Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2011

01-06-2011 | Review

Conditions in subjects with rheumatic diseases: pulmonary manifestations of vasculitides

Authors: Julia U Holle, Frank Moosig, Klaus Dalhoff, Wolfgang L Gross

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Pulmonary involvement is a common complication of vasculitides, especially small vessel vasculitides. This review provides an overview of vasculitic manifestations of the lung as well as of other organs involved in vasculitides. Furthermore, it provides the diagnostic procedures required to asses a patient with vasculitic lung involvement and gives an overview of current treatment strategies.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW, et al: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Summary. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33: 1135-1136.CrossRefPubMed Fries JF, Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Arend WP, Calabrese LH, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW, et al: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Summary. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33: 1135-1136.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, Bacon PA, Churg J, Gross WL, Hagen EC, Hoffman GS, Hunder GG, Kallenberg CG, et al: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum. 1994, 37: 187-192. 10.1002/art.1780370206.CrossRefPubMed Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, Bacon PA, Churg J, Gross WL, Hagen EC, Hoffman GS, Hunder GG, Kallenberg CG, et al: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum. 1994, 37: 187-192. 10.1002/art.1780370206.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS: Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 116: 488-498.CrossRefPubMed Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS: Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 116: 488-498.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, de Groot K, Rudert H, Nölle B, Heller M, Gross WL: An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1021-1032. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1021::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-J.CrossRefPubMed Reinhold-Keller E, Beuge N, Latza U, de Groot K, Rudert H, Nölle B, Heller M, Gross WL: An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term outcome in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1021-1032. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1021::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-J.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87: 4115-4119. 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4115.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87: 4115-4119. 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4115.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Calderwood JW, Williams JM, Morgan MD, Nash GB, Savage CO: ANCA induces beta2 integrin and CXC chemokine-dependent neutrophilendothelial cell interactions that mimic those of highly cytokine-activated endothelium. J Leukoc Biol. 2005, 77: 33-43.PubMed Calderwood JW, Williams JM, Morgan MD, Nash GB, Savage CO: ANCA induces beta2 integrin and CXC chemokine-dependent neutrophilendothelial cell interactions that mimic those of highly cytokine-activated endothelium. J Leukoc Biol. 2005, 77: 33-43.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y, Maeda N, Falk RJ, Jennette JC: Antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2002, 110: 955-963.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y, Maeda N, Falk RJ, Jennette JC: Antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2002, 110: 955-963.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
8.
9.
go back to reference European therapeutic trials in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: disease scoring, consensus regimens and proposed clinical trials. European Community Study Group on Clinical Trials in Systemic Vasculitis ECSYSVASTRIAL. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995, 101 (suppl 1): 29-34. European therapeutic trials in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis: disease scoring, consensus regimens and proposed clinical trials. European Community Study Group on Clinical Trials in Systemic Vasculitis ECSYSVASTRIAL. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995, 101 (suppl 1): 29-34.
10.
go back to reference Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, Bacon P, Cohen-Tervaert JW, Guillevin L, Jayne D, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Scott DG, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani RA: EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodyassociated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 605-617. 10.1136/ard.2006.062711.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hellmich B, Flossmann O, Gross WL, Bacon P, Cohen-Tervaert JW, Guillevin L, Jayne D, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Scott DG, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani RA: EULAR recommendations for conducting clinical studies and/or clinical trials in systemic vasculitis: focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodyassociated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 605-617. 10.1136/ard.2006.062711.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, de Groot K, Gross W, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Kallenberg CG, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Salvarani C, Scott DG, Stegeman C, Watts R, Westman K, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani R, European Vasculitis Study Group: EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 310-317. 10.1136/ard.2008.088096.CrossRefPubMed Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, de Groot K, Gross W, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Kallenberg CG, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Salvarani C, Scott DG, Stegeman C, Watts R, Westman K, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani R, European Vasculitis Study Group: EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 310-317. 10.1136/ard.2008.088096.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M, Douglas AC, Gibbs AR, Geddes DM, Peel ET, Wood JB: Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. QJM. 1992, 83: 427-438.PubMed Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M, Douglas AC, Gibbs AR, Geddes DM, Peel ET, Wood JB: Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. QJM. 1992, 83: 427-438.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Holle JU, Gross WL, Holl-Ulrich K, Ambrosch P, Noelle B, Both M, Csernok E, Moosig F, Schinke S, Reinhold-Keller E: Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with localized Wegener's granulomatosis: does it occur as persisten disease stage?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1934-1939. 10.1136/ard.2010.130203.CrossRefPubMed Holle JU, Gross WL, Holl-Ulrich K, Ambrosch P, Noelle B, Both M, Csernok E, Moosig F, Schinke S, Reinhold-Keller E: Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with localized Wegener's granulomatosis: does it occur as persisten disease stage?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1934-1939. 10.1136/ard.2010.130203.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Reuter M, Schnabel A, Wesner F, Tetzlaff K, Risheng Y, Gross WL, Heller M: Pulmonary Wegnener's granulomatosis: correlation between high resolution CT findings and clinical scoring of disease activity. Chest. 1998, 114: 500-506. 10.1378/chest.114.2.500.CrossRefPubMed Reuter M, Schnabel A, Wesner F, Tetzlaff K, Risheng Y, Gross WL, Heller M: Pulmonary Wegnener's granulomatosis: correlation between high resolution CT findings and clinical scoring of disease activity. Chest. 1998, 114: 500-506. 10.1378/chest.114.2.500.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Komócsi A, Reuter M, Heller M, Muraközi H, Gross WL, Schnabel A: Active disease and residual damage in treated Wegener's granulomatosis: an observational study using pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 2003, 13: 36-42.PubMed Komócsi A, Reuter M, Heller M, Muraközi H, Gross WL, Schnabel A: Active disease and residual damage in treated Wegener's granulomatosis: an observational study using pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 2003, 13: 36-42.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Haworth SJ, Savage CO, Carr D, Hughes JM, Rees AJ: Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteriitis. BMJ. 1985, 290: 1775-1778. 10.1136/bmj.290.6484.1775.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Haworth SJ, Savage CO, Carr D, Hughes JM, Rees AJ: Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteriitis. BMJ. 1985, 290: 1775-1778. 10.1136/bmj.290.6484.1775.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Thickett DR, Richter AG, Nathani N, Perkins GD, Harper L: Pulmonary manifestations of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA-) positive vasculitis. Rheumatology. 2006, 45: 261-268.CrossRefPubMed Thickett DR, Richter AG, Nathani N, Perkins GD, Harper L: Pulmonary manifestations of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA-) positive vasculitis. Rheumatology. 2006, 45: 261-268.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Schnabel A, Reuter M, Gloeckner K, Müller-Quernheim J, Gross WL: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profiles in Wegener's granulomatosis. Respir Med. 1999, 93: 498-506. 10.1016/S0954-6111(99)90093-8.CrossRefPubMed Schnabel A, Reuter M, Gloeckner K, Müller-Quernheim J, Gross WL: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profiles in Wegener's granulomatosis. Respir Med. 1999, 93: 498-506. 10.1016/S0954-6111(99)90093-8.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Callard P, Amouroux J, Casassus P, Jarrousse B: Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 421-430. 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6.CrossRefPubMed Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Callard P, Amouroux J, Casassus P, Jarrousse B: Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 421-430. 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, Aymé S: Prevalences of polyarteriitis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture-recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 92-99. 10.1002/art.20077.CrossRefPubMed Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, Aymé S: Prevalences of polyarteriitis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture-recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 92-99. 10.1002/art.20077.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Savage CO, Winearls CG, Evans DJ, Rees AJ, Lockwood CM: Microscopic polyarteriitis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. QJMed. 1985, 56: 467-483. Savage CO, Winearls CG, Evans DJ, Rees AJ, Lockwood CM: Microscopic polyarteriitis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. QJMed. 1985, 56: 467-483.
22.
go back to reference Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L: Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus. 1998, 7: 238-258. 10.1191/096120398678920055.CrossRefPubMed Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L: Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus. 1998, 7: 238-258. 10.1191/096120398678920055.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Hervier B, Pagnoux C, Agard C, Haroche J, Amoura Z, Guillevin L, Hamidou MA, French Vasculitis Study Group: Pulmonary firbosis associated with ANCA-positive vasculitides. Retrospective study of 12 cases and review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 404-407. 10.1136/ard.2008.096131.CrossRefPubMed Hervier B, Pagnoux C, Agard C, Haroche J, Amoura Z, Guillevin L, Hamidou MA, French Vasculitis Study Group: Pulmonary firbosis associated with ANCA-positive vasculitides. Retrospective study of 12 cases and review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 404-407. 10.1136/ard.2008.096131.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Becker-Merok A, Nossent JC, Ritland N: Fibrosing alveolitis predating mocroscopic polyangiitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999, 28: 254-256. 10.1080/03009749950155643.CrossRefPubMed Becker-Merok A, Nossent JC, Ritland N: Fibrosing alveolitis predating mocroscopic polyangiitis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999, 28: 254-256. 10.1080/03009749950155643.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Birnbaum J, Danoff S, Askin FB, Stone JH: Microscopic polyangiitis presenting as a "pulmonary-muscle" syndrome: is subclinical alveolar hemorrhage the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis?. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2065-2071. 10.1002/art.22633.CrossRefPubMed Birnbaum J, Danoff S, Askin FB, Stone JH: Microscopic polyangiitis presenting as a "pulmonary-muscle" syndrome: is subclinical alveolar hemorrhage the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis?. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2065-2071. 10.1002/art.22633.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Tzelepis GE, Kokosi M, Tzioufas A, Toya SP, Boki KA, Zormpala A, Moutsopoulos HM: Prevalence and outcome of pulmonary fibrosis microscopic polyangiitis. Eur Respir J. 2010, 36: 116-121. 10.1183/09031936.00110109.CrossRefPubMed Tzelepis GE, Kokosi M, Tzioufas A, Toya SP, Boki KA, Zormpala A, Moutsopoulos HM: Prevalence and outcome of pulmonary fibrosis microscopic polyangiitis. Eur Respir J. 2010, 36: 116-121. 10.1183/09031936.00110109.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Bottero P, Radice A, Tosoni C, Grasselli C, Pavone L, Gregorini G, Monti S, Frassi M, Vecchio F, Corace C, Venegoni E, Buzio C: Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2926-2935. 10.1002/art.21250.CrossRefPubMed Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Bottero P, Radice A, Tosoni C, Grasselli C, Pavone L, Gregorini G, Monti S, Frassi M, Vecchio F, Corace C, Venegoni E, Buzio C: Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2926-2935. 10.1002/art.21250.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Simon HU, Rothenberg ME, Bochner BS, Weller PF, Wardlaw AJ, Wechsler ME, Rosenwasser LJ, Roufosse F, Gleich GJ, Klion AD: Refining the definition of hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 126: 45-49. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.042.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Simon HU, Rothenberg ME, Bochner BS, Weller PF, Wardlaw AJ, Wechsler ME, Rosenwasser LJ, Roufosse F, Gleich GJ, Klion AD: Refining the definition of hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 126: 45-49. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.042.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR: Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1984, 63: 65-81.CrossRef Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR: Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1984, 63: 65-81.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Pagnoux C, Guilpain P, Guillevin L: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007, 19: 25-32. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3280119854.CrossRefPubMed Pagnoux C, Guilpain P, Guillevin L: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007, 19: 25-32. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3280119854.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Dennert RM, van Paassen P, Schalla S, Kuznetsova T, Alzand BS, Staessen JA, Velthuis S, Crijns HJ, Tervaert JW, Heymans S: Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 627-634.PubMed Dennert RM, van Paassen P, Schalla S, Kuznetsova T, Alzand BS, Staessen JA, Velthuis S, Crijns HJ, Tervaert JW, Heymans S: Cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 627-634.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Wieczorek S, Hellmich B, Arning L, Moosig F, Lamprecht P, Gross WL, Epplen JT: Functionally relevant variations of the interleukin-10 gene associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative Churg-Strauss syndrome, but not with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 1839-1848. 10.1002/art.23496.CrossRefPubMed Wieczorek S, Hellmich B, Arning L, Moosig F, Lamprecht P, Gross WL, Epplen JT: Functionally relevant variations of the interleukin-10 gene associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative Churg-Strauss syndrome, but not with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 1839-1848. 10.1002/art.23496.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Lortholary O, Thibult N, Casassus P: Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996, 75: 17-28. 10.1097/00005792-199601000-00003.CrossRef Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Lortholary O, Thibult N, Casassus P: Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. A prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996, 75: 17-28. 10.1097/00005792-199601000-00003.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Ribi C, Cohen P, Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Arène JP, Lauque D, Puéchal X, Letellier P, Delaval P, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome without poor-prognosis factors: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study of seventy-two patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 586-594. 10.1002/art.23198.CrossRefPubMed Ribi C, Cohen P, Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Arène JP, Lauque D, Puéchal X, Letellier P, Delaval P, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome without poor-prognosis factors: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study of seventy-two patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 586-594. 10.1002/art.23198.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Keogh KA, Specks U: Churg-Strauss Syndrome. Clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med. 2003, 115: 284-290. 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00359-0.CrossRefPubMed Keogh KA, Specks U: Churg-Strauss Syndrome. Clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med. 2003, 115: 284-290. 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00359-0.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Cottin V, Kouatra C, Dubost R: Persistent airflow obstruction in asthma of patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Allergy. 2009, 64: 589-595. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01854.x.CrossRefPubMed Cottin V, Kouatra C, Dubost R: Persistent airflow obstruction in asthma of patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Allergy. 2009, 64: 589-595. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01854.x.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Bibby S, Healy B, Steele R, Kumareswaran K, Nelson H, Beasley R: Association between leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy and Churg-Strauss syndrome: an analysis of the FDA AERS database. Thorax. 2010, 65: 132-138.CrossRefPubMed Bibby S, Healy B, Steele R, Kumareswaran K, Nelson H, Beasley R: Association between leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy and Churg-Strauss syndrome: an analysis of the FDA AERS database. Thorax. 2010, 65: 132-138.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Schnabel A, Csernok E, Braun J, Gross WL: Inflammatory cells and cellular activation in the lower respiratory tract in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Thorax. 1999, 54: 771-778. 10.1136/thx.54.9.771.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Schnabel A, Csernok E, Braun J, Gross WL: Inflammatory cells and cellular activation in the lower respiratory tract in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Thorax. 1999, 54: 771-778. 10.1136/thx.54.9.771.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, Janssen BA, Pall A, Emery P, Savage C, Adu D: Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. QJM. 1994, 87: 671-681.PubMed Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, Janssen BA, Pall A, Emery P, Savage C, Adu D: Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. QJM. 1994, 87: 671-681.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Exley AR, Bacon PA, Luqmani RA, Kitas GD, Gordon C, Savage CO, Adu D: Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 371-380. 10.1002/art.1780400222.CrossRefPubMed Exley AR, Bacon PA, Luqmani RA, Kitas GD, Gordon C, Savage CO, Adu D: Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized clinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 371-380. 10.1002/art.1780400222.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, Tervaert JW, Feighery C, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Jayne DR: Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2461-2469. 10.1002/art.21142.CrossRefPubMed De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, Tervaert JW, Feighery C, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Jayne DR: Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2461-2469. 10.1002/art.21142.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, Tesar V, Vanhille P, Westman K, Savage CO, EUVAS (European Vasculitis Study Group): Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150: 670-680.CrossRefPubMed de Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, Flores Suarez LF, Gregorini G, Gross WL, Luqmani R, Pusey CD, Rasmussen N, Sinico RA, Tesar V, Vanhille P, Westman K, Savage CO, EUVAS (European Vasculitis Study Group): Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150: 670-680.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CG, St Clair EW, Turkiewicz A, Tchao NK, Webber L, Ding L, Sejismundo LP, Mieras K, Weitzenkamp D, Ikle D, Seyfert-Margolis V, Mueller M, Brunetta P, Allen NB, Fervenza FC, Geetha D, Keogh KA, Kissin EY, Monach PA, Peikert T, Stegeman C, Ytterberg SR, Specks U, RAVE-ITN Research Group: Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 221-232. 10.1056/NEJMoa0909905.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CG, St Clair EW, Turkiewicz A, Tchao NK, Webber L, Ding L, Sejismundo LP, Mieras K, Weitzenkamp D, Ikle D, Seyfert-Margolis V, Mueller M, Brunetta P, Allen NB, Fervenza FC, Geetha D, Keogh KA, Kissin EY, Monach PA, Peikert T, Stegeman C, Ytterberg SR, Specks U, RAVE-ITN Research Group: Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 221-232. 10.1056/NEJMoa0909905.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, Savage CO, Segelmark M, Tesar V, van Paassen P, Walsh D, Walsh M, Westman K, Jayne DR, European Vasculitis Study Group: Rituximab versus cyclophopshamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 211-220. 10.1056/NEJMoa0909169.CrossRefPubMed Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, Savage CO, Segelmark M, Tesar V, van Paassen P, Walsh D, Walsh M, Westman K, Jayne DR, European Vasculitis Study Group: Rituximab versus cyclophopshamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 211-220. 10.1056/NEJMoa0909169.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage CO, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Pusey CD, European Vasculitis Study Group: Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 18: 2180-2188. 10.1681/ASN.2007010090.CrossRefPubMed Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage CO, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Pusey CD, European Vasculitis Study Group: Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 18: 2180-2188. 10.1681/ASN.2007010090.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, Bacon P, Tervaert JW, Dadoniené J, Ekstrand A, Gaskin G, Gregorini G, de Groot K, Gross W, Hagen EC, Mirapeix E, Pettersson E, Siegert C, Sinico A, Tesar V, Westman K, Pusey C, European Vasculitis Study Group: A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 36-44. 10.1056/NEJMoa020286.CrossRefPubMed Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, Bacon P, Tervaert JW, Dadoniené J, Ekstrand A, Gaskin G, Gregorini G, de Groot K, Gross W, Hagen EC, Mirapeix E, Pettersson E, Siegert C, Sinico A, Tesar V, Westman K, Pusey C, European Vasculitis Study Group: A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 36-44. 10.1056/NEJMoa020286.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, Boffa JJ, Ruivard M, Ducroix JP, Kyndt X, Lifermann F, Papo T, Lambert M, Le Noach J, Khellaf M, Merrien D, Puéchal X, Vinzio S, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Azathioprine of methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 2790-2803. 10.1056/NEJMoa0802311.CrossRefPubMed Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, Boffa JJ, Ruivard M, Ducroix JP, Kyndt X, Lifermann F, Papo T, Lambert M, Le Noach J, Khellaf M, Merrien D, Puéchal X, Vinzio S, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Cordier JF, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Azathioprine of methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 2790-2803. 10.1056/NEJMoa0802311.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Metzler C, Miehle N, Manger K, Iking-Konert C, de Groot K, Hellmich B, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E, German Network of Rheumatic Diseases: Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 1087-1091. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem029.CrossRefPubMed Metzler C, Miehle N, Manger K, Iking-Konert C, de Groot K, Hellmich B, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E, German Network of Rheumatic Diseases: Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 1087-1091. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem029.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG: Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335: 16-20. 10.1056/NEJM199607043350103.CrossRefPubMed Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG: Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335: 16-20. 10.1056/NEJM199607043350103.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Reinhold-Keller E, De Groot K, Rudert H, Nölle B, Heller M, Gross WL: Response to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in Wegener's granulomatosis depends on the phase of disease. QJM. 1996, 89: 15-23.CrossRefPubMed Reinhold-Keller E, De Groot K, Rudert H, Nölle B, Heller M, Gross WL: Response to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in Wegener's granulomatosis depends on the phase of disease. QJM. 1996, 89: 15-23.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Mahr A, Girard T, Agher R, Guillevin L: Analysis of factors predictive of survival based on 49 patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis and prospective follow-up. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 492-498. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.492.CrossRefPubMed Mahr A, Girard T, Agher R, Guillevin L: Analysis of factors predictive of survival based on 49 patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis and prospective follow-up. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 492-498. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.492.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 83-91. 10.1002/art.20082.CrossRefPubMed Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 83-91. 10.1002/art.20082.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA: Long-term survival of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis from the American College of Rheumatology Wegener's granulomatosis classification cohort. Am J Med. 1996, 101: 129-134. 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)80066-0.CrossRefPubMed Matteson EL, Gold KN, Bloch DA: Long-term survival of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis from the American College of Rheumatology Wegener's granulomatosis classification cohort. Am J Med. 1996, 101: 129-134. 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)80066-0.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Lane SE, Watts RA, Shepstone L, Scott DG: Primary systemic vasculitis: clinical features and mortality. QJM. 2005, 98: 97-111. 10.1093/qjmed/hci015.CrossRefPubMed Lane SE, Watts RA, Shepstone L, Scott DG: Primary systemic vasculitis: clinical features and mortality. QJM. 2005, 98: 97-111. 10.1093/qjmed/hci015.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Aasarød K, Iversen BM, Hammerstrøm J, Bostad L, Vatten L, Jørstad S: Wegener's granulomatosis: clinical course in 108 patients with renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000, 15: 611-618. 10.1093/ndt/15.5.611.CrossRefPubMed Aasarød K, Iversen BM, Hammerstrøm J, Bostad L, Vatten L, Jørstad S: Wegener's granulomatosis: clinical course in 108 patients with renal involvement. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000, 15: 611-618. 10.1093/ndt/15.5.611.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Knight A, Askling J, Ekbom A: Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Int J Cancer. 2002, 100: 82-85. 10.1002/ijc.10444.CrossRefPubMed Knight A, Askling J, Ekbom A: Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Int J Cancer. 2002, 100: 82-85. 10.1002/ijc.10444.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Eriksson P, Jacobsson L, Lindell A, Nilsson JA, Skogh T: Improved outcome in Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis? A retrospective analysis of 95 cases in two cohorts. J Intern Med. 2009, 265: 496-506. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02060.x.CrossRefPubMed Eriksson P, Jacobsson L, Lindell A, Nilsson JA, Skogh T: Improved outcome in Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis? A retrospective analysis of 95 cases in two cohorts. J Intern Med. 2009, 265: 496-506. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02060.x.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Holle JU, Gross WL, Latza U, Nölle B, Ambrosch P, Heller M, Fertmann R, Reinhold-Keller E: Improved outcome of 445 Wegener's granulomatosis patients in a German vasculitis center over four decades. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 63: 257-266.CrossRef Holle JU, Gross WL, Latza U, Nölle B, Ambrosch P, Heller M, Fertmann R, Reinhold-Keller E: Improved outcome of 445 Wegener's granulomatosis patients in a German vasculitis center over four decades. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 63: 257-266.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Little MA, Nightingale P, Verburgh CA, Hauser T, De Groot K, Savage C, Jayne D, Harper L, European Vasculitis Study (EUVAS) Group: Early mortality in systemic vasculitis: relative contribution of adverse events and active vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1036-1043. 10.1136/ard.2009.109389.CrossRefPubMed Little MA, Nightingale P, Verburgh CA, Hauser T, De Groot K, Savage C, Jayne D, Harper L, European Vasculitis Study (EUVAS) Group: Early mortality in systemic vasculitis: relative contribution of adverse events and active vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 1036-1043. 10.1136/ard.2009.109389.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Metzler C, Hellmich B, Gause A, Gross WL, de Groot K: Churg-Strauss-Syndrome-successful induction of remission with methotrexate and unexpected high cardiac and pulmonary relapse ratio during maintenance therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004, 22: S52-61.PubMed Metzler C, Hellmich B, Gause A, Gross WL, de Groot K: Churg-Strauss-Syndrome-successful induction of remission with methotrexate and unexpected high cardiac and pulmonary relapse ratio during maintenance therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004, 22: S52-61.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Solans R, Bosch JA, Pérez-Bocanegra C, Selva A, Huguet P, Alijotas J, Orriols R, Armadans L, Vilardell M: Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and longterm follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 763-771. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.763.CrossRefPubMed Solans R, Bosch JA, Pérez-Bocanegra C, Selva A, Huguet P, Alijotas J, Orriols R, Armadans L, Vilardell M: Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and longterm follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 763-771. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.763.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Tatsis E, Schnabel A, Gross WL: Interferon-α treatment of four patients with the Churg-Strauss-Syndrome. Ann Int Med. 1998, 129: 370-374.CrossRefPubMed Tatsis E, Schnabel A, Gross WL: Interferon-α treatment of four patients with the Churg-Strauss-Syndrome. Ann Int Med. 1998, 129: 370-374.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Metzler C, Schnabel A, Gross WL, Hellmich B: A phase II study of interferonalpha for the treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008, 26: S35-40.PubMed Metzler C, Schnabel A, Gross WL, Hellmich B: A phase II study of interferonalpha for the treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008, 26: S35-40.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Pepper RJ, Fabre MA, Pavesio C, Gaskin G, Jones RB, Jayne D, Pusey CD, Salama AD: Rituximab is effective in the treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome and is associated with diminished T-cell interleukin-5 production. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 1104-1105. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken175.CrossRef Pepper RJ, Fabre MA, Pavesio C, Gaskin G, Jones RB, Jayne D, Pusey CD, Salama AD: Rituximab is effective in the treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome and is associated with diminished T-cell interleukin-5 production. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 1104-1105. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken175.CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Arbach O, Gross WL, Gause A: Treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss-Syndrome (CSS) by TNF-alpha blockade. Immunobiology. 2002, 206: 496-501. 10.1078/0171-2985-00197.CrossRefPubMed Arbach O, Gross WL, Gause A: Treatment of refractory Churg-Strauss-Syndrome (CSS) by TNF-alpha blockade. Immunobiology. 2002, 206: 496-501. 10.1078/0171-2985-00197.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Kim S, Marigowda G, Oren E, Israel E, Wechsler ME: Mepolizumab as a steroid-sparing treatment option in patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 125: 1336-1343. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.028.CrossRefPubMed Kim S, Marigowda G, Oren E, Israel E, Wechsler ME: Mepolizumab as a steroid-sparing treatment option in patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 125: 1336-1343. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.028.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Moosig F, Butherus K, Hellmich B, Gross WL: Mepolizumab, a humanized IL-5 antibody, has steroid-sparing potential in Churg-Strauss-Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: S925- Moosig F, Butherus K, Hellmich B, Gross WL: Mepolizumab, a humanized IL-5 antibody, has steroid-sparing potential in Churg-Strauss-Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62: S925-
69.
go back to reference Chan AL, Louie S, Leslie KO, Juarez MM, Albertson TE: Cutting edge issues in Goodpasture's disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011. Chan AL, Louie S, Leslie KO, Juarez MM, Albertson TE: Cutting edge issues in Goodpasture's disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011.
70.
go back to reference Saulsbury T: Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010, 22: 598-602. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32833af608.CrossRefPubMed Saulsbury T: Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010, 22: 598-602. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32833af608.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Ferri C, Mascia MT: Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 54-63.PubMed Ferri C, Mascia MT: Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 54-63.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Le Guern V, Bienvenu B, Mouthon L, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Arhtritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 616-626. 10.1002/art.27240.CrossRef Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Le Guern V, Bienvenu B, Mouthon L, Guillevin L, French Vasculitis Study Group: Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Arhtritis Rheum. 2010, 62: 616-626. 10.1002/art.27240.CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, de Groot K, Gross W, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Kallenberg CG, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Salvarani C, Scott DG, Stegeman C, Watts R, Westman K, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani R, European Vasculitis Study Group: EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 310-317. 10.1136/ard.2008.088096.CrossRefPubMed Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, de Groot K, Gross W, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Jayne D, Kallenberg CG, Merkel PA, Raspe H, Salvarani C, Scott DG, Stegeman C, Watts R, Westman K, Witter J, Yazici H, Luqmani R, European Vasculitis Study Group: EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 310-317. 10.1136/ard.2008.088096.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Mason C: Takayasu arteritis-advances in diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010, 6: 406-415. 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.82.CrossRefPubMed Mason C: Takayasu arteritis-advances in diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010, 6: 406-415. 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.82.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Ceylan N, Bayraktaroglu S, Erturk SM, Savas R, Alper H: Pulmonary and vascular manifestations of Behcet disease: Imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010, 194: W158-W164. 10.2214/AJR.09.2763.CrossRefPubMed Ceylan N, Bayraktaroglu S, Erturk SM, Savas R, Alper H: Pulmonary and vascular manifestations of Behcet disease: Imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010, 194: W158-W164. 10.2214/AJR.09.2763.CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Hatemi G, Silman A, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Chamberlain AM, Gul A, Houman MH, Kötter I, Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Sfikakis PP, Siva A, Stanford MR, Stübiger N, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, EULAR Expert Committee: EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1656-1662. 10.1136/ard.2007.080432.CrossRefPubMed Hatemi G, Silman A, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Chamberlain AM, Gul A, Houman MH, Kötter I, Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Sfikakis PP, Siva A, Stanford MR, Stübiger N, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, EULAR Expert Committee: EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1656-1662. 10.1136/ard.2007.080432.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Stassen PM, Derks RP, Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA: Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis - incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology. 2008, 47: 530-534.CrossRefPubMed Stassen PM, Derks RP, Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA: Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis - incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology. 2008, 47: 530-534.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Csernok E, Lamprecht P, Gross WL: Clinical and immunological features of drug-indeuced and infection-induced proteinase 3-antirneutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010, 22: 43-48. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283323538.CrossRefPubMed Csernok E, Lamprecht P, Gross WL: Clinical and immunological features of drug-indeuced and infection-induced proteinase 3-antirneutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010, 22: 43-48. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283323538.CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Hogan SL, Cooper GS, Savitz DA, Nylander-French LA, Parks CG, Chin H, Jennette CE, Lionaki S, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Association of silica exposure with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody small-vessel vasculitis: a population-based case-control study. Clin J AM Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2: 290-299. 10.2215/CJN.03501006.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hogan SL, Cooper GS, Savitz DA, Nylander-French LA, Parks CG, Chin H, Jennette CE, Lionaki S, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Association of silica exposure with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody small-vessel vasculitis: a population-based case-control study. Clin J AM Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2: 290-299. 10.2215/CJN.03501006.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Knight A, Sandin S, Askling J: Occupational risk factors for Wegener's granulomatosis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 737-740. 10.1136/ard.2009.107953.CrossRefPubMed Knight A, Sandin S, Askling J: Occupational risk factors for Wegener's granulomatosis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69: 737-740. 10.1136/ard.2009.107953.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Moosig F, Holle JU, Gross WL: Value of anti-infective chemoprophylaxis in primary systemic vasculitis: what is the evidence?. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009, 11: 253-10.1186/ar2826.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Moosig F, Holle JU, Gross WL: Value of anti-infective chemoprophylaxis in primary systemic vasculitis: what is the evidence?. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009, 11: 253-10.1186/ar2826.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Royer I, Lesavre P, Jacquot C, Bindi P, Bielefeld P, Desson JF, Détrée F, Dubois A, Hachulla E, Hoen B, Jacomy D, Seigneuric C, Lauque D, Stern M, Longy-Boursier M: A prospective multicenter randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versussteroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 2187-2198. 10.1002/art.1780401213.CrossRefPubMed Guillevin L, Cordier JF, Lhote F, Cohen P, Jarrousse B, Royer I, Lesavre P, Jacquot C, Bindi P, Bielefeld P, Desson JF, Détrée F, Dubois A, Hachulla E, Hoen B, Jacomy D, Seigneuric C, Lauque D, Stern M, Longy-Boursier M: A prospective multicenter randomized trial comparing steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide versussteroids and oral cyclophosphamide in the treatment of generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 2187-2198. 10.1002/art.1780401213.CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Falk RJ, Hogan S, Carey TS, Jennette JC: Clinical course of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonphritis and systemic vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 1990, 113: 656-663.CrossRefPubMed Falk RJ, Hogan S, Carey TS, Jennette JC: Clinical course of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonphritis and systemic vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 1990, 113: 656-663.CrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Charlier C, Henegar C, Launay O, Pagnoux C, Berezné A, Bienvenu B, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Risk factors for major infections in Wegener granulomatosis: analysis of 113 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 658-663. 10.1136/ard.2008.088302.CrossRefPubMed Charlier C, Henegar C, Launay O, Pagnoux C, Berezné A, Bienvenu B, Cohen P, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Risk factors for major infections in Wegener granulomatosis: analysis of 113 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 658-663. 10.1136/ard.2008.088302.CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Jones RB, Ferraro AJ, Chaudhry AN, Brogan P, Salama AD, Smith KG, Savage CO, Jayne DR: A multicenter survey of rituximab therapy for refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 2156-2168. 10.1002/art.24637.CrossRefPubMed Jones RB, Ferraro AJ, Chaudhry AN, Brogan P, Salama AD, Smith KG, Savage CO, Jayne DR: A multicenter survey of rituximab therapy for refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60: 2156-2168. 10.1002/art.24637.CrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Flossmann O, Baslund B, Bruchfeld A, Tervaert JW, Hall C, Heinzel P, Hellmich B, Luqmani RA, Nemoto K, Tesar V, Jayne DR: Deoxyspergualin in relapsing and refractory Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 1125-1130. 10.1136/ard.2008.092429.CrossRefPubMed Flossmann O, Baslund B, Bruchfeld A, Tervaert JW, Hall C, Heinzel P, Hellmich B, Luqmani RA, Nemoto K, Tesar V, Jayne DR: Deoxyspergualin in relapsing and refractory Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 1125-1130. 10.1136/ard.2008.092429.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I, Nowack R, Flores-Suárez LF, van der Woude FJ, European Vasculitis Study Group: Treatment of refractory Wegener's granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int. 2004, 65: 1440-1448. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00534.x.CrossRefPubMed Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I, Nowack R, Flores-Suárez LF, van der Woude FJ, European Vasculitis Study Group: Treatment of refractory Wegener's granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int. 2004, 65: 1440-1448. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00534.x.CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Ognibene FP, Shelhamer JH, Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Reda D, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: 795-799.PubMed Ognibene FP, Shelhamer JH, Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Reda D, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 151: 795-799.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Godeau B, Mainardi JL, Roudot-Thoraval F, Hachulla E, Guillevin L, Huong Du LT, Jarrousse B, Remy P, Schaeffer A, Piette JC: Factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995, 54: 991-994. 10.1136/ard.54.12.991.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Godeau B, Mainardi JL, Roudot-Thoraval F, Hachulla E, Guillevin L, Huong Du LT, Jarrousse B, Remy P, Schaeffer A, Piette JC: Factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995, 54: 991-994. 10.1136/ard.54.12.991.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
90.
go back to reference Swoden E, Carmicheal AJ: Autoimmune inflammatory disorders, systemic corticosteroids and pneumocystis pneumonia: a strategy for prevention. BMC Infect Dis. 2004, 4: 42-48. 10.1186/1471-2334-4-42.CrossRef Swoden E, Carmicheal AJ: Autoimmune inflammatory disorders, systemic corticosteroids and pneumocystis pneumonia: a strategy for prevention. BMC Infect Dis. 2004, 4: 42-48. 10.1186/1471-2334-4-42.CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Yale SH, Limper AH: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Prof. 1996, 71: 5-13. 10.4065/71.1.5.CrossRef Yale SH, Limper AH: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Prof. 1996, 71: 5-13. 10.4065/71.1.5.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival based analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 83-91. 10.1002/art.20082.CrossRefPubMed Bligny D, Mahr A, Toumelin PL, Mouthon L, Guillevin L: Predicting mortality in systemic Wegener's granulomatosis: a survival based analysis based on 93 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 51: 83-91. 10.1002/art.20082.CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Mahr A, Girard T, Agher R, Guillevin L: Analysis of factors predictive of survival based on 49 patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis and prospective follow-up. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 492-498. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.492.CrossRefPubMed Mahr A, Girard T, Agher R, Guillevin L: Analysis of factors predictive of survival based on 49 patients with systemic Wegener's granulomatosis and prospective follow-up. Rheumatology. 2001, 40: 492-498. 10.1093/rheumatology/40.5.492.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Conditions in subjects with rheumatic diseases: pulmonary manifestations of vasculitides
Authors
Julia U Holle
Frank Moosig
Klaus Dalhoff
Wolfgang L Gross
Publication date
01-06-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue 3/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3307

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2011 Go to the issue