Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Primary Care
Published in: BMC Primary Care 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

Defining dimensions of research readiness: a conceptual model for primary care research networks

Authors: Helen Carr, Simon de Lusignan, Harshana Liyanage, Siaw-Teng Liaw, Amanda Terry, Imran Rafi

Published in: BMC Primary Care | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Recruitment to research studies in primary care is challenging despite widespread implementation of electronic patient record (EPR) systems which potentially make it easier to identify eligible cases.

Methods

Literature review and applying the learning from a European research readiness assessment tool, the TRANSFoRm International Research Readiness instrument (TIRRE), to the context of the English NHS in order to develop a model to assess a practice’s research readiness.

Results

Seven dimensions of research readiness were identified: (1) Data readiness: Is there good data quality in EPR systems; (2) Record readiness: Are EPR data able to identify eligible cases and other study data; (3) Organisational readiness: Are the health system and socio-cultural environment supportive; (4) Governance readiness: Does the study meet legal and local health system regulatory compliance; (5) Study-specific readiness; (6) Business process readiness: Are business processes tilted in favour of participation: including capacity and capability to take on extra work, financial incentives as well as intangibles such as social and intellectual capital; (7) Patient readiness: Are systems in place to recruit patients and obtain informed consent?

Conclusions

The model might enable the development of interventions to increase participation in primary care-based research and become a tool to measure the progress of practice networks towards the most advanced state of readiness.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Is primary-care research a lost cause?. Lancet. 2003, 361 (9362): 977-10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12837-1.
2.
3.
Hillman JG, Macnab HK: Primary care’s lost cause? Primary care research lives. BMJ. 2010, 340: c1063-10.1136/bmj.c1063. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1063CrossRefPubMed
4.
McAvoy BR: Primary care research–what in the world is going on?. Med J Aust. 2005, 183 (2): 110-112.PubMed
5.
Mold JW: Primary care research conducted in networks: getting down to business. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012, 25 (5): 553-556. 10.3122/jabfm.2012.05.120178. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2012.05.120178CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
Sullivan F, Butler C, Cupples M, Kinmonth AL: Primary care research networks in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 2007, 334 (7603): 1093-1094. 10.1136/bmj.39190.648785.80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Peckham S, Hutchison B: Developing primary care: the contribution of primary care research networks. Health Policy. 2012, 8 (2): 56-70.
9.
Ovhed I, van Royen P, Håkansson A: What is the future of primary care research? Probably fairly bright, if we may believe the historical development. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2005, 23 (4): 248-253. 10.1080/02813430500316692.CrossRefPubMed
10.
11.
de Lusignan S, van Weel C: The use of routinely collected computer data for research in primary care: opportunities and challenges. Fam Pract. 2006, 23 (2): 253-263. 10.1093/fampra/cmi106.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Schade CP, Sullivan FM, de Lusignan S, Madeley J: e-Prescribing, efficiency, quality: lessons from the computerization of UK family practice. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006, 13 (5): 470-475. 10.1197/jamia.M2041.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
de Lusignan S, Chan T: The development of primary care information technology in the United Kingdom. J Ambul Care Manage. 2008, 31 (3): 201-210. 10.1097/01.JAC.0000324664.88131.d2.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Lyons RA, Jones KH, John G, Brooks CJ, Verplancke JP, Ford DV, Brown G, Leake K: The SAIL databank: linking multiple health and social care datasets. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2009, 9: 3-10.1186/1472-6947-9-3. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-9-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Dregan A, Moller H, Murray-Thomas T, Gulliford MC: Validity of cancer diagnosis in a primary care database compared with linked cancer registrations in England. Population-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36 (5): 425-429. 10.1016/j.canep.2012.05.013. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2012.05.013. Epub 2012 Jun 21. PubMed PMID: 22727737CrossRefPubMed
16.
17.
Ward E, Bower P, Collier D, Delaney B, Graffy J, Kinmouth A-L, Miller J, Wallace P: Primary Care Research Recruitment: A Practical Guide. Manchester; NIHR School of Primary Care Research. 2010
18.
McDonald AM, Knight RC, Campbell MK, Entwistle VA, Grant AM, Cook JA, Elbourne DR, Francis D, Garcia J, Roberts I, Snowdon C: What influences recruitment to randomised controlled trials? A review of trials funded by two UK funding agencies. Trials. 2006, 7: 9-10.1186/1745-6215-7-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Bower P, Wilson S, Mathers N: How often do UK primary care trials face recruitment delays?. Fam Pract. 2007, 24: 601-603. 10.1093/fampra/cmm051.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Ngune I, Jiwa M, Dadich A, Lotriet J, Sriram D: Effective recruitment strategies in primary care research: a systematic review. Qual Prim Care. 2012, 20 (2): 115-123.PubMed
21.
Clayden AD: Assessing your research readiness. Practitioner. 1986, 230 (1417): 643-647.PubMed
22.
Stajduhar KI, Bidgood D, Norgrove L, Allen D, Waskiewich S: Using quality improvement to enhance research readiness in palliative care. J Healthc Qual. 2006, 28 (4): 22-28. 10.1111/j.1945-1474.2006.tb00617.x.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Supper I, Ecochard R, Bois C, Paumier F, Bez N, Letrilliart L: How do French GPs consider participating in primary care research: the DRIM study. Fam Pract. 2011, 28 (2): 226-232. 10.1093/fampra/cmq073. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq073CrossRefPubMed
24.
Nolte E, McKee M: Measuring the health of nations: analysis of mortality amenable to health care. BMJ. 2003, 327 (7424): 1129-10.1136/bmj.327.7424.1129.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Velicer WF, Ginpil S, Norcross JC: Addict Behav. 1985, 10 (4): 395-406. 10.1016/0306-4603(85)90036-X.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Stewart T: The New Wealth of Organizations. 1997, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, Business Digest, New York
27.
Carmeli A, Tishler A: The relationships between intangible organizational elements and organizational elements and organizational performance. Strat Mgmt J. 2004, 25: 1257-1278. 10.1002/smj.428. doi:10.1002/smj.428. http://​download.​clib.​psu.​ac.​th/​datawebclib/​e_​resource/​trial_​database/​WileyInterScienc​eCD/​pdf/​SMJ/​SMJ_​5.​pdfCrossRef
28.
de Lusignan S, Liaw ST, Krause P, Curcin V, Vicente MT, Michalakidis G, Agreus L, Leysen P, Shaw N, Mendis K: Key Concepts to Assess the Readiness of Data for International Research: Data Quality, Lineage and Provenance, Extraction and Processing Errors, Traceability, and Curation. Contribution of the IMIA Primary Health Care Informatics Working Group. Yearb Med Inform. 2011, 6 (1): 112-120.PubMed
29.
Zachariadis M, Oborn E, Barrett M, Zollinger-Read P. Leadership of healthcare commissioning networks in England: a mixed-methods study on clinical commissioning groups. BMJ Open. 2013 Feb 20; 3(2). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002112
30.
31.
Boggon R, van Staa TP, Chapman M, Gallagher AM, Hammad TA, Richards MA: Cancer recording and mortality in the General Practice Research Database and linked cancer registries. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013, 22 (2): 168-175. 10.1002/pds.3374. doi:10.1002/pds.3374CrossRefPubMed
32.
Clement S, Pickering A, Rowlands G, Thiru K, Candy B, de Lusignan S: Towards a conceptual framework for evaluating primary care research networks. Br J Gen Pract. 2000, 50 (457): 651-652.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
34.
de Lusignan S, Chan T, Theadom A, Dhoul N: The roles of policy and professionalism in the protection of processed clinical data: a literature review. Int J Med Inform. 2007, 76 (4): 261-268. 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Fenton E, Harvey J, Griffiths F, Wild A, Sturt J: Reflections from organization science on the development of primary health care research networks. Fam Pract. 2001, 18 (5): 540-544. 10.1093/fampra/18.5.540.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zwar NA, Weller DP, McCloughan L, Traynor VJ: Supporting research in primary care: are practice-based research networks the missing link?. Med J Aust. 2006, 185 (2): 110-113.PubMed
37.
Jones C: Laboratories of primary care: practice-based research networks in Canada. Can Fam Physician. 2006, 52 (9): 1045-1046. 1047-8PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Thomas KH, Davies N, Metcalfe C, Windmeijer F, Martin RM, Gunnell D. Validation of Suicide and Self-harm records in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Dec 6. doi:10.1111/bcp.12059
39.
Benson T: Why general practitioners use computers and hospital doctors do not–Part 1: incentives. BMJ. 2002, 325 (7372): 1086-1089. 10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1086.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
de Lusignan S, Metsemakers JF, Houwink P, Gunnarsdottir V, van der Lei J: Routinely collected general practice data: goldmines for research? A report of the European Federation for Medical Informatics Primary Care Informatics Working Group (EFMI PCIWG) from MIE2006, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Inform Prim Care. 2006, 14 (3): 203-209.PubMed
41.
Horsfield P, Teasdale S: Generating information from electronic patient records in general practice: a description of clinical care and gender inequalities in coronary heart disease using data from over two million patient records. Inform Prim Care. 2003, 11 (3): 137-144.PubMed
42.
de Lusignan S, Valentin T, Chan T, Hague N, Wood O, van Vlymen J, Dhoul N: Problems with primary care data quality: osteoporosis as an exemplar. Inform Prim Care. 2004, 12 (3): 147-156. 10.14236/jhi.v12i3.120.PubMed
43.
Michalakidis G, Kumarapeli P, Ring A, van Vlymen J, Krause P, de Lusignan S: A system for solution-orientated reporting of errors associated with the extraction of routinely collected clinical data for research and quality improvement. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010, 160 (Pt 1): 724-728.PubMed
44.
45.
46.
Fleming DM, Miles J: The representativeness of sentinel practice networks. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010, 32 (1): 90-96. 10.1093/pubmed/fdp087.CrossRef
47.
Fleming DM, Elliot AJ: Lessons from 40 years’ surveillance of influenza in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect. 2008, 136 (7): 866-875. 10.1017/S0950268807009910.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Carey IM, Cook DG, De Wilde S, Bremner SA, Richards N, Caine S, Strachan DP: Hilton SR Developing a large electronic primary care database (Doctors’ Independent Network) for research. Int J Med Inform. 2004, 73 (5): 443-453. 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2004.02.002.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Bhaskaran K, Forbes HJ, Douglas I, Leon DA, Smeeth L: Representativeness and optimal use of body mass index (BMI) in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). BMJ Open. 2013, 3 (9): e003389-10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003389. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003389CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Mathur R, Bhaskaran K, Chaturvedi N, Leon DA, Vanstaa T, Grundy E, Smeeth L. Completeness and usability of ethnicity data in UK-based primary care and hospital databases. J Public Health (Oxf). 2013 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
51.
Hippisley-Cox J, Stables D, Pringle M: QRESEARCH: a new general practice database for research. Inform Prim Care. 2004, 12 (1): 49-50. 10.14236/jhi.v12i1.108.PubMed
52.
Bourke A, Dattani H, Robinson M: Feasibility study and methodology to create a quality-evaluated database of primary care data. Inform Prim Care. 2004, 12 (3): 171-177. 10.14236/jhi.v12i3.124.PubMed
53.
Blak BT, Thompson M, Dattani H, Bourke A: Generalisability of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database: demographics, chronic disease prevalence and mortality rates. Inform Prim Care. 2011, 19 (4): 251-255.PubMed
54.
55.
Hollowell J: The General Practice Research Database: quality of morbidity data. Popul Trends. 1997, 87: 36-PubMed
56.
Leppenwell E, de Lusignan S, Vicente MT, Michalakidis G, Krause P, Thompson S, McGilchrist M, Sullivan F, Desombre T, Taweel A, Delaney B: Developing a survey instrument to assess the readiness of primary care data, genetic and disease registries to conduct linked research: TRANSFoRm International Research Readiness (TIRRE) survey instrument. Inform Prim Care. 2012, 20 (3): 207-216. 10.14236/jhi.v20i3.26.CrossRefPubMed
57.
de Lusignan S, Pearce C, Shaw NT, Liaw ST, Michalakidis G, Vicente MT, Bainbridge M: What are the barriers to conducting international research using routinely collected primary care data?. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2011, 165: 135-140.PubMed
58.
de Lusignan S, Krause P, Michalakidis G, Vicente MT, Thompson S, McGilchrist M, Sullivan F, van Royen P, Agreus L, Desombre T, Taweel A, Delaney B: Business Process Modelling is an Essential Part of a Requirements Analysis. Contribution of EFMI Primary Care Working Group Yearb Med Inform. 2012, 7 (1): 34-43.
59.
Bontis H, Dragonetti N, Jacobsen K, Roos G: The knowledge toolbox: a review of the tools available to measure intangible resources. Eur Manag J. 1999, 17 (4): 391-402. 10.1016/S0263-2373(99)00019-5.CrossRef
60.
Treweek S, Pitkethly M, Cook J, Kjeldstrøm M, Taskila T, Johansen M, Sullivan F, Wilson S, Jackson C, Jones R, Mitchell E. Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised controlled trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. Art. No.:MR000013. doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000013.pub5
61.
Kelly J, Schattner P, Sims J: Are general practice networks `ready’ for clinical data management?. Aust Fam Physician. 2009, 38 (12): 1007-1010. PubMed PMID: 20369156PubMed
62.
James P, Davis A, Borkan J: Association of Departments of Family Medicine. The challenge to build research capacity in family medicine: is our discipline ready?. Ann Fam Med. 2010, 8 (4): 371-373. 10.1370/afm.1153. doi:10.1370/afm.1153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Gibson K, Szilagyi P, Swanger CM, Campbell T, McInerny T, Duckett J, Guido JJ, Fiscella K: Physician perspectives on incentives to participate in practice-based research: a greater Rochester practice-based research network (GR-PBRN) study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010, 23 (4): 452-454. 10.3122/jabfm.2010.04.090160. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.04.090160CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Mainous AG, Hueston WJ: Is family medicine ready to move toward having professional researchers?. Fam Med. 2006, 38 (5): 361-362.PubMed
65.
Hamed H, de Lusignan S. Literature Review: The Role of Intangible Resources in Improving Quality of Care in Hospitals: A Framework to Evaluate Technical and Functional Quality. 10th International Conference on Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management & Organisational Learning (ICICKM). Reading; Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited, 2013. URL: , [http://​academic-conferences.​org/​pdfs/​ICICKM_​2013-Abstract-booklet.​pdf]
66.
de Lusignan S: Time for research networks to be trained in informatics and based within informatics centres. Inform Prim Care. 2012, 20 (1): 3-5. 10.14236/jhi.v20i1.42.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Terry AL, Cejic S, Ryan BL, Shadd JD, Stewart M, Fortin M, Thind A: You and your EMR: the research perspective: part 4. Optimizing EMRs in primary health care practice and research. Can Fam Physician. 2012, 58 (6): 705-706.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Metadata
Title
Defining dimensions of research readiness: a conceptual model for primary care research networks
Authors
Helen Carr
Simon de Lusignan
Harshana Liyanage
Siaw-Teng Liaw
Amanda Terry
Imran Rafi
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Primary Care / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 2731-4553
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-014-0169-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Primary Care 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research article

Prevalence of complications among Chinese diabetic patients in urban primary care clinics: a cross-sectional study

Research article

A practice-based analysis of combinations of diseases in patients aged 65 or older in primary care

Research article

Estimating the workload associated with symptoms-based ovarian cancer screening in primary care: an audit of electronic medical records

Research article

Usefulness of C-reactive protein testing in acute cough/respiratory tract infection: an open cluster-randomized clinical trial with C-reactive protein testing in the intervention group

Research article

General practitioner teachers’ job satisfaction and their medical students' wish to join the field – a correlational study

Research article

Triggering change in diabetes care delivery in general practice: a qualitative evaluation approach using the clinical microsystem framework