Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 4/2013

01-08-2013 | Review

Update on differences between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Authors: Rina Mina, Hermine I Brunner

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease and occurs worldwide in both children and adults. The estimated annual incidence among children is 2.22/100,000 and among adults is 23.2/100,000 in the United States. There is increasing understanding about differences in disease manifestations, medication use, and disease severity between those with childhood-onset SLE as compared with adult-onset SLE. Children have a more fulminant disease onset and course than adults with SLE, resulting in two to three times higher mortality. In future years, we anticipate more insight into the genetics between childhood-onset SLE and adult-onset SLE to help delineate the best therapies for both subsets of patients.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hochberg M C: Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1725-CrossRefPubMed Hochberg M C: Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1725-CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, Bruce IN, Isenberg D, Wallace DJ, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Ramsey-Goldman R, Bae SC, Hanly JG, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Clarke A, Aranow C, Manzi S, Urowitz M, Gladman D, Kalunian K, Costner M, Werth VP, Zoma A, Bernatsky S, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Jacobsen S, Buyon JP, Maddison P, et al: Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64: 2677-2686. 10.1002/art.34473.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, Bruce IN, Isenberg D, Wallace DJ, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Ramsey-Goldman R, Bae SC, Hanly JG, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Clarke A, Aranow C, Manzi S, Urowitz M, Gladman D, Kalunian K, Costner M, Werth VP, Zoma A, Bernatsky S, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Jacobsen S, Buyon JP, Maddison P, et al: Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64: 2677-2686. 10.1002/art.34473.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Ferraz MB, Goldenberg J, Hilario MO, Bastos WA, Oliveira SK, Azevedo EC, di Napoli D: Evaluation of the 1982 ARA lupus criteria data set in pediatric patients. Committees of Pediatric Rheumatology of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994, 12: 83-87.PubMed Ferraz MB, Goldenberg J, Hilario MO, Bastos WA, Oliveira SK, Azevedo EC, di Napoli D: Evaluation of the 1982 ARA lupus criteria data set in pediatric patients. Committees of Pediatric Rheumatology of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994, 12: 83-87.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Silva CA, Avcin T, Brunner HI: Taxonomy for systemic lupus erythematosus with onset before adulthood. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 1787-1793. 10.1002/acr.21757.CrossRef Silva CA, Avcin T, Brunner HI: Taxonomy for systemic lupus erythematosus with onset before adulthood. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 1787-1793. 10.1002/acr.21757.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Tiffin N, Adeyemo A, Okpechi I: A diverse array of genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013, 8: 2-10.1186/1750-1172-8-2.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tiffin N, Adeyemo A, Okpechi I: A diverse array of genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013, 8: 2-10.1186/1750-1172-8-2.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Liu J, Fischer MA, Solomon DH, Alarcon GS, Winkelmayer WC, Costenbader KH: Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis among U.S. adults with medicaid coverage, 2000-2004. Arthritis Rheum. 2013, 65: 753-763.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Liu J, Fischer MA, Solomon DH, Alarcon GS, Winkelmayer WC, Costenbader KH: Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis among U.S. adults with medicaid coverage, 2000-2004. Arthritis Rheum. 2013, 65: 753-763.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Tsokos GC: Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 2110-2121. 10.1056/NEJMra1100359.CrossRefPubMed Tsokos GC: Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 2110-2121. 10.1056/NEJMra1100359.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Webb R, Kelly JA, Somers EC, Hughes T, Kaufman KM, Sanchez E, Nath SK, Bruner G, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Gilkeson GS, Kamen DL, Richardson BC, Harley JB, Sawalha AH: Early disease onset is predicted by a higher genetic risk for lupus and is associated with a more severe phenotype in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 70: 151-156.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Webb R, Kelly JA, Somers EC, Hughes T, Kaufman KM, Sanchez E, Nath SK, Bruner G, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Gilkeson GS, Kamen DL, Richardson BC, Harley JB, Sawalha AH: Early disease onset is predicted by a higher genetic risk for lupus and is associated with a more severe phenotype in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 70: 151-156.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Niewold TB, Adler JE, Glenn SB, Lehman TJ, Harley JB, Crow MK: Age- and sex-related patterns of serum interferon-alpha activity in lupus families. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2113-2119. 10.1002/art.23619.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Niewold TB, Adler JE, Glenn SB, Lehman TJ, Harley JB, Crow MK: Age- and sex-related patterns of serum interferon-alpha activity in lupus families. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2113-2119. 10.1002/art.23619.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Lashine YA, Seoudi AM, Salah S, Abdelaziz AI: Expression signature of microRNA-181-a reveals its crucial role in the pathogenesis of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011, 29: 351-357.PubMed Lashine YA, Seoudi AM, Salah S, Abdelaziz AI: Expression signature of microRNA-181-a reveals its crucial role in the pathogenesis of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011, 29: 351-357.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Tang Y, Luo X, Cui H, Ni X, Yuan M, Guo Y, Huang X, Zhou H, de Vries N, Tak PP, Chen S, Shen N: MicroRNA-146A contributes to abnormal activation of the type I interferon pathway in human lupus by targeting the key signaling proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 1065-1075. 10.1002/art.24436.CrossRefPubMed Tang Y, Luo X, Cui H, Ni X, Yuan M, Guo Y, Huang X, Zhou H, de Vries N, Tak PP, Chen S, Shen N: MicroRNA-146A contributes to abnormal activation of the type I interferon pathway in human lupus by targeting the key signaling proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 1065-1075. 10.1002/art.24436.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Lu J, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Tam LS, Li EK, Chow KM, Wang G, Li PK, Szeto CC: Glomerular and tubulointerstitial miR-638, miR-198 and miR-146a expression in lupus nephritis. Nephrology. 2012, 17: 346-351. 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01573.x.CrossRefPubMed Lu J, Kwan BC, Lai FM, Tam LS, Li EK, Chow KM, Wang G, Li PK, Szeto CC: Glomerular and tubulointerstitial miR-638, miR-198 and miR-146a expression in lupus nephritis. Nephrology. 2012, 17: 346-351. 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2012.01573.x.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Jacob CO, Reiff A, Armstrong DL, Myones BL, Silverman E, Klein-Gitelman M, McCurdy D, Wagner-Weiner L, Nocton JJ, Solomon A, Zidovetzki R: Identification of novel susceptibility genes in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus using a uniquely designed candidate gene pathway platform. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 4164-4173. 10.1002/art.23060.CrossRefPubMed Jacob CO, Reiff A, Armstrong DL, Myones BL, Silverman E, Klein-Gitelman M, McCurdy D, Wagner-Weiner L, Nocton JJ, Solomon A, Zidovetzki R: Identification of novel susceptibility genes in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus using a uniquely designed candidate gene pathway platform. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 4164-4173. 10.1002/art.23060.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Armstrong DL, Reiff A, Myones BL, Quismorio FP, Klein-Gitelman M, McCurdy D, Wagner-Weiner L, Silverman E, Ojwang JO, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, Merrill JT, Harley JB, Bae SC, Vyse TJ, Gilkeson GS, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Putterman C, Edberg JC, Brown EE, Ziegler J, Langefeld CD, Zidovetzki R, Jacob CO: Identification of new SLE-associated genes with a two-step Bayesian study design. Genes Immun. 2009, 10: 446-456. 10.1038/gene.2009.38.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Armstrong DL, Reiff A, Myones BL, Quismorio FP, Klein-Gitelman M, McCurdy D, Wagner-Weiner L, Silverman E, Ojwang JO, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, Merrill JT, Harley JB, Bae SC, Vyse TJ, Gilkeson GS, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Putterman C, Edberg JC, Brown EE, Ziegler J, Langefeld CD, Zidovetzki R, Jacob CO: Identification of new SLE-associated genes with a two-step Bayesian study design. Genes Immun. 2009, 10: 446-456. 10.1038/gene.2009.38.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Hersh AO, von Scheven E, Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Trupin L, Julian L, Katz P, Criswell LA, Yelin E: Differences in long-term disease activity and treatment of adult patients with childhood- and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 13-20.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hersh AO, von Scheven E, Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Trupin L, Julian L, Katz P, Criswell LA, Yelin E: Differences in long-term disease activity and treatment of adult patients with childhood- and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 13-20.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Hiraki LT, Benseler SM, Tyrrell PN, Hebert D, Harvey E, Silverman ED: Clinical and laboratory characteristics and long-term outcome of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr. 2008, 152: 550-556. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.019.CrossRefPubMed Hiraki LT, Benseler SM, Tyrrell PN, Hebert D, Harvey E, Silverman ED: Clinical and laboratory characteristics and long-term outcome of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr. 2008, 152: 550-556. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.09.019.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Brunner HI, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MD, Silverman ED: Difference in disease features between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 556-562. 10.1002/art.23204.CrossRefPubMed Brunner HI, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MD, Silverman ED: Difference in disease features between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 556-562. 10.1002/art.23204.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Zappitelli M, Duffy CM, Bernard C, Gupta IR: Evaluation of activity, chronicity and tubulointerstitial indices for childhood lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008, 23: 83-91.CrossRefPubMed Zappitelli M, Duffy CM, Bernard C, Gupta IR: Evaluation of activity, chronicity and tubulointerstitial indices for childhood lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008, 23: 83-91.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Mak A, Mok CC, Chu WP, To CH, Wong SN, Au TC: Renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis of different age groups. Lupus. 2007, 16: 28-34. 10.1177/0961203306074469.CrossRefPubMed Mak A, Mok CC, Chu WP, To CH, Wong SN, Au TC: Renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis of different age groups. Lupus. 2007, 16: 28-34. 10.1177/0961203306074469.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Sato VA, Marques ID, Goldenstein PT, Carmo LP, Jorge LB, Titan SM, Barros RT, Woronik V: Lupus nephritis is more severe in children and adolescents than in older adults. Lupus. 2012, 21: 978-983. 10.1177/0961203312443421.CrossRefPubMed Sato VA, Marques ID, Goldenstein PT, Carmo LP, Jorge LB, Titan SM, Barros RT, Woronik V: Lupus nephritis is more severe in children and adolescents than in older adults. Lupus. 2012, 21: 978-983. 10.1177/0961203312443421.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Hui-Yuen JS, Imundo LF, Avitabile C, Kahn PJ, Eichenfield AH, Levy DM: Early versus later onset childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, treatment and outcome. Lupus. 2011, 20: 952-959. 10.1177/0961203311403022.CrossRefPubMed Hui-Yuen JS, Imundo LF, Avitabile C, Kahn PJ, Eichenfield AH, Levy DM: Early versus later onset childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, treatment and outcome. Lupus. 2011, 20: 952-959. 10.1177/0961203311403022.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Descloux E, Durieu I, Cochat P, Vital-Durand D, Ninet J, Fabien N, Cimaz R: Influence of age at disease onset in the outcome of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009, 48: 779-784. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep067.CrossRef Descloux E, Durieu I, Cochat P, Vital-Durand D, Ninet J, Fabien N, Cimaz R: Influence of age at disease onset in the outcome of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009, 48: 779-784. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep067.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Hoffman IE, Lauwerys BR, De Keyser F, Huizinga TW, Isenberg D, Cebecauer L, Dehoorne J, Joos R, Hendrickx G, Houssiau F, Elewaut D: Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: different clinical and serological pattern than adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 412-415. 10.1136/ard.2008.094813.CrossRefPubMed Hoffman IE, Lauwerys BR, De Keyser F, Huizinga TW, Isenberg D, Cebecauer L, Dehoorne J, Joos R, Hendrickx G, Houssiau F, Elewaut D: Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: different clinical and serological pattern than adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 412-415. 10.1136/ard.2008.094813.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Ramirez Gomez LA, Uribe Uribe O, Osio Uribe O, Grisales Romero H, Cardiel MH, Wojdyla D, Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Soriano ER, Imamura PM, Manni JA, Grimaudo S, Sarano J, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Arriola MS, Gomez G, Garcia MA, Marcos AI, Marcos JC, Scherbarth HR, Marino PC, Motta EL, Drenkard C, Gamron S, Buliubasich S, Onetti CM, Caeiro F, Alvarellos A, Saurit V, Gentiletti S, et al: Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus in Latin America. The GLADEL experience in 230 children. Lupus. 2008, 17: 596-604. 10.1177/0961203307088006.CrossRefPubMed Ramirez Gomez LA, Uribe Uribe O, Osio Uribe O, Grisales Romero H, Cardiel MH, Wojdyla D, Pons-Estel BA, Catoggio LJ, Soriano ER, Imamura PM, Manni JA, Grimaudo S, Sarano J, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Arriola MS, Gomez G, Garcia MA, Marcos AI, Marcos JC, Scherbarth HR, Marino PC, Motta EL, Drenkard C, Gamron S, Buliubasich S, Onetti CM, Caeiro F, Alvarellos A, Saurit V, Gentiletti S, et al: Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus in Latin America. The GLADEL experience in 230 children. Lupus. 2008, 17: 596-604. 10.1177/0961203307088006.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Livingston B, Bonner A, Pope J: Differences in clinical manifestations between childhood-onset lupus and adult-onset lupus: a meta-analysis. Lupus. 2011, 20: 1345-1355. 10.1177/0961203311416694.CrossRefPubMed Livingston B, Bonner A, Pope J: Differences in clinical manifestations between childhood-onset lupus and adult-onset lupus: a meta-analysis. Lupus. 2011, 20: 1345-1355. 10.1177/0961203311416694.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Livingston B, Bonner A, Pope J: Differences in autoantibody profiles and disease activity and damage scores between childhood- and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 42: 271-280. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.05.001.CrossRefPubMed Livingston B, Bonner A, Pope J: Differences in autoantibody profiles and disease activity and damage scores between childhood- and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 42: 271-280. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.05.001.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Benseler SM, Silverman ED: Neuropsychiatric involvement in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007, 16: 564-571. 10.1177/0961203307078971.CrossRefPubMed Benseler SM, Silverman ED: Neuropsychiatric involvement in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007, 16: 564-571. 10.1177/0961203307078971.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, Isenberg D, Alarcon GS, Clarke A, Bernatsky S, Merrill JT, Petri M, Dooley MA, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Steinsson K, Bruce I, Manzi S, Khamashta M, Zoma A, Aranow C, Ginzler E, Van Vollenhoven R, Font J, Sturfelt G, Nived O, Ramsey-Goldman R, Kalunian K, Douglas J, Thompson K, et al: Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 265-273. 10.1002/art.22305.CrossRefPubMed Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, Isenberg D, Alarcon GS, Clarke A, Bernatsky S, Merrill JT, Petri M, Dooley MA, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Steinsson K, Bruce I, Manzi S, Khamashta M, Zoma A, Aranow C, Ginzler E, Van Vollenhoven R, Font J, Sturfelt G, Nived O, Ramsey-Goldman R, Kalunian K, Douglas J, Thompson K, et al: Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 265-273. 10.1002/art.22305.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Williams TS, Aranow C, Ross GS, Barsdorf A, Imundo LF, Eichenfield AH, Kahn PJ, Diamond B, Levy DM: Neurocognitive impairment in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: measurement issues in diagnosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 1178-1187. 10.1002/acr.20489.CrossRef Williams TS, Aranow C, Ross GS, Barsdorf A, Imundo LF, Eichenfield AH, Kahn PJ, Diamond B, Levy DM: Neurocognitive impairment in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: measurement issues in diagnosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 1178-1187. 10.1002/acr.20489.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Borowoy AM, Pope JE, Silverman E, Fortin PR, Pineau C, Smith CD, Arbillaga H, Gladman D, Urowitz M, Zummer M, Hudson M, Tucker L, Peschken C: Neuropsychiatric lupus: the prevalence and autoantibody associations depend on the definition: results from the 1000 faces of lupus cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 42: 179-185. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.011.CrossRefPubMed Borowoy AM, Pope JE, Silverman E, Fortin PR, Pineau C, Smith CD, Arbillaga H, Gladman D, Urowitz M, Zummer M, Hudson M, Tucker L, Peschken C: Neuropsychiatric lupus: the prevalence and autoantibody associations depend on the definition: results from the 1000 faces of lupus cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 42: 179-185. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.011.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Muscal E, Brey RL: Neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adults. Neurol Clin. 2010, 28: 61-73. 10.1016/j.ncl.2009.09.004.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Muscal E, Brey RL: Neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adults. Neurol Clin. 2010, 28: 61-73. 10.1016/j.ncl.2009.09.004.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Lilleby V: Bone status in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007, 16: 580-586. 10.1177/0961203307079040.CrossRefPubMed Lilleby V: Bone status in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007, 16: 580-586. 10.1177/0961203307079040.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Yeap SS, Fauzi AR, Kong NC, Halim AG, Soehardy Z, Rahimah I, Chow SK, Goh EM: A comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and alendronate in corticosteroidtreated premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2008, 35: 2344-2347. 10.3899/jrheum.080634.CrossRefPubMed Yeap SS, Fauzi AR, Kong NC, Halim AG, Soehardy Z, Rahimah I, Chow SK, Goh EM: A comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and alendronate in corticosteroidtreated premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2008, 35: 2344-2347. 10.3899/jrheum.080634.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Baker-LePain JC, Nakamura MC, Shepherd J, von Scheven E: Assessment of bone remodelling in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011, 50: 611-619. 10.1093/rheumatology/keq307.CrossRef Baker-LePain JC, Nakamura MC, Shepherd J, von Scheven E: Assessment of bone remodelling in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011, 50: 611-619. 10.1093/rheumatology/keq307.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Wright TB, SJ , Leonard MB, Zemel BS, Burnham JM: Hypovitaminosis D is associated with greater body mass index and disease activity in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr. 2009, 155: 260-265. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.033.CrossRefPubMed Wright TB, SJ , Leonard MB, Zemel BS, Burnham JM: Hypovitaminosis D is associated with greater body mass index and disease activity in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr. 2009, 155: 260-265. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.033.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Mok CC, Birmingham DJ, Ho LY, Hebert LA, Song H, Rovin BH: Vitamin D deficiency as marker for disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison with anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q. Lupus. 2011, 21: 36-42.CrossRefPubMed Mok CC, Birmingham DJ, Ho LY, Hebert LA, Song H, Rovin BH: Vitamin D deficiency as marker for disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison with anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q. Lupus. 2011, 21: 36-42.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Robinson AB, Thierry-Palmer M, Gibson KL, Rabinovich CE: Disease activity, proteinuria, and vitamin D status in children with systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis. J Pediatr. 2011, 160: 297-302.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Robinson AB, Thierry-Palmer M, Gibson KL, Rabinovich CE: Disease activity, proteinuria, and vitamin D status in children with systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis. J Pediatr. 2011, 160: 297-302.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Schanberg LE, Sandborg C, Barnhart HX, Ardoin SP, Yow E, Evans GW, Mieszkalski KL, Ilowite NT, Eberhard A, Imundo LF, Kimura Y, von Scheven E, Silverman E, Bowyer SL, Punaro M, Singer NG, Sherry DD, McCurdy D, Klein-Gitelman M, Wallace C, Silver R, Wagner-Weiner L, Higgins GC, Brunner HI, Jung L, Soep JB, Reed AM, Provenzale J, Thompson SD: Use of atorvastatin in systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 64: 285-296.CrossRef Schanberg LE, Sandborg C, Barnhart HX, Ardoin SP, Yow E, Evans GW, Mieszkalski KL, Ilowite NT, Eberhard A, Imundo LF, Kimura Y, von Scheven E, Silverman E, Bowyer SL, Punaro M, Singer NG, Sherry DD, McCurdy D, Klein-Gitelman M, Wallace C, Silver R, Wagner-Weiner L, Higgins GC, Brunner HI, Jung L, Soep JB, Reed AM, Provenzale J, Thompson SD: Use of atorvastatin in systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 64: 285-296.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Schanberg LE, Sandborg C, Barnhart HX, Ardoin SP, Yow E, Evans GW, Mieszkalski KL, Ilowite NT, Eberhard A, Levy DM, Kimura Y, von Scheven E, Silverman E, Bowyer SL, Punaro L, Singer NG, Sherry DD, McCurdy D, Klein-Gitelman M, Wallace C, Silver R, Wagner-Weiner L, Higgins GC, Brunner HI, Jung L, Soep JB, Reed A: Premature atherosclerosis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis prevention in pediatric lupus erythematosus cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 1496-1507. 10.1002/art.24469.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Schanberg LE, Sandborg C, Barnhart HX, Ardoin SP, Yow E, Evans GW, Mieszkalski KL, Ilowite NT, Eberhard A, Levy DM, Kimura Y, von Scheven E, Silverman E, Bowyer SL, Punaro L, Singer NG, Sherry DD, McCurdy D, Klein-Gitelman M, Wallace C, Silver R, Wagner-Weiner L, Higgins GC, Brunner HI, Jung L, Soep JB, Reed A: Premature atherosclerosis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis prevention in pediatric lupus erythematosus cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 1496-1507. 10.1002/art.24469.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Lionaki S, Kapitsinou PP, Iniotaki A, Kostakis A, Moutsopoulos HM, Boletis JN: Kidney transplantation in lupus patients: a case-control study from a single centre. Lupus. 2008, 17: 670-675. 10.1177/0961203308089430.CrossRefPubMed Lionaki S, Kapitsinou PP, Iniotaki A, Kostakis A, Moutsopoulos HM, Boletis JN: Kidney transplantation in lupus patients: a case-control study from a single centre. Lupus. 2008, 17: 670-675. 10.1177/0961203308089430.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Cochat P, Fargue S, Mestrallet G, Jungraithmayr T, Koch-Nogueira P, Ranchin B, Zimmerhackl LB: Disease recurrence in paediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24: 2097-2108. 10.1007/s00467-009-1137-6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Cochat P, Fargue S, Mestrallet G, Jungraithmayr T, Koch-Nogueira P, Ranchin B, Zimmerhackl LB: Disease recurrence in paediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009, 24: 2097-2108. 10.1007/s00467-009-1137-6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Hiraki LT, Lu B, Alexander SR, Shaykevich T, Alarcon GS, Solomon DH, Winkelmayer WC, Costenbader KH: End-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis among children in the US, 1995-2006. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63: 1988-1997. 10.1002/art.30350.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hiraki LT, Lu B, Alexander SR, Shaykevich T, Alarcon GS, Solomon DH, Winkelmayer WC, Costenbader KH: End-stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis among children in the US, 1995-2006. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63: 1988-1997. 10.1002/art.30350.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Chambers SA, Allen E, Rahman A, Isenberg D: Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009, 48: 673-675. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep062.CrossRef Chambers SA, Allen E, Rahman A, Isenberg D: Damage and mortality in a group of British patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed up for over 10 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009, 48: 673-675. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep062.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Huang JL, Yeh KW, Yao TC, Huang YL, Chung HT, Ou LS, Lee WI, Chen LC: Pediatric lupus in Asia. Lupus. 2010, 19: 1414-1418. 10.1177/0961203310374339.CrossRefPubMed Huang JL, Yeh KW, Yao TC, Huang YL, Chung HT, Ou LS, Lee WI, Chen LC: Pediatric lupus in Asia. Lupus. 2010, 19: 1414-1418. 10.1177/0961203310374339.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Vachvanic hsanong P, Dissaneewate P, McNeil E: Twenty-two years' experience with childhood-onset SLE in a developing country: are outcomes similar to developed countries?. Arch Dis Child. 2011, 96: 44-49. 10.1136/adc.2010.183699.CrossRef Vachvanic hsanong P, Dissaneewate P, McNeil E: Twenty-two years' experience with childhood-onset SLE in a developing country: are outcomes similar to developed countries?. Arch Dis Child. 2011, 96: 44-49. 10.1136/adc.2010.183699.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Petri M, Purvey S, Fang H, Magder LS: Predictors of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64: 4021-4028. 10.1002/art.34672.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Petri M, Purvey S, Fang H, Magder LS: Predictors of organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64: 4021-4028. 10.1002/art.34672.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Brunner HI, Silverman ED, To T, Bombardier C, Feldman BM: Risk factors for damage in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: cumulative disease activity and medication use predict disease damage. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 436-444. 10.1002/art.10072.CrossRefPubMed Brunner HI, Silverman ED, To T, Bombardier C, Feldman BM: Risk factors for damage in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: cumulative disease activity and medication use predict disease damage. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 436-444. 10.1002/art.10072.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Tucker LB, Uribe AG, Fernandez M, Vila LM, McGwin G, Apte M, Fessler BJ, Bastian HM, Reveille JD, Alarcon GS: Adolescent onset of lupus results in more aggressive disease and worse outcomes: results of a nested matched case-control study within LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA LVII). Lupus. 2008, 17: 314-322. 10.1177/0961203307087875.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tucker LB, Uribe AG, Fernandez M, Vila LM, McGwin G, Apte M, Fessler BJ, Bastian HM, Reveille JD, Alarcon GS: Adolescent onset of lupus results in more aggressive disease and worse outcomes: results of a nested matched case-control study within LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA LVII). Lupus. 2008, 17: 314-322. 10.1177/0961203307087875.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Hersh AO, Trupin L, Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Julian L, Katz P, Criswell LA, Yelin E: Childhood-onset disease as a predictor of mortality in an adult cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010, 62: 1152-1159. 10.1002/acr.20179.CrossRef Hersh AO, Trupin L, Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Julian L, Katz P, Criswell LA, Yelin E: Childhood-onset disease as a predictor of mortality in an adult cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010, 62: 1152-1159. 10.1002/acr.20179.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Mina RK-GM, Nelson S, Eberhard BA, Higgins G, Singer NG, Onel K, Tucker L, O'Neil KM, Punaro M, Levy DM, Haines K, Martini A, Ruperto N, Lovell D, Brunner HI: Validation of the systemic lupus erythematosus responder index for use in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Mina RK-GM, Nelson S, Eberhard BA, Higgins G, Singer NG, Onel K, Tucker L, O'Neil KM, Punaro M, Levy DM, Haines K, Martini A, Ruperto N, Lovell D, Brunner HI: Validation of the systemic lupus erythematosus responder index for use in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013
52.
go back to reference Mina R, Klein-Gitelman MS, Ravelli A, Beresford MW, Avcin T, Espada G, Eberhard BA, Schanberg LE, O'Neil KM, Silva CA, Higgins GC, Onel K, Singer NG, von Scheven E, Imundo LF, Nelson S, Giannini EH, Brunner HI: Inactive disease and remission in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 683-693. 10.1002/acr.21612.CrossRef Mina R, Klein-Gitelman MS, Ravelli A, Beresford MW, Avcin T, Espada G, Eberhard BA, Schanberg LE, O'Neil KM, Silva CA, Higgins GC, Onel K, Singer NG, von Scheven E, Imundo LF, Nelson S, Giannini EH, Brunner HI: Inactive disease and remission in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 683-693. 10.1002/acr.21612.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Ruperto N, Hanrahan LM, Alarcon GS, Belmont HM, Brey RL, Brunetta P, Buyon JP, Costner MI, Cronin ME, Dooley MA, Filocamo G, Fiorentino D, Fortin PR, Franks AG, Gilkeson G, Ginzler E, Gordon C, Grossman J, Hahn B, Isenberg DA, Kalunian KC, Petri M, Sammaritano L, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Sontheimer RD, Strand V, Urowitz M, von Feldt JM, Werth VP, Merrill JT: International consensus for a definition of disease flare in lupus. Lupus. 2010, 20: 453-462.CrossRefPubMed Ruperto N, Hanrahan LM, Alarcon GS, Belmont HM, Brey RL, Brunetta P, Buyon JP, Costner MI, Cronin ME, Dooley MA, Filocamo G, Fiorentino D, Fortin PR, Franks AG, Gilkeson G, Ginzler E, Gordon C, Grossman J, Hahn B, Isenberg DA, Kalunian KC, Petri M, Sammaritano L, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Sontheimer RD, Strand V, Urowitz M, von Feldt JM, Werth VP, Merrill JT: International consensus for a definition of disease flare in lupus. Lupus. 2010, 20: 453-462.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Brunner HI, Klein-Gitelman MS, Higgins GC, Lapidus SK, Levy DM, Eberhard A, Singer N, Olson JC, Onel K, Punaro M, Schanberg L, von Scheven E, Ying J, Giannini EH: Toward the development of criteria for global flares in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010, 62: 811-820. 10.1002/acr.20126.CrossRef Brunner HI, Klein-Gitelman MS, Higgins GC, Lapidus SK, Levy DM, Eberhard A, Singer N, Olson JC, Onel K, Punaro M, Schanberg L, von Scheven E, Ying J, Giannini EH: Toward the development of criteria for global flares in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010, 62: 811-820. 10.1002/acr.20126.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Mina R, von Scheven E, Ardoin SP, Eberhard BA, Punaro M, Ilowite N, Hsu J, Klein-Gitelman M, Moorthy LN, Muscal E, Radhakrishna SM, Wagner-Weiner L, Adams M, Blier P, Buckley L, Chalom E, Chedeville G, Eichenfield A, Fish N, Henrickson M, Hersh AO, Hollister R, Jones O, Jung L, Levy D, Lopez-Benitez J, McCurdy D, Miettunen PM, Quintero-del Rio AI, Rothman D, et al: Consensus treatment plans for induction therapy of newly diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 64: 375-383.CrossRef Mina R, von Scheven E, Ardoin SP, Eberhard BA, Punaro M, Ilowite N, Hsu J, Klein-Gitelman M, Moorthy LN, Muscal E, Radhakrishna SM, Wagner-Weiner L, Adams M, Blier P, Buckley L, Chalom E, Chedeville G, Eichenfield A, Fish N, Henrickson M, Hersh AO, Hollister R, Jones O, Jung L, Levy D, Lopez-Benitez J, McCurdy D, Miettunen PM, Quintero-del Rio AI, Rothman D, et al: Consensus treatment plans for induction therapy of newly diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 64: 375-383.CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Renal Disease Subcommittee of the American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria: The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for proliferative and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 421-432.CrossRef Renal Disease Subcommittee of the American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Response Criteria: The American College of Rheumatology response criteria for proliferative and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 421-432.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Watson L, Midgley A, Pilkington C, Tullus K, Marks S, Holt R, Jones C, Beresford M: Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein as biomarkers of renal disease activity in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2011, 21: 496-501.CrossRefPubMed Watson L, Midgley A, Pilkington C, Tullus K, Marks S, Holt R, Jones C, Beresford M: Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein as biomarkers of renal disease activity in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2011, 21: 496-501.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference RRubinstein T, Pitashny M, Levine B, Schwartz N, Schwartzman J, Weinstein E, Pego-Reigosa JM, Lu TY, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Putterman C: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel biomarker for disease activity in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010, 49: 960-971. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep468.CrossRef RRubinstein T, Pitashny M, Levine B, Schwartz N, Schwartzman J, Weinstein E, Pego-Reigosa JM, Lu TY, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Putterman C: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel biomarker for disease activity in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010, 49: 960-971. 10.1093/rheumatology/kep468.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Hinze CH, Suzuki M, Klein-Gitelman M, Passo MH, Olson J, Singer NG, Haines KA, Onel K, O'Neil K, Silverman ED, Tucker L, Ying J, Devarajan P, Brunner HI: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a predictor of the course of global and renal childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 2772-2781. 10.1002/art.24751.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hinze CH, Suzuki M, Klein-Gitelman M, Passo MH, Olson J, Singer NG, Haines KA, Onel K, O'Neil K, Silverman ED, Tucker L, Ying J, Devarajan P, Brunner HI: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a predictor of the course of global and renal childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 2772-2781. 10.1002/art.24751.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Kao AH, Navratil JS, Ruffing MJ, Liu CC, Hawkins D, McKinnon KM, Danchenko N, Ahearn JM, Manzi S: Erythrocyte C3d and C4d for monitoring disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 837-844. 10.1002/art.27267.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kao AH, Navratil JS, Ruffing MJ, Liu CC, Hawkins D, McKinnon KM, Danchenko N, Ahearn JM, Manzi S: Erythrocyte C3d and C4d for monitoring disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 837-844. 10.1002/art.27267.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
61.
62.
go back to reference Hollander MC, Sage JM, Greenler AJ, Pendl J, Avcin T, Espada G, Beresford MW, Henrickson M, Lee TL, Punaro M, Huggins J, Stevens AM, Klein-Gitelman MS, Brunner HI: International consensus for provisions of quality-driven care in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013 Hollander MC, Sage JM, Greenler AJ, Pendl J, Avcin T, Espada G, Beresford MW, Henrickson M, Lee TL, Punaro M, Huggins J, Stevens AM, Klein-Gitelman MS, Brunner HI: International consensus for provisions of quality-driven care in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013
63.
go back to reference Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Gillis JZ, Schmajuk G, MacLean CH, Wofsy D, Yelin E: A quality indicator set for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 370-377. 10.1002/art.24356.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Gillis JZ, Schmajuk G, MacLean CH, Wofsy D, Yelin E: A quality indicator set for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 370-377. 10.1002/art.24356.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Mosca M, Tani C, Aringer M, Bombardieri S, Boumpas D, Brey R, Cervera R, Doria A, Jayne D, Khamashta MA, Kuhn A, Gordon C, Petri M, Rekvig OP, Schneider M, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y, Smolen JS, Talarico R, Tincani A, van Vollenhoven RF, Ward MM, Werth VP, Carmona L: European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1269-1274. 10.1136/ard.2009.117200.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Mosca M, Tani C, Aringer M, Bombardieri S, Boumpas D, Brey R, Cervera R, Doria A, Jayne D, Khamashta MA, Kuhn A, Gordon C, Petri M, Rekvig OP, Schneider M, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y, Smolen JS, Talarico R, Tincani A, van Vollenhoven RF, Ward MM, Werth VP, Carmona L: European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1269-1274. 10.1136/ard.2009.117200.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Furie R, Petri M, Zamani O, Cervera R, Wallace DJ, Tegzova D, Sanchez- Guerrero J, Schwarting A, Merrill JT, Chatham WW, Stohl W, Ginzler EM, Hough DR, Zhong ZJ, Freimuth W, van Vollenhoven RF: A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63: 3918-3930. 10.1002/art.30613.CrossRefPubMed Furie R, Petri M, Zamani O, Cervera R, Wallace DJ, Tegzova D, Sanchez- Guerrero J, Schwarting A, Merrill JT, Chatham WW, Stohl W, Ginzler EM, Hough DR, Zhong ZJ, Freimuth W, van Vollenhoven RF: A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63: 3918-3930. 10.1002/art.30613.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, Lisse JR, McKay JD, Merrill JT, Petri MA, Ginzler EM, Chatham WW, McCune WJ, Fernandez V, Chevrier MR, Zhong ZJ, Freimuth WW: A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 1168-1178. 10.1002/art.24699.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, Lisse JR, McKay JD, Merrill JT, Petri MA, Ginzler EM, Chatham WW, McCune WJ, Fernandez V, Chevrier MR, Zhong ZJ, Freimuth WW: A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61: 1168-1178. 10.1002/art.24699.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Kumar S, Benseler SM, Kirby-Allen M, Silverman ED: B-cell depletion for autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics. 2009, 123: e159-e163. 10.1542/peds.2008-2361.CrossRefPubMed Kumar S, Benseler SM, Kirby-Allen M, Silverman ED: B-cell depletion for autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatrics. 2009, 123: e159-e163. 10.1542/peds.2008-2361.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, Hachulla E, Jouenne R, Combe B, Bonnet C, Cacoub P, Cantagrel A, de Bandt M, Fain O, Fautrel B, Gaudin P, Godeau B, Harle JR, Hot A, Kahn JE, Lambotte O, Larroche C, Leone J, Meyer O, Pallot- Prades B, Pertuiset E, Quartier P, Schaerverbeke T, Sibilia J, Somogyi A, Soubrier M, Vignon E, Bader-Meunier B, et al: Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 2458-2466. 10.1002/art.27541.CrossRefPubMed Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, Hachulla E, Jouenne R, Combe B, Bonnet C, Cacoub P, Cantagrel A, de Bandt M, Fain O, Fautrel B, Gaudin P, Godeau B, Harle JR, Hot A, Kahn JE, Lambotte O, Larroche C, Leone J, Meyer O, Pallot- Prades B, Pertuiset E, Quartier P, Schaerverbeke T, Sibilia J, Somogyi A, Soubrier M, Vignon E, Bader-Meunier B, et al: Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 2458-2466. 10.1002/art.27541.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, Shanahan JC, Latinis KM, Oates JC, Utset TO, Gordon C, Isenberg DA, Hsieh HJ, Zhang D, Brunetta PG: Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 222-233. 10.1002/art.27233.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, Shanahan JC, Latinis KM, Oates JC, Utset TO, Gordon C, Isenberg DA, Hsieh HJ, Zhang D, Brunetta PG: Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 222-233. 10.1002/art.27233.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, Wallace WD, Daikh DI, Fitzgerald JD, Karpouzas GA, Merrill JT, Wallace DJ, Yazdany J, Ramsey-Goldman R, Singh K, Khalighi M, Choi SI, Gogia M, Kafaja S, Kamgar M, Lau C, Martin WJ, Parikh S, Peng J, Rastogi A, Chen W, Grossman JM: American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 797-808. 10.1002/acr.21664.CrossRef Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, Wallace WD, Daikh DI, Fitzgerald JD, Karpouzas GA, Merrill JT, Wallace DJ, Yazdany J, Ramsey-Goldman R, Singh K, Khalighi M, Choi SI, Gogia M, Kafaja S, Kamgar M, Lau C, Martin WJ, Parikh S, Peng J, Rastogi A, Chen W, Grossman JM: American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012, 64: 797-808. 10.1002/acr.21664.CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, Aringer M, Bajema I, Berden JH, Boletis J, Cervera R, Dorner T, Doria A, Ferrario F, Floege J, Houssiau FA, Ioannidis JP, Isenberg DA, Kallenberg CG, Lightstone L, Marks SD, Martini A, Moroni G, Neumann I, Praga M, Schneider M, Starra A, Tesar V, Vasconcelos C, van Vollenhoven RF, Zakharova H, Haubitz M, Gordon C, et al: Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012, 71: 1771-1782. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201940.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bertsias GK, Tektonidou M, Amoura Z, Aringer M, Bajema I, Berden JH, Boletis J, Cervera R, Dorner T, Doria A, Ferrario F, Floege J, Houssiau FA, Ioannidis JP, Isenberg DA, Kallenberg CG, Lightstone L, Marks SD, Martini A, Moroni G, Neumann I, Praga M, Schneider M, Starra A, Tesar V, Vasconcelos C, van Vollenhoven RF, Zakharova H, Haubitz M, Gordon C, et al: Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012, 71: 1771-1782. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201940.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, Kim MY, Buyon J, Merrill JT, Petri M, Gilkeson GS, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, Appel GB: Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 2219-2228. 10.1056/NEJMoa043731.CrossRefPubMed Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, Kim MY, Buyon J, Merrill JT, Petri M, Gilkeson GS, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, Appel GB: Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 2219-2228. 10.1056/NEJMoa043731.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Sundel R, Solomons N, Lisk L: Efficacy of mycophe nolate mofetil in adolescent patients with lupus nephritis: evidence from a two-phase, prospective randomized trial. Lupus. 2012, 21: 1433-1443. 10.1177/0961203312458466.CrossRefPubMed Sundel R, Solomons N, Lisk L: Efficacy of mycophe nolate mofetil in adolescent patients with lupus nephritis: evidence from a two-phase, prospective randomized trial. Lupus. 2012, 21: 1433-1443. 10.1177/0961203312458466.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, Eitner F, Appel GB, Contreras G, Lisk L, Solomons N: Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 1886-1895. 10.1056/NEJMoa1014460.CrossRefPubMed Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, Eitner F, Appel GB, Contreras G, Lisk L, Solomons N: Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 1886-1895. 10.1056/NEJMoa1014460.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Henderson L, Masson P, Craig JC, Flanc RS, Robert s MA, Strippoli GF, Webster AC: Treatment for lupus nephritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 12: CD002922-PubMed Henderson L, Masson P, Craig JC, Flanc RS, Robert s MA, Strippoli GF, Webster AC: Treatment for lupus nephritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 12: CD002922-PubMed
76.
go back to reference Slawsky KA, Fernandes AW, Fusfeld L, Manzi S, Gos s TF: A structured literature review of the direct costs of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in the US. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 1224-1232. 10.1002/acr.20502.CrossRef Slawsky KA, Fernandes AW, Fusfeld L, Manzi S, Gos s TF: A structured literature review of the direct costs of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in the US. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 1224-1232. 10.1002/acr.20502.CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Tanzer M, Tran C, Messer KL, Kroeker A, Herreshoff E, Wickman L, Harkness C, Song P, Gipson DS: Inpatient healthcare utilization by children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney involvement. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013, 65: 382-390. 10.1002/acr.21815.CrossRef Tanzer M, Tran C, Messer KL, Kroeker A, Herreshoff E, Wickman L, Harkness C, Song P, Gipson DS: Inpatient healthcare utilization by children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and kidney involvement. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013, 65: 382-390. 10.1002/acr.21815.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Zhu TY, Tam LS, Li EK: Cost-of-illness studies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 751-760. 10.1002/acr.20410.CrossRef Zhu TY, Tam LS, Li EK: Cost-of-illness studies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63: 751-760. 10.1002/acr.20410.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Update on differences between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors
Rina Mina
Hermine I Brunner
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue 4/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4256

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

Arthritis Research & Therapy 4/2013 Go to the issue