteritis varied between 49 and 1100 cases per 1000 person-years.

Conclusions

Our systematic review found few papers describing community-based surveillance for norovirus disease. Standardised age-specific estimates of norovirus incidence would be valuable for calculating the true global burden of norovirus disease; robust community surveillance systems would be able to produce this information.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO 2016:CRD42016048659.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Atmar RL, Estes MK. The Epidemiologic and Clinical Importance of Norovirus Infection. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2006;35(2):275–90.CrossRef
2.
Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Noroviruses: A comprehensive review. J Clin Virol. 2009;44(1):1–8.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, Verhoef L, Premkumar P, Parashar UD, Koopmans M, Lopman BA. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):725–30.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Meakins SM, Adak GK, Lopman BA, O'Brien SJ. General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in hospitals, England and Wales, 1992–2000. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53(1):1–5.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Harris JP. Norovirus Surveillance: An Epidemiological Perspective. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(suppl 1):S8–S11.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Harris JP, Lopman BA, O'Brien SJ. Infection control measures for norovirus: a systematic review of outbreaks in semi-enclosed settings. J Hosp Infect. 2010;74(1):1–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Lopman BA, Andrews N, Sarangi J, Vipond IB, Brown DWG, Reacher MH. Institutional risk factors for outbreaks of nosocomial gastroenteritis: Survival analysis of a cohort of hospital units in South-west England, 2002–2003. J Hosp Infect. 2005;60(2):135–43.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Harris JP, Edmunds WJ, Pebody RG, Brown DW, Lopman B. Deaths from Norovirus among the Elderly, England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Disease journal. 2008;14(10):1546.CrossRef
9.
M'ikanatha NM, Lynfield R, Van Beneden CA, de Valk H: Infectious Disease Surveillance, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013.
10.
Rabenau HF, Stürmer M, Buxbaum S, Walczok A, Preiser W, Doerr HW. Laboratory Diagnosis of Norovirus: Which Method Is the Best? Intervirology. 2003;46(4):232–8.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, Viviani L, Dodds JP, Evans MR, Hunter PR, Gray JJ, Letley LH, Rait G, Tompkins DS, et al. Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): Incidence in the community and presenting to general practice. Gut. 2012;61(1):69–77.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Harris JP, Adams NL, Lopman BA, Allen DJ, Adak GK. The development of web-based surveillance provides new insights into the burden of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals in England. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(8):1590–8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339
14.
15.
Dedman D, Laurichesse H, Caul EO, Wall PG. Surveillance of small round structured virus (SRSV) infection in England and Wales, 1990–5. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121(1):139–49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Lopman BA, Adak GK, Reacher MH, Brown DWG. Two epidemiologic patterns of Norovirus outbreaks: Surveillance in England and Wales, 1992–2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(1):71–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Froggatt PC, Vipond IB, Ashley CR, Lambden PR, Clarke IN, Caul EO. Surveillance of Norovirus Infection in a Study of Sporadic Childhood Gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during One Winter Season (1999–2000). J Med Virol. 2004;72(2):307–11.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Bernard H, Höhne M, Niendorf S, Altmann D, Stark K. Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001–2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(1):63–74.PubMed
19.
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-Major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(1):7–15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Arena C, Amoros JP, Vaillant V, Ambert-Balay K, Chikhi-Brachet R, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Varesi L, Arrighi J, Souty C, Blanchon T, et al. Acute diarrhea in adults consulting a general practitioner in France during winter: Incidence, clinical characteristics, management and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;574
21.
Saupe AA, Kaehler D, Cebelinski EA, Nefzger B, Hall AJ, Smith KE. Norovirus surveillance among callers to foodborne illness complaint hotline, Minnesota, USA, 2011–2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1293–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, Vinje J. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(8):1389–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2013:62, 1.
24.
Thouillot F, Delhostal C, Edel C, Bettinger A, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K, Meffre C, Alsibai S. Gastroenteritis outbreaks in elderly homes in the East of France during winter 2009/10: Aetiology research for a series of 37 outbreaks. Eur Secur. 2012, 17:9.
25.
Barret AS, Jourdan-da Silva N, Ambert-Balay K, Delmas G, Bone A, Thiolet JM, Vaillant V. Surveillance for outbreaks of gastroenteritis in elderly long-term care facilities in France, November 2010 to May 2012. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:29.CrossRef
26.
Gaspard P, Ambert-Balay K, Mosnier A, Aho-Glélé S, Roth C, Larocca S, Simon L, Talon D, Rabaud C, Pothier P. Burden of gastroenteritis outbreaks: Specific epidemiology in a cohort of institutions caring for dependent people. J Hosp Infect. 2015;91(1):19–27.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Kirk MD, Fullerton KE, Hall GV, Gregory J, Stafford R, Veitch MG, Becker N. Surveillance for outbreaks of gastroenteritis in long-term care facilities, Australia, 2002–2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(8):907–14.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Sakon N, Yamazaki K, Nakata K, Kanbayashi D, Yoda T, Mantani M, Kase T, Takahashi K, Komano J. Impact of genotype-specific herd immunity on the circulatory dynamism of norovirus: A 10-year longitudinal study of viral acute gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(6):879–88.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Thongprachum A, Takanashi S, Kalesaran AFC, Okitsu S, Mizuguchi M, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Four-year study of viruses that cause diarrhea in Japanese pediatric outpatients. J Med Virol. 2015;87(7):1141–8.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Leshem E, Givon-Lavi N, Vinjé J, Gregoricus N, Parashar U, Dagan R. Differences in Norovirus-Associated Hospital Visits Between Jewish and Bedouin Children in Southern Israel. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(9):1036–8.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Payne DC, Vinjé J, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, Chappell J, Bernstein DI, Curns AT, et al. Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1121–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Nahar S, Afrad MH, Begum N, Al-Mamun F, Sarker AK, Das SK, Faruque ASG, Pourkarim MR, Choudhuri MSK, Azim T, et al. High prevalence of noroviruses among hospitalized diarrheal patients in Bangladesh, 2011. J Infect Dev Countries. 2013;7(11):892–6.
33.
Liu LJ, Liu W, Liu YX, Xiao HJ, Jia N, Liu G, Tong YG, Cao WC. Identification of Norovirus as the Top Enteric Viruses Detected in Adult Cases with Acute Gastroenteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(4):717–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Ouyang Y, Ma H, Jin M, Wang X, Wang J, Xu L, Lin S, Shen Z, Chen Z, Qiu Z, et al. Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China. Arch Virol. 2012;157(5):881–7.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Oldak E, Sulik A, Rozkiewicz D, Liwoch-Nienartowicz N. Norovirus infections in children under 5 years of age hospitalized due to the acute viral gastroenteritis in northeastern Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(4):417–22.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Trainor E, Lopman B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Dove W, Ngwira B, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Parashar U, Cunliffe N. Detection and molecular characterisation of noroviruses in hospitalised children in Malawi, 1997–2007. J Med Virol. 2013;85(7):1299–306.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Fernández KP, Ulloa JC, Meneses M, Matiz LF, Gutiérrez MF. Norovirus, the principal cause of viral diarrhea in two regions of Colombia. Univ Sci. 2015;20(1):107–15.CrossRef
38.
Vernacchio L, Vezina RM, Mitchell AA, Lesko SM, Plaut AG, Acheson DWK. Characteristics of persistent diarrhea in a community-based cohort of young US children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(1):52–8.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Gomara MI, Simpson R, Perault AM, Redpath C, Lorgelly P, Joshi D, Mugford M, Hughes CA, Dalrymple J, Desselberger U, et al. Structured surveillance of infantile gastroenteritis in East Anglia, UK: Incidence of infection with common viral gastroenteric pathogens. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(1):23–33.CrossRef
40.
Iturriza-Gomara M, Elliot AJ, Dockery C, Fleming DM, Gray JJ. Structured surveillance of infectious intestinal disease in pre-school children in the community: "The Nappy Study". Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137(7):922–31.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Enserink R, Mughini-Gras L, Duizer E, Kortbeek T, Van Pelt W. Risk factors for gastroenteritis in child day care. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(13):2707–20.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Medici MC, Martinelli M, Abelli LA, Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I, Arcangeletti MC, Pinardi F, De Conto F, Izzi G, Bernasconi S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in sporadic cases of viral gastroenteritis among children in Northern Italy. J Med Virol. 2006;78(11):1486–92.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Bucardo F, Nordgren J, Carlsson B, Paniagua M, Lindgren PE, Espinoza F, Svensson L. Pediatric norovirus diarrhea in Nicaragua. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(8):2573–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Lekana-Douki SE, Kombila-Koumavor C, Nkoghe D, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Leroy EM. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses and genotyping of rotavirus A, adenovirus and astrovirus among children under 5 years old in Gabon. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;34:90–5.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Anders KL, Thompson CN, Thuy NTV, Nguyet NM, Tu LTP, Dung TTN, Phat VV, Van NTH, Hieu NT, Tham NTH, et al. The epidemiology and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infancy in southern Vietnam: A birth cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;35:e3–e10.CrossRef
46.
Platts-Mills JA, Babji S, Bodhidatta L, Gratz J, Haque R, Havt A, McCormick BJJ, McGrath M, Olortegui MP, Samie A, et al. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:9.CrossRef
47.
Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Cowden JM, Wall PG, Rodrigues LC, Tompkins DS, Hudson MJ, Roderick PJ. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: Rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. Br Med J. 1999;318(7190):1046–50.CrossRef
48.
Sinclair MI, Hellard ME, Wolfe R, Mitakakis TZ, Leder K, Fairley CK. Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in Australia. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia). 2005;20(11):1685–90.CrossRef
49.
Huhulescu S, Kiss R, Brettlecker M, Cerny RJ, Hess C, Wewalka G, Allerberger F. Etiology of acute gastroenteritis in three sentinel general practices, Austria 2007. Infection. 2009;37(2):103–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Kirk MD, Moffatt CRM, Hall GV, Becker N, Booy R, Heron L, MacIntyre R, Dwyer DE, Lindley R. The burden of infectious gastroenteritis in elderly residents and staff of long-term care facilities, Australia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(8):860–3.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Ballard SB, Reaves EJ, Luna CG, Silva ME, Rocha C, Heitzinger K, Saito M, Apaza S, Espetia S, Blazes DL, et al., Epidemiology and genetic characterization of noroviruses among adults in an endemic setting, Peruvian Amazon Basin, 2004–2011. PLoS One. 2015, 10:7.
52.
Gauci C, Gilles H, Mamo J, Ruggieri FM, di Bartolo I, Barbara C, Cuschieri L. The aetiology of infectious intestinal disease in the community in Malta. Malta Med J. 2010;22(4):6–12.
53.
Baumann-Popczyk A, Sadkowska-Todys M, Rogalska J, Stefanoff P. Incidence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal infections in the community in Poland: A population-based study. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(7):1173–84.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Ahmed S, Ricketts P, Bergeron M, Jones W, Indar L. Distribution, burden, and impact of acute gastroenteritis in Dominica, 2009–2010. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31(4 SUPPL.1):S43–56.PubMedCentral
55.
Ingram M, St. John J, Applewhaite T, Gaskin P, Springer K, Indar L. Population-based estimates of acute gastrointestinal and foodborne illness in Barbados: A retrospective cross-sectional Study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31(4 SUPPL.1):S81–97.PubMedCentral
56.
Verhoef L, Koopmans M, Van Pelt W, Duizer E, Haagsma J, Werber D, Van Asten L, Havelaar A. The estimated disease burden of norovirus in the Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(3):496–506.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Moyo SJ, Gro N, Matee MI, Kitundu J, Myrmel H, Mylvaganam H, Maselle SY, Langeland N. Age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11
58.
Xue Y, Pan H, Hu J, Wu H, Li J, Xiao W, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Wu F. Epidemiology of norovirus infections among diarrhea outpatients in a diarrhea surveillance system in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:183.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Ammon A, Makela P. Integrated data collection on zoonoses in the European Union, from animals to humans, and the analyses of the data. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;139(Supplement):S43–7.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Agócs MM, Serhan F, Yen C, Mwenda JM, de Oliveira LH, Teleb N, Wasley A, Wijesinghe PR, Fox K, Tate JE. WHO global rotavirus surveillance network: a strategic review of the first 5 years, 2008–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(29):634–7.PubMed
61.
Marshall JA, Bruggink LD. Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus. Clin Lab. 2006;52(11–12):571–81.PubMed
62.
Yu J, Ye C, Lai S, Zhu W, Zhang Z, Geng Q, Xue C, Yang W, Wu S, Hall AJ, et al. Incidence of Norovirus-Associated Diarrhea, Shanghai, China, 2012–2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(2):312–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Community-based surveillance of norovirus disease: a systematic review
Authors
Thomas Inns
John Harris
Roberto Vivancos
Miren Iturriza-Gomara
Sarah O’Brien
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2758-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2017 Go to the issue

Research article

MSM HIV testing following an online testing intervention in China

Research article

Epidemiological trends and outcomes of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Shandong, China

Research article

Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection in Ethiopia: prospective cohort

Research article

Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida species isolated from the immunocompromised patients admitted to ten university hospitals in Iran: comparison of colonizing and infecting isolates

Research article

Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: assessment between manifestation and radiological findings in 16 severe strongyloidiasis cases

Erratum

Erratum to: Trends in antimicrobial resistance and empiric antibiotic therapy of bloodstream infections at a general hospital in mid-Norway: a prospective observational study
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits