Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Review

Advances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a re-evaluation of amyloid cascade hypothesis

Authors: Suzhen Dong, Yale Duan, Yinghe Hu, Zheng Zhao

Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by progressive deterioration of memory, and pathologically by histopathological changes including extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (A-beta) peptides forming senile plaques (SP) and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. This review focused on the new developments of amyloid cascade hypothesis with details on the production, metabolism and clearance of A-beta, and the key roles of some important A-beta-related genes in the pathological processes of AD. The most recent research advances in genetics, neuropathology and pathogenesis of the disease were also discussed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Möller HJ, Graeber MB: The case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998, 248: 111-122.PubMedCrossRef Möller HJ, Graeber MB: The case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998, 248: 111-122.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT, Knoefel JE, Cobb JL, Belanger AJ, White LR, D’Agostino RB: Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer’s disease in a general population: the Framingham Study. Neurology 1993, 43: 515-519.PubMedCrossRef Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT, Knoefel JE, Cobb JL, Belanger AJ, White LR, D’Agostino RB: Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer’s disease in a general population: the Framingham Study. Neurology 1993, 43: 515-519.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Small GW: The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 9):7-14.PubMed Small GW: The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 9):7-14.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Hardy J: Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis: an update and reappraisal. J Alzheimers Dis 2006, 9: 151-153.PubMed Hardy J: Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis: an update and reappraisal. J Alzheimers Dis 2006, 9: 151-153.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Hardy JA, Higgins GA: Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 1992, 256: 184-185.PubMedCrossRef Hardy JA, Higgins GA: Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 1992, 256: 184-185.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Selkoe DJ: Normal and abnormal biology of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994, 17: 489-517.PubMedCrossRef Selkoe DJ: Normal and abnormal biology of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994, 17: 489-517.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Tian Y, Crump CJ, Li YM: Dual role of alpha-secretase cleavage in the regulation of gamma-secretase activity for amyloid production. J Biol Chem 2010, 285: 32549-32556.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tian Y, Crump CJ, Li YM: Dual role of alpha-secretase cleavage in the regulation of gamma-secretase activity for amyloid production. J Biol Chem 2010, 285: 32549-32556.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Wang P, Yang G, Mosier DR, Chang P, Zaidi T, Gong YD, Zhao NM, Dominguez B, Lee KF, Gan WB, Zheng H: Defective neuromuscular synapses in mice lacking amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP-Like protein 2. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 1219-1225.PubMedCrossRef Wang P, Yang G, Mosier DR, Chang P, Zaidi T, Gong YD, Zhao NM, Dominguez B, Lee KF, Gan WB, Zheng H: Defective neuromuscular synapses in mice lacking amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP-Like protein 2. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 1219-1225.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, Krebs B, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J: Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 7212-7221.PubMedCrossRef Priller C, Bauer T, Mitteregger G, Krebs B, Kretzschmar HA, Herms J: Synapse formation and function is modulated by the amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 7212-7221.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ma H, Lesne S, Kotilinek L, Steidl-Nichols JV, Sherman M, Younkin L, Younkin S, Forster C, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, et al.: Involvement of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in amyloid precursor protein-mediated enhancement of memory and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104: 8167-8172.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ma H, Lesne S, Kotilinek L, Steidl-Nichols JV, Sherman M, Younkin L, Younkin S, Forster C, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, et al.: Involvement of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in amyloid precursor protein-mediated enhancement of memory and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104: 8167-8172.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H, Seabrook G, Borchelt D, Iwatsubo T, Sisodia S, Malinow R: APP processing and synaptic function. Neuron 2003, 37: 925-937.PubMedCrossRef Kamenetz F, Tomita T, Hsieh H, Seabrook G, Borchelt D, Iwatsubo T, Sisodia S, Malinow R: APP processing and synaptic function. Neuron 2003, 37: 925-937.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Pardossi-Piquard R, Petit A, Kawarai T, Sunyach C, da Alves Costa C, Vincent B, Ring S, D’Adamio L, Shen J, Muller U, et al.: Presenilin-dependent transcriptional control of the Abeta-degrading enzyme neprilysin by intracellular domains of betaAPP and APLP. Neuron 2005, 46: 541-554.PubMedCrossRef Pardossi-Piquard R, Petit A, Kawarai T, Sunyach C, da Alves Costa C, Vincent B, Ring S, D’Adamio L, Shen J, Muller U, et al.: Presenilin-dependent transcriptional control of the Abeta-degrading enzyme neprilysin by intracellular domains of betaAPP and APLP. Neuron 2005, 46: 541-554.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Liu Q, Zerbinatti CV, Zhang J, Hoe HS, Wang B, Cole SL, Herz J, Muglia L, Bu G: Amyloid precursor protein regulates brain apolipoprotein E and cholesterol metabolism through lipoprotein receptor LRP1. Neuron 2007, 56: 66-78.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Liu Q, Zerbinatti CV, Zhang J, Hoe HS, Wang B, Cole SL, Herz J, Muglia L, Bu G: Amyloid precursor protein regulates brain apolipoprotein E and cholesterol metabolism through lipoprotein receptor LRP1. Neuron 2007, 56: 66-78.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Grimm MO, Grimm HS, Patzold AJ, Zinser EG, Halonen R, Duering M, Tschape JA, De Strooper B, Muller U, Shen J, Hartmann T: Regulation of cholesterol and sphingomyelin metabolism by amyloid-beta and presenilin. Nat Cell Biol 2005, 7: 1118-1123.PubMedCrossRef Grimm MO, Grimm HS, Patzold AJ, Zinser EG, Halonen R, Duering M, Tschape JA, De Strooper B, Muller U, Shen J, Hartmann T: Regulation of cholesterol and sphingomyelin metabolism by amyloid-beta and presenilin. Nat Cell Biol 2005, 7: 1118-1123.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kimberly WT, Zheng JB, Town T, Flavell RA, Selkoe DJ: Physiological regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein signaling domain by c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK3 during neuronal differentiation. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 5533-5543.PubMedCrossRef Kimberly WT, Zheng JB, Town T, Flavell RA, Selkoe DJ: Physiological regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein signaling domain by c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK3 during neuronal differentiation. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 5533-5543.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Soba P, Eggert S, Wagner K, Zentgraf H, Siehl K, Kreger S, Lower A, Langer A, Merdes G, Paro R, et al.: Homo- and heterodimerization of APP family members promotes intercellular adhesion. EMBO J 2005, 24: 3624-3634.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Soba P, Eggert S, Wagner K, Zentgraf H, Siehl K, Kreger S, Lower A, Langer A, Merdes G, Paro R, et al.: Homo- and heterodimerization of APP family members promotes intercellular adhesion. EMBO J 2005, 24: 3624-3634.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Han P, Dou F, Li F, Zhang X, Zhang YW, Zheng H, Lipton SA, Xu H, Liao FF: Suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activation by amyloid precursor protein: a novel excitoprotective mechanism involving modulation of tau phosphorylation. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 11542-11552.PubMedCrossRef Han P, Dou F, Li F, Zhang X, Zhang YW, Zheng H, Lipton SA, Xu H, Liao FF: Suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activation by amyloid precursor protein: a novel excitoprotective mechanism involving modulation of tau phosphorylation. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 11542-11552.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Cabrejo L, Guyant-Marechal L, Laquerriere A, Vercelletto M, De la Fourniere F, Thomas-Anterion C, Verny C, Letournel F, Pasquier F, Vital A, et al.: Phenotype associated with APP duplication in five families. Brain 2006, 129: 2966-2976.PubMedCrossRef Cabrejo L, Guyant-Marechal L, Laquerriere A, Vercelletto M, De la Fourniere F, Thomas-Anterion C, Verny C, Letournel F, Pasquier F, Vital A, et al.: Phenotype associated with APP duplication in five families. Brain 2006, 129: 2966-2976.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hannequin D, Raux G, Le Meur N, Laquerriere A, Vital A, Dumanchin C, Feuillette S, Brice A, Vercelletto M, et al.: APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet 2006, 38: 24-26.PubMedCrossRef Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hannequin D, Raux G, Le Meur N, Laquerriere A, Vital A, Dumanchin C, Feuillette S, Brice A, Vercelletto M, et al.: APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet 2006, 38: 24-26.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson D, Maloney J, et al.: A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. Nature 2012, 488: 96-99.PubMedCrossRef Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson D, Maloney J, et al.: A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. Nature 2012, 488: 96-99.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Cheng N, Cai H, Belluscio L: In vivo olfactory model of APP-induced neurodegeneration reveals a reversible cell-autonomous function. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 13699-13704.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cheng N, Cai H, Belluscio L: In vivo olfactory model of APP-induced neurodegeneration reveals a reversible cell-autonomous function. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 13699-13704.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Borchelt DR, Ratovitski T, van Lare J, Lee MK, Gonzales V, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Price DL, Sisodia SS: Accelerated amyloid deposition in the brains of transgenic mice coexpressing mutant presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor proteins. Neuron 1997, 19: 939-945.PubMedCrossRef Borchelt DR, Ratovitski T, van Lare J, Lee MK, Gonzales V, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Price DL, Sisodia SS: Accelerated amyloid deposition in the brains of transgenic mice coexpressing mutant presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor proteins. Neuron 1997, 19: 939-945.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Cai H, Wang Y, McCarthy D, Wen H, Borchelt DR, Price DL, Wong PC: BACE1 is the major beta-secretase for generation of Abeta peptides by neurons. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4: 233-234.PubMedCrossRef Cai H, Wang Y, McCarthy D, Wen H, Borchelt DR, Price DL, Wong PC: BACE1 is the major beta-secretase for generation of Abeta peptides by neurons. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4: 233-234.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Luo Y, Bolon B, Kahn S, Bennett BD, Babu-Khan S, Denis P, Fan W, Kha H, Zhang J, Gong Y, et al.: Mice deficient in BACE1, the Alzheimer’s beta-secretase, have normal phenotype and abolished beta-amyloid generation. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4: 231-232.PubMedCrossRef Luo Y, Bolon B, Kahn S, Bennett BD, Babu-Khan S, Denis P, Fan W, Kha H, Zhang J, Gong Y, et al.: Mice deficient in BACE1, the Alzheimer’s beta-secretase, have normal phenotype and abolished beta-amyloid generation. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4: 231-232.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Ohno M, Sametsky EA, Younkin LH, Oakley H, Younkin SG, Citron M, Vassar R, Disterhoft JF: BACE1 deficiency rescues memory deficits and cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2004, 41: 27-33.PubMedCrossRef Ohno M, Sametsky EA, Younkin LH, Oakley H, Younkin SG, Citron M, Vassar R, Disterhoft JF: BACE1 deficiency rescues memory deficits and cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2004, 41: 27-33.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Repetto E, Russo C, Venezia V, Nizzari M, Nitsch RM, Schettini G: BACE1 overexpression regulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and interaction with the ShcA adapter. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004, 1030: 330-338.PubMedCrossRef Repetto E, Russo C, Venezia V, Nizzari M, Nitsch RM, Schettini G: BACE1 overexpression regulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and interaction with the ShcA adapter. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004, 1030: 330-338.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Mowrer KR, Wolfe MS: Promotion of BACE1 mRNA alternative splicing reduces amyloid beta -peptide production. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 18694-18701.PubMedCrossRef Mowrer KR, Wolfe MS: Promotion of BACE1 mRNA alternative splicing reduces amyloid beta -peptide production. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 18694-18701.PubMedCrossRef
30.
31.
go back to reference Cho HJ, Jin SM, Youn HD, Huh K, Mook-Jung I: Disrupted intracellular calcium regulates BACE1 gene expression via nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT 1) signaling. Aging Cell 2008, 7: 137-147.PubMedCrossRef Cho HJ, Jin SM, Youn HD, Huh K, Mook-Jung I: Disrupted intracellular calcium regulates BACE1 gene expression via nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT 1) signaling. Aging Cell 2008, 7: 137-147.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Buggia-Prevot V, Sevalle J, Rossner S, Checler F: NFkappaB-dependent control of BACE1 promoter transactivation by Abeta42. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 10037-10047.PubMedCrossRef Buggia-Prevot V, Sevalle J, Rossner S, Checler F: NFkappaB-dependent control of BACE1 promoter transactivation by Abeta42. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 10037-10047.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Zhao J, Fu Y, Yasvoina M, Shao P, Hitt B, O’Connor T, Logan S, Maus E, Citron M, Berry R, et al.: Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 levels become elevated in neurons around amyloid plaques: implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 3639-3649.PubMedCrossRef Zhao J, Fu Y, Yasvoina M, Shao P, Hitt B, O’Connor T, Logan S, Maus E, Citron M, Berry R, et al.: Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 levels become elevated in neurons around amyloid plaques: implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 3639-3649.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent G 3rd, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C: Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase. Nat Med 2008, 14: 723-730.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, Finch CE, St Laurent G 3rd, Kenny PJ, Wahlestedt C: Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase. Nat Med 2008, 14: 723-730.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Li Y, Cam J, Bu G: Low-density lipoprotein receptor family: endocytosis and signal transduction. Mol Neurobiol 2001, 23: 53-67.PubMedCrossRef Li Y, Cam J, Bu G: Low-density lipoprotein receptor family: endocytosis and signal transduction. Mol Neurobiol 2001, 23: 53-67.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference De Strooper B: Aph-1, Pen-2, and Nicastrin with Presenilin generate an active gamma-Secretase complex. Neuron 2003, 38: 9-12.PubMedCrossRef De Strooper B: Aph-1, Pen-2, and Nicastrin with Presenilin generate an active gamma-Secretase complex. Neuron 2003, 38: 9-12.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Koo EH, Kopan R: Potential role of presenilin-regulated signaling pathways in sporadic neurodegeneration. Nat Med 2004, 10(Suppl):S26-S33.PubMedCrossRef Koo EH, Kopan R: Potential role of presenilin-regulated signaling pathways in sporadic neurodegeneration. Nat Med 2004, 10(Suppl):S26-S33.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Larner AJ, Doran M: Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2006, 253: 139-158.PubMedCrossRef Larner AJ, Doran M: Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2006, 253: 139-158.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Hardy J, Selkoe DJ: The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002, 297: 353-356.PubMedCrossRef Hardy J, Selkoe DJ: The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002, 297: 353-356.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Qian S, Jiang P, Guan XM, Singh G, Trumbauer ME, Yu H, Chen HY, Van de Ploeg LH, Zheng H: Mutant human presenilin 1 protects presenilin 1 null mouse against embryonic lethality and elevates Abeta1-42/43 expression. Neuron 1998, 20: 611-617.PubMedCrossRef Qian S, Jiang P, Guan XM, Singh G, Trumbauer ME, Yu H, Chen HY, Van de Ploeg LH, Zheng H: Mutant human presenilin 1 protects presenilin 1 null mouse against embryonic lethality and elevates Abeta1-42/43 expression. Neuron 1998, 20: 611-617.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Saura CA, Choi SY, Beglopoulos V, Malkani S, Zhang D, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S, Kelleher RJ 3rd, Kandel ER, Duff K, et al.: Loss of presenilin function causes impairments of memory and synaptic plasticity followed by age-dependent neurodegeneration. Neuron 2004, 42: 23-36.PubMedCrossRef Saura CA, Choi SY, Beglopoulos V, Malkani S, Zhang D, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S, Kelleher RJ 3rd, Kandel ER, Duff K, et al.: Loss of presenilin function causes impairments of memory and synaptic plasticity followed by age-dependent neurodegeneration. Neuron 2004, 42: 23-36.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Feng R, Wang H, Wang J, Shrom D, Zeng X, Tsien JZ: Forebrain degeneration and ventricle enlargement caused by double knockout of Alzheimer’s presenilin-1 and presenilin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101: 8162-8167.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Feng R, Wang H, Wang J, Shrom D, Zeng X, Tsien JZ: Forebrain degeneration and ventricle enlargement caused by double knockout of Alzheimer’s presenilin-1 and presenilin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101: 8162-8167.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Beglopoulos V, Sun X, Saura CA, Lemere CA, Kim RD, Shen J: Reduced beta-amyloid production and increased inflammatory responses in presenilin conditional knock-out mice. J Biol Chem 2004, 279: 46907-46914.PubMedCrossRef Beglopoulos V, Sun X, Saura CA, Lemere CA, Kim RD, Shen J: Reduced beta-amyloid production and increased inflammatory responses in presenilin conditional knock-out mice. J Biol Chem 2004, 279: 46907-46914.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Chen Q, Nakajima A, Choi SH, Xiong X, Tang YP: Loss of presenilin function causes Alzheimer’s disease-like neurodegeneration in the mouse. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86: 1615-1625.PubMedCrossRef Chen Q, Nakajima A, Choi SH, Xiong X, Tang YP: Loss of presenilin function causes Alzheimer’s disease-like neurodegeneration in the mouse. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86: 1615-1625.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Dong S, Li C, Wu P, Tsien JZ, Hu Y: Environment enrichment rescues the neurodegenerative phenotypes in presenilins-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26: 101-112.PubMedCrossRef Dong S, Li C, Wu P, Tsien JZ, Hu Y: Environment enrichment rescues the neurodegenerative phenotypes in presenilins-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26: 101-112.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Amtul Z, Lewis PA, Piper S, Crook R, Baker M, Findlay K, Singleton A, Hogg M, Younkin L, Younkin SG, et al.: A presenilin 1 mutation associated with familial frontotemporal dementia inhibits gamma-secretase cleavage of APP and notch. Neurobiol Dis 2002, 9: 269-273.PubMedCrossRef Amtul Z, Lewis PA, Piper S, Crook R, Baker M, Findlay K, Singleton A, Hogg M, Younkin L, Younkin SG, et al.: A presenilin 1 mutation associated with familial frontotemporal dementia inhibits gamma-secretase cleavage of APP and notch. Neurobiol Dis 2002, 9: 269-273.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Dermaut B, Kumar-Singh S, Engelborghs S, Theuns J, Rademakers R, Saerens J, Pickut BA, Peeters K, van den Broeck M, Vennekens K, et al.: A novel presenilin 1 mutation associated with Pick’s disease but not beta-amyloid plaques. Ann Neurol 2004, 55: 617-626.PubMedCrossRef Dermaut B, Kumar-Singh S, Engelborghs S, Theuns J, Rademakers R, Saerens J, Pickut BA, Peeters K, van den Broeck M, Vennekens K, et al.: A novel presenilin 1 mutation associated with Pick’s disease but not beta-amyloid plaques. Ann Neurol 2004, 55: 617-626.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Raux G, Gantier R, Thomas-Anterion C, Boulliat J, Verpillat P, Hannequin D, Brice A, Frebourg T, Campion D: Dementia with prominent frontotemporal features associated with L113P presenilin 1 mutation. Neurology 2000, 55: 1577-1578.PubMedCrossRef Raux G, Gantier R, Thomas-Anterion C, Boulliat J, Verpillat P, Hannequin D, Brice A, Frebourg T, Campion D: Dementia with prominent frontotemporal features associated with L113P presenilin 1 mutation. Neurology 2000, 55: 1577-1578.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Bai G, Chivatakarn O, Bonanomi D, Lettieri K, Franco L, Xia C, Stein E, Ma L, Lewcock JW, Pfaff SL: Presenilin-dependent receptor processing is required for axon guidance. Cell 2011, 144: 106-118.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bai G, Chivatakarn O, Bonanomi D, Lettieri K, Franco L, Xia C, Stein E, Ma L, Lewcock JW, Pfaff SL: Presenilin-dependent receptor processing is required for axon guidance. Cell 2011, 144: 106-118.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Shen J, Kelleher RJ III: The presenilin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence for a loss-of-function pathogenic mechanism. PNAS 2007, 104: 403-409.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Shen J, Kelleher RJ III: The presenilin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence for a loss-of-function pathogenic mechanism. PNAS 2007, 104: 403-409.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Wang R, Tang P, Wang P, Boissy RE, Zheng H: Regulation of tyrosinase trafficking and processing by presenilins: partial loss of function by familial Alzheimer’s disease mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 353-358.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wang R, Tang P, Wang P, Boissy RE, Zheng H: Regulation of tyrosinase trafficking and processing by presenilins: partial loss of function by familial Alzheimer’s disease mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 353-358.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kang DE, Soriano S, Frosch MP, Collins T, Naruse S, Sisodia SS, Leibowitz G, Levine F, Koo EH: Presenilin 1 facilitates the constitutive turnover of beta-catenin: differential activity of Alzheimer’s disease-linked PS1 mutants in the beta-catenin-signaling pathway. J Neurosci 1999, 19: 4229-4237.PubMed Kang DE, Soriano S, Frosch MP, Collins T, Naruse S, Sisodia SS, Leibowitz G, Levine F, Koo EH: Presenilin 1 facilitates the constitutive turnover of beta-catenin: differential activity of Alzheimer’s disease-linked PS1 mutants in the beta-catenin-signaling pathway. J Neurosci 1999, 19: 4229-4237.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Landman N, Jeong SY, Shin SY, Voronov SV, Serban G, Kang MS, Park MK, Di Paolo G, Chung S, Kim TW: Presenilin mutations linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease cause an imbalance in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 19524-19529.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Landman N, Jeong SY, Shin SY, Voronov SV, Serban G, Kang MS, Park MK, Di Paolo G, Chung S, Kim TW: Presenilin mutations linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease cause an imbalance in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 19524-19529.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Tu H, Nelson O, Bezprozvanny A, Wang Z, Lee SF, Hao YH, Serneels L, De Strooper B, Yu G, Bezprozvanny I: Presenilins form ER Ca2+ leak channels, a function disrupted by familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked mutations. Cell 2006, 126: 981-993.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tu H, Nelson O, Bezprozvanny A, Wang Z, Lee SF, Hao YH, Serneels L, De Strooper B, Yu G, Bezprozvanny I: Presenilins form ER Ca2+ leak channels, a function disrupted by familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked mutations. Cell 2006, 126: 981-993.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Baki L, Neve RL, Shao Z, Shioi J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK: Wild-type but not FAD mutant presenilin-1 prevents neuronal degeneration by promoting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase neuroprotective signaling. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 483-490.PubMedCrossRef Baki L, Neve RL, Shao Z, Shioi J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK: Wild-type but not FAD mutant presenilin-1 prevents neuronal degeneration by promoting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase neuroprotective signaling. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 483-490.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Pratt KG, Zimmerman EC, Cook DG, Sullivan JM: Presenilin 1 regulates homeostatic synaptic scaling through Akt signaling. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14: 1112-1114.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Pratt KG, Zimmerman EC, Cook DG, Sullivan JM: Presenilin 1 regulates homeostatic synaptic scaling through Akt signaling. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14: 1112-1114.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Lazarov O, Morfini GA, Pigino G, Gadadhar A, Chen X, Robinson J, Ho H, Brady ST, Sisodia SS: Impairments in fast axonal transport and motor neuron deficits in transgenic mice expressing familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked mutant presenilin 1. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 7011-7020.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lazarov O, Morfini GA, Pigino G, Gadadhar A, Chen X, Robinson J, Ho H, Brady ST, Sisodia SS: Impairments in fast axonal transport and motor neuron deficits in transgenic mice expressing familial Alzheimer’s disease-linked mutant presenilin 1. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 7011-7020.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Durkin JT, Murthy S, Husten EJ, Trusko SP, Savage MJ, Rotella DP, Greenberg BD, Siman R: Rank-order of potencies for inhibition of the secretion of abeta40 and abeta42 suggests that both are generated by a single gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 1999, 274: 20499-20504.PubMedCrossRef Durkin JT, Murthy S, Husten EJ, Trusko SP, Savage MJ, Rotella DP, Greenberg BD, Siman R: Rank-order of potencies for inhibition of the secretion of abeta40 and abeta42 suggests that both are generated by a single gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 1999, 274: 20499-20504.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Sato T, Dohmae N, Qi Y, Kakuda N, Misonou H, Mitsumori R, Maruyama H, Koo EH, Haass C, Takio K, et al.: Potential link between amyloid beta-protein 42 and C-terminal fragment gamma 49-99 of beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2003, 278: 24294-24301.PubMedCrossRef Sato T, Dohmae N, Qi Y, Kakuda N, Misonou H, Mitsumori R, Maruyama H, Koo EH, Haass C, Takio K, et al.: Potential link between amyloid beta-protein 42 and C-terminal fragment gamma 49-99 of beta-amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2003, 278: 24294-24301.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Zhang L, Song L, Terracina G, Liu Y, Pramanik B, Parker E: Biochemical characterization of the gamma-secretase activity that produces beta-amyloid peptides. Biochemistry 2001, 40: 5049-5055.PubMedCrossRef Zhang L, Song L, Terracina G, Liu Y, Pramanik B, Parker E: Biochemical characterization of the gamma-secretase activity that produces beta-amyloid peptides. Biochemistry 2001, 40: 5049-5055.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Xu Q, Bernardo A, Walker D, Kanegawa T, Mahley RW, Huang Y: Profile and Regulation of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 4985-4994.PubMedCrossRef Xu Q, Bernardo A, Walker D, Kanegawa T, Mahley RW, Huang Y: Profile and Regulation of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 4985-4994.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Xu Q, Li Y, Cyras C, Sanan DA, Cordell B: Isolation and characterization of apolipoproteins from murine microglia. Identification of a low density lipoprotein-like apolipoprotein j-rich but E-poor spherical particle. J Biol Chem 2000, 275: 31770-31777.PubMedCrossRef Xu Q, Li Y, Cyras C, Sanan DA, Cordell B: Isolation and characterization of apolipoproteins from murine microglia. Identification of a low density lipoprotein-like apolipoprotein j-rich but E-poor spherical particle. J Biol Chem 2000, 275: 31770-31777.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Shi J, Zhao CB, Vollmer TL, Tyry TM, Kuniyoshi SM: APOE epsilon 4 allele is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2008, 70: 185-190.PubMedCrossRef Shi J, Zhao CB, Vollmer TL, Tyry TM, Kuniyoshi SM: APOE epsilon 4 allele is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2008, 70: 185-190.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference de Frias CM, Bunce D, Wahlin A, Adolfsson R, Sleegers K, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Nilsson LG: Cholesterol and triglycerides moderate the effect of apolipoprotein E on memory functioning in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007, 62: P112-P118.PubMedCrossRef de Frias CM, Bunce D, Wahlin A, Adolfsson R, Sleegers K, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Nilsson LG: Cholesterol and triglycerides moderate the effect of apolipoprotein E on memory functioning in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007, 62: P112-P118.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y: Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 5644-5651.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y: Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 5644-5651.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Harris FM, Brecht WJ, Xu Q, Tesseur I, Kekonius L, Wyss-Coray T, Fish JD, Masliah E, Hopkins PC, Scearce-Levie K, et al.: Carboxyl-terminal-truncated apolipoprotein E4 causes Alzheimer’s disease-like neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100: 10966-10971.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Harris FM, Brecht WJ, Xu Q, Tesseur I, Kekonius L, Wyss-Coray T, Fish JD, Masliah E, Hopkins PC, Scearce-Levie K, et al.: Carboxyl-terminal-truncated apolipoprotein E4 causes Alzheimer’s disease-like neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100: 10966-10971.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference DeMattos RB, Cirrito JR, Parsadanian M, May PC, O’Dell MA, Taylor JW, Harmony JA, Aronow BJ, Bales KR, Paul SM, Holtzman DM: ApoE and clusterin cooperatively suppress Abeta levels and deposition: evidence that ApoE regulates extracellular Abeta metabolism in vivo. Neuron 2004, 41: 193-202.PubMedCrossRef DeMattos RB, Cirrito JR, Parsadanian M, May PC, O’Dell MA, Taylor JW, Harmony JA, Aronow BJ, Bales KR, Paul SM, Holtzman DM: ApoE and clusterin cooperatively suppress Abeta levels and deposition: evidence that ApoE regulates extracellular Abeta metabolism in vivo. Neuron 2004, 41: 193-202.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Sadowski MJ, Pankiewicz J, Scholtzova H, Mehta PD, Prelli F, Quartermain D, Wisniewski T: Blocking the apolipoprotein E/amyloid-beta interaction as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 18787-18792.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sadowski MJ, Pankiewicz J, Scholtzova H, Mehta PD, Prelli F, Quartermain D, Wisniewski T: Blocking the apolipoprotein E/amyloid-beta interaction as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 18787-18792.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L: Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 36275-36282.PubMedCrossRef Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L: Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 36275-36282.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Cramer PE, Cirrito JR, Wesson DW, Lee CY, Karlo JC, Zinn AE, Casali BT, Restivo JL, Goebel WD, James MJ, et al.: ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear beta-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models. Science 2012, 335: 1503-1506.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cramer PE, Cirrito JR, Wesson DW, Lee CY, Karlo JC, Zinn AE, Casali BT, Restivo JL, Goebel WD, James MJ, et al.: ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear beta-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models. Science 2012, 335: 1503-1506.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Holtzman DM: In vivo effects of ApoE and clusterin on amyloid-beta metabolism and neuropathology. J Mol Neurosci 2004, 23: 247-254.PubMedCrossRef Holtzman DM: In vivo effects of ApoE and clusterin on amyloid-beta metabolism and neuropathology. J Mol Neurosci 2004, 23: 247-254.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Jiang Q, Lee CY, Mandrekar S, Wilkinson B, Cramer P, Zelcer N, Mann K, Lamb B, Willson TM, Collins JL, et al.: ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta. Neuron 2008, 58: 681-693.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jiang Q, Lee CY, Mandrekar S, Wilkinson B, Cramer P, Zelcer N, Mann K, Lamb B, Willson TM, Collins JL, et al.: ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta. Neuron 2008, 58: 681-693.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Ye S, Huang Y, Mullendorff K, Dong L, Giedt G, Meng EC, Cohen FE, Kuntz ID, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 enhances amyloid beta peptide production in cultured neuronal cells: apoE structure as a potential therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102: 18700-18705.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ye S, Huang Y, Mullendorff K, Dong L, Giedt G, Meng EC, Cohen FE, Kuntz ID, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 enhances amyloid beta peptide production in cultured neuronal cells: apoE structure as a potential therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102: 18700-18705.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
76.
77.
go back to reference Belinson H, Lev D, Masliah E, Michaelson DM: Activation of the amyloid cascade in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice induces lysosomal activation and neurodegeneration resulting in marked cognitive deficits. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4690-4701.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Belinson H, Lev D, Masliah E, Michaelson DM: Activation of the amyloid cascade in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice induces lysosomal activation and neurodegeneration resulting in marked cognitive deficits. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4690-4701.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Levi O, Dolev I, Belinson H, Michaelson DM: Intraneuronal amyloid-beta plays a role in mediating the synergistic pathological effects of apoE4 and environmental stimulation. J Neurochem 2007, 103: 1031-1040.PubMedCrossRef Levi O, Dolev I, Belinson H, Michaelson DM: Intraneuronal amyloid-beta plays a role in mediating the synergistic pathological effects of apoE4 and environmental stimulation. J Neurochem 2007, 103: 1031-1040.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Brecht WJ, Harris FM, Chang S, Tesseur I, Yu GQ, Xu Q, Dee Fish J, Wyss-Coray T, Buttini M, Mucke L, et al.: Neuron-specific apolipoprotein e4 proteolysis is associated with increased tau phosphorylation in brains of transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2004, 24: 2527-2534.PubMedCrossRef Brecht WJ, Harris FM, Chang S, Tesseur I, Yu GQ, Xu Q, Dee Fish J, Wyss-Coray T, Buttini M, Mucke L, et al.: Neuron-specific apolipoprotein e4 proteolysis is associated with increased tau phosphorylation in brains of transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2004, 24: 2527-2534.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Cui Y, Huang M, He Y, Zhang S, Luo Y: Genetic ablation of apolipoprotein A-IV accelerates Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in a mouse model. Am J Pathol 2011, 178: 1298-1308.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cui Y, Huang M, He Y, Zhang S, Luo Y: Genetic ablation of apolipoprotein A-IV accelerates Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis in a mouse model. Am J Pathol 2011, 178: 1298-1308.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Miners JS, Baig S, Palmer J, Palmer LE, Kehoe PG, Love S: Abeta-degrading enzymes in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol 2008, 18: 240-252.PubMedCrossRef Miners JS, Baig S, Palmer J, Palmer LE, Kehoe PG, Love S: Abeta-degrading enzymes in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol 2008, 18: 240-252.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Ravid R, Nordberg A: Age-dependent decline of neprilysin in Alzheimer’s disease and normal brain: inverse correlation with A beta levels. Neurobiol Aging 2008, 29: 210-221.PubMedCrossRef Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Ravid R, Nordberg A: Age-dependent decline of neprilysin in Alzheimer’s disease and normal brain: inverse correlation with A beta levels. Neurobiol Aging 2008, 29: 210-221.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Hersh LB, Rodgers DW: Neprilysin and amyloid beta peptide degradation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2008, 5: 225-231.PubMedCrossRef Hersh LB, Rodgers DW: Neprilysin and amyloid beta peptide degradation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2008, 5: 225-231.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Miners JS, Van Helmond Z, Chalmers K, Wilcock G, Love S, Kehoe PG: Decreased expression and activity of neprilysin in Alzheimer disease are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006, 65: 1012-1021.PubMedCrossRef Miners JS, Van Helmond Z, Chalmers K, Wilcock G, Love S, Kehoe PG: Decreased expression and activity of neprilysin in Alzheimer disease are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006, 65: 1012-1021.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Yasojima K, Akiyama H, McGeer EG, McGeer PL: Reduced neprilysin in high plaque areas of Alzheimer brain: a possible relationship to deficient degradation of beta-amyloid peptide. Neurosci Lett 2001, 297: 97-100.PubMedCrossRef Yasojima K, Akiyama H, McGeer EG, McGeer PL: Reduced neprilysin in high plaque areas of Alzheimer brain: a possible relationship to deficient degradation of beta-amyloid peptide. Neurosci Lett 2001, 297: 97-100.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Chander H, Chauhan A, Chauhan V: Binding of proteases to fibrillar amyloid-beta protein and its inhibition by Congo red. J Alzheimers Dis 2007, 12: 261-269.PubMed Chander H, Chauhan A, Chauhan V: Binding of proteases to fibrillar amyloid-beta protein and its inhibition by Congo red. J Alzheimers Dis 2007, 12: 261-269.PubMed
88.
go back to reference El-Amouri SS, Zhu H, Yu J, Marr R, Verma IM, Kindy MS: Neprilysin: an enzyme candidate to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 2008, 172: 1342-1354.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef El-Amouri SS, Zhu H, Yu J, Marr R, Verma IM, Kindy MS: Neprilysin: an enzyme candidate to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 2008, 172: 1342-1354.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Iijima-Ando K, Hearn SA, Granger L, Shenton C, Gatt A, Chiang H-C, Hakker I, Zhong Y, Iijima K: Overexpression of neprilysin reduces Alzheimer amyloid-{beta}42 (A{beta}42)-induced neuron loss and intraneuronal A{beta}42 deposits but causes a reduction in cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-mediated transcription, age-dependent axon pathology, and premature death in drosophila. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 19066-19076.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Iijima-Ando K, Hearn SA, Granger L, Shenton C, Gatt A, Chiang H-C, Hakker I, Zhong Y, Iijima K: Overexpression of neprilysin reduces Alzheimer amyloid-{beta}42 (A{beta}42)-induced neuron loss and intraneuronal A{beta}42 deposits but causes a reduction in cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-mediated transcription, age-dependent axon pathology, and premature death in drosophila. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 19066-19076.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Meilandt WJ, Cisse M, Ho K, Wu T, Esposito LA, Scearce-Levie K, Cheng IH, Yu GQ, Mucke L: Neprilysin overexpression inhibits plaque formation but fails to reduce pathogenic Abeta oligomers and associated cognitive deficits in human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2009, 29: 1977-1986.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Meilandt WJ, Cisse M, Ho K, Wu T, Esposito LA, Scearce-Levie K, Cheng IH, Yu GQ, Mucke L: Neprilysin overexpression inhibits plaque formation but fails to reduce pathogenic Abeta oligomers and associated cognitive deficits in human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2009, 29: 1977-1986.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Edbauer D, Willem M, Lammich S, Steiner H, Haass C: Insulin-degrading enzyme rapidly removes the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD). J Biol Chem 2002, 277: 13389-13393.PubMedCrossRef Edbauer D, Willem M, Lammich S, Steiner H, Haass C: Insulin-degrading enzyme rapidly removes the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD). J Biol Chem 2002, 277: 13389-13393.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Farris W, Mansourian S, Chang Y, Lindsley L, Eckman EA, Frosch MP, Eckman CB, Tanzi RE, Selkoe DJ, Guenette S: Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100: 4162-4167.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Farris W, Mansourian S, Chang Y, Lindsley L, Eckman EA, Frosch MP, Eckman CB, Tanzi RE, Selkoe DJ, Guenette S: Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100: 4162-4167.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Ertekin-Taner N, Graff-Radford N, Younkin LH, Eckman C, Baker M, Adamson J, Ronald J, Blangero J, Hutton M, Younkin SG: Linkage of plasma Abeta42 to a quantitative locus on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease pedigrees. Science 2000, 290: 2303-2304.PubMedCrossRef Ertekin-Taner N, Graff-Radford N, Younkin LH, Eckman C, Baker M, Adamson J, Ronald J, Blangero J, Hutton M, Younkin SG: Linkage of plasma Abeta42 to a quantitative locus on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease pedigrees. Science 2000, 290: 2303-2304.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Mueller JC, Riemenschneider M, Schoepfer-Wendels A, Gohlke H, Konta L, Friedrich P, Illig T, Laws SM, Forstl H, Kurz A: Weak independent association signals between IDE polymorphisms, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive measures. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 727-734.PubMedCrossRef Mueller JC, Riemenschneider M, Schoepfer-Wendels A, Gohlke H, Konta L, Friedrich P, Illig T, Laws SM, Forstl H, Kurz A: Weak independent association signals between IDE polymorphisms, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive measures. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 727-734.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Vepsalainen S, Parkinson M, Helisalmi S, Mannermaa A, Soininen H, Tanzi RE, Bertram L, Hiltunen M: Insulin-degrading enzyme is genetically associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the Finnish population. J Med Genet 2007, 44: 606-608.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Vepsalainen S, Parkinson M, Helisalmi S, Mannermaa A, Soininen H, Tanzi RE, Bertram L, Hiltunen M: Insulin-degrading enzyme is genetically associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the Finnish population. J Med Genet 2007, 44: 606-608.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Cook DG, Leverenz JB, McMillan PJ, Kulstad JJ, Ericksen S, Roth RA, Schellenberg GD, Jin LW, Kovacina KS, Craft S: Reduced hippocampal insulin-degrading enzyme in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. Am J Pathol 2003, 162: 313-319.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cook DG, Leverenz JB, McMillan PJ, Kulstad JJ, Ericksen S, Roth RA, Schellenberg GD, Jin LW, Kovacina KS, Craft S: Reduced hippocampal insulin-degrading enzyme in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is associated with the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. Am J Pathol 2003, 162: 313-319.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Zhao Z, Xiang Z, Haroutunian V, Buxbaum JD, Stetka B, Pasinetti GM: Insulin degrading enzyme activity selectively decreases in the hippocampal formation of cases at high risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 824-830.PubMedCrossRef Zhao Z, Xiang Z, Haroutunian V, Buxbaum JD, Stetka B, Pasinetti GM: Insulin degrading enzyme activity selectively decreases in the hippocampal formation of cases at high risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 824-830.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Kim M, Hersh LB, Leissring MA, Ingelsson M, Matsui T, Farris W, Lu A, Hyman BT, Selkoe DJ, Bertram L, Tanzi RE: Decreased catalytic activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme in chromosome 10-linked Alzheimer disease families. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 7825-7832.PubMedCrossRef Kim M, Hersh LB, Leissring MA, Ingelsson M, Matsui T, Farris W, Lu A, Hyman BT, Selkoe DJ, Bertram L, Tanzi RE: Decreased catalytic activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme in chromosome 10-linked Alzheimer disease families. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 7825-7832.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Vepsalainen S, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Wang J, van Groen T, Tanila H, Soininen H: Increased expression of Abeta degrading enzyme IDE in the cortex of transgenic mice with Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology. Neurosci Lett 2008, 438: 216-220.PubMedCrossRef Vepsalainen S, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Wang J, van Groen T, Tanila H, Soininen H: Increased expression of Abeta degrading enzyme IDE in the cortex of transgenic mice with Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology. Neurosci Lett 2008, 438: 216-220.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Leal MC, Dorfman VB, Gamba AF, Frangione B, Wisniewski T, Castano EM, Sigurdsson EM, Morelli L: Plaque-associated overexpression of insulin-degrading enzyme in the cerebral cortex of aged transgenic tg2576 mice with Alzheimer pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006, 65: 976-987.PubMedCrossRef Leal MC, Dorfman VB, Gamba AF, Frangione B, Wisniewski T, Castano EM, Sigurdsson EM, Morelli L: Plaque-associated overexpression of insulin-degrading enzyme in the cerebral cortex of aged transgenic tg2576 mice with Alzheimer pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006, 65: 976-987.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Bernstein HG, Ansorge S, Riederer P, Reiser M, Frolich L, Bogerts B: Insulin-degrading enzyme in the Alzheimer’s disease brain: prominent localization in neurons and senile plaques. Neurosci Lett 1999, 263: 161-164.PubMedCrossRef Bernstein HG, Ansorge S, Riederer P, Reiser M, Frolich L, Bogerts B: Insulin-degrading enzyme in the Alzheimer’s disease brain: prominent localization in neurons and senile plaques. Neurosci Lett 1999, 263: 161-164.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Zhao L, Yao J, Mao Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Brinton RD: 17beta-Estradiol regulates insulin-degrading enzyme expression via an ERbeta/PI3-K pathway in hippocampus: relevance to Alzheimer’s prevention. Neurobiol Aging 2011, 32: 1949-1963.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zhao L, Yao J, Mao Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Brinton RD: 17beta-Estradiol regulates insulin-degrading enzyme expression via an ERbeta/PI3-K pathway in hippocampus: relevance to Alzheimer’s prevention. Neurobiol Aging 2011, 32: 1949-1963.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Carson JA, Turner AJ: Beta-amyloid catabolism: roles for neprilysin (NEP) and other metallopeptidases? J Neurochem 2002, 81: 1-8.PubMedCrossRef Carson JA, Turner AJ: Beta-amyloid catabolism: roles for neprilysin (NEP) and other metallopeptidases? J Neurochem 2002, 81: 1-8.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Llovera RE, de Tullio M, Alonso LG, Leissring MA, Kaufman SB, Roher AE, de Prat Gay G, Morelli L, Castano EM: The catalytic domain of insulin-degrading enzyme forms a denaturant-resistant complex with amyloid {beta} peptide: implications for Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 17039-17048.PubMedCrossRef Llovera RE, de Tullio M, Alonso LG, Leissring MA, Kaufman SB, Roher AE, de Prat Gay G, Morelli L, Castano EM: The catalytic domain of insulin-degrading enzyme forms a denaturant-resistant complex with amyloid {beta} peptide: implications for Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2008, 283: 17039-17048.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Jean L, Thomas B, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Shaw M, Vaux DJ: Heterologous amyloid seeding: revisiting the role of acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 2007, 2: e652.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jean L, Thomas B, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Shaw M, Vaux DJ: Heterologous amyloid seeding: revisiting the role of acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 2007, 2: e652.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Sun MK, Alkon DL: Links between Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. Drugs Today (Barc) 2006, 42: 481-489.CrossRef Sun MK, Alkon DL: Links between Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. Drugs Today (Barc) 2006, 42: 481-489.CrossRef
107.
go back to reference Leibson CL, Rocca WA, Hanson VA, Cha R, Kokmen E, O’Brien PC, Palumbo PJ: Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 145: 301-308.PubMedCrossRef Leibson CL, Rocca WA, Hanson VA, Cha R, Kokmen E, O’Brien PC, Palumbo PJ: Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 145: 301-308.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Ho L, Qin W, Pompl PN, Xiang Z, Wang J, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Cambareri G, Rocher A, Mobbs CV, et al.: Diet-induced insulin resistance promotes amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J 2004, 18: 902-904.PubMed Ho L, Qin W, Pompl PN, Xiang Z, Wang J, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Cambareri G, Rocher A, Mobbs CV, et al.: Diet-induced insulin resistance promotes amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J 2004, 18: 902-904.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Zhao L, Teter B, Morihara T, Lim GP, Ambegaokar SS, Ubeda OJ, Frautschy SA, Cole GM: Insulin-degrading enzyme as a downstream target of insulin receptor signaling cascade: implications for Alzheimer’s disease intervention. J Neurosci 2004, 24: 11120-11126.PubMedCrossRef Zhao L, Teter B, Morihara T, Lim GP, Ambegaokar SS, Ubeda OJ, Frautschy SA, Cole GM: Insulin-degrading enzyme as a downstream target of insulin receptor signaling cascade: implications for Alzheimer’s disease intervention. J Neurosci 2004, 24: 11120-11126.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Crouch PJ, Harding SM, White AR, Camakaris J, Bush AI, Masters CL: Mechanisms of Abeta mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008, 40: 181-198.PubMedCrossRef Crouch PJ, Harding SM, White AR, Camakaris J, Bush AI, Masters CL: Mechanisms of Abeta mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008, 40: 181-198.PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Moreno H, Yu E, Pigino G, Hernandez AI, Kim N, Moreira JE, Sugimori M, Llinas RR: Synaptic transmission block by presynaptic injection of oligomeric amyloid beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009, 106: 5901-5906.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Moreno H, Yu E, Pigino G, Hernandez AI, Kim N, Moreira JE, Sugimori M, Llinas RR: Synaptic transmission block by presynaptic injection of oligomeric amyloid beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009, 106: 5901-5906.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Lee HG, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Nunomura A, Perry G, Smith MA: Amyloid-beta in Alzheimer disease: the null versus the alternate hypotheses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 321: 823-829.PubMedCrossRef Lee HG, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Nunomura A, Perry G, Smith MA: Amyloid-beta in Alzheimer disease: the null versus the alternate hypotheses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 321: 823-829.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Verkkoniemi A, Kalimo H, Paetau A, Somer M, Iwatsubo T, Hardy J, Haltia M: Variant Alzheimer disease with spastic paraparesis: neuropathological phenotype. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001, 60: 483-492.PubMedCrossRef Verkkoniemi A, Kalimo H, Paetau A, Somer M, Iwatsubo T, Hardy J, Haltia M: Variant Alzheimer disease with spastic paraparesis: neuropathological phenotype. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001, 60: 483-492.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE: Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 5161-5166.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE: Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103: 5161-5166.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Schmitz C, Rutten BP, Pielen A, Schafer S, Wirths O, Tremp G, Czech C, Blanchard V, Multhaup G, Rezaie P, et al.: Hippocampal neuron loss exceeds amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 2004, 164: 1495-1502.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Schmitz C, Rutten BP, Pielen A, Schafer S, Wirths O, Tremp G, Czech C, Blanchard V, Multhaup G, Rezaie P, et al.: Hippocampal neuron loss exceeds amyloid plaque load in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 2004, 164: 1495-1502.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S: Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8: 499-509.PubMedCrossRef LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S: Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8: 499-509.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Chui DH, Tanahashi H, Ozawa K, Ikeda S, Checler F, Ueda O, Suzuki H, Araki W, Inoue H, Shirotani K, et al.: Transgenic mice with Alzheimer presenilin 1 mutations show accelerated neurodegeneration without amyloid plaque formation. Nat Med 1999, 5: 560-564.PubMedCrossRef Chui DH, Tanahashi H, Ozawa K, Ikeda S, Checler F, Ueda O, Suzuki H, Araki W, Inoue H, Shirotani K, et al.: Transgenic mice with Alzheimer presenilin 1 mutations show accelerated neurodegeneration without amyloid plaque formation. Nat Med 1999, 5: 560-564.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Billings LM, Oddo S, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM: Intraneuronal Abeta causes the onset of early Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. Neuron 2005, 45: 675-688.PubMedCrossRef Billings LM, Oddo S, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM: Intraneuronal Abeta causes the onset of early Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits in transgenic mice. Neuron 2005, 45: 675-688.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM: Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron 2003, 39: 409-421.PubMedCrossRef Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM: Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron 2003, 39: 409-421.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Cruz JC, Kim D, Moy LY, Dobbin MM, Sun X, Bronson RT, Tsai LH: p25/cyclin-dependent kinase 5 induces production and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid beta in vivo. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 10536-10541.PubMedCrossRef Cruz JC, Kim D, Moy LY, Dobbin MM, Sun X, Bronson RT, Tsai LH: p25/cyclin-dependent kinase 5 induces production and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid beta in vivo. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 10536-10541.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Knobloch M, Konietzko U, Krebs DC, Nitsch RM: Intracellular Abeta and cognitive deficits precede beta-amyloid deposition in transgenic arcAbeta mice. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 1297-1306.PubMedCrossRef Knobloch M, Konietzko U, Krebs DC, Nitsch RM: Intracellular Abeta and cognitive deficits precede beta-amyloid deposition in transgenic arcAbeta mice. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 1297-1306.PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Oakley H, Cole SL, Logan S, Maus E, Shao P, Craft J, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, Ohno M, Disterhoft J, Van Eldik L, et al.: Intraneuronal beta-Amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations: potential factors in amyloid plaque formation. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 10129-10140.PubMedCrossRef Oakley H, Cole SL, Logan S, Maus E, Shao P, Craft J, Guillozet-Bongaarts A, Ohno M, Disterhoft J, Van Eldik L, et al.: Intraneuronal beta-Amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations: potential factors in amyloid plaque formation. J Neurosci 2006, 26: 10129-10140.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Suo Z, Cox AA, Bartelli N, Rasul I, Festoff BW, Premont RT, Arendash GW: GRK5 deficiency leads to early Alzheimer-like pathology and working memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 1873-1888.PubMedCrossRef Suo Z, Cox AA, Bartelli N, Rasul I, Festoff BW, Premont RT, Arendash GW: GRK5 deficiency leads to early Alzheimer-like pathology and working memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28: 1873-1888.PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Van Broeck B, Vanhoutte G, Pirici D, Van Dam D, Wils H, Cuijt I, Vennekens K, Zabielski M, Michalik A, Theuns J, et al.: Intraneuronal amyloid beta and reduced brain volume in a novel APP T714I mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2008, 29: 241-252.PubMedCrossRef Van Broeck B, Vanhoutte G, Pirici D, Van Dam D, Wils H, Cuijt I, Vennekens K, Zabielski M, Michalik A, Theuns J, et al.: Intraneuronal amyloid beta and reduced brain volume in a novel APP T714I mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2008, 29: 241-252.PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference D’Andrea MR, Nagele RG, Wang HY, Lee DH: Consistent immunohistochemical detection of intracellular beta-amyloid42 in pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer’s disease entorhinal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2002, 333: 163-166.PubMedCrossRef D’Andrea MR, Nagele RG, Wang HY, Lee DH: Consistent immunohistochemical detection of intracellular beta-amyloid42 in pyramidal neurons of Alzheimer’s disease entorhinal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2002, 333: 163-166.PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Klyubin I, Betts V, Welzel AT, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Wallin A, Lemere CA, Cullen WK, Peng Y, Wisniewski T, et al.: Amyloid beta protein dimer-containing human CSF disrupts synaptic plasticity: prevention by systemic passive immunization. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4231-4237.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Klyubin I, Betts V, Welzel AT, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Wallin A, Lemere CA, Cullen WK, Peng Y, Wisniewski T, et al.: Amyloid beta protein dimer-containing human CSF disrupts synaptic plasticity: prevention by systemic passive immunization. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4231-4237.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference King ME, Kan HM, Baas PW, Erisir A, Glabe CG, Bloom GS: Tau-dependent microtubule disassembly initiated by prefibrillar beta-amyloid. J Cell Biol 2006, 175: 541-546.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef King ME, Kan HM, Baas PW, Erisir A, Glabe CG, Bloom GS: Tau-dependent microtubule disassembly initiated by prefibrillar beta-amyloid. J Cell Biol 2006, 175: 541-546.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Nimmrich V, Grimm C, Draguhn A, Barghorn S, Lehmann A, Schoemaker H, Hillen H, Gross G, Ebert U, Bruehl C: Amyloid beta oligomers (A beta(1-42) globulomer) suppress spontaneous synaptic activity by inhibition of P/Q-type calcium currents. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 788-797.PubMedCrossRef Nimmrich V, Grimm C, Draguhn A, Barghorn S, Lehmann A, Schoemaker H, Hillen H, Gross G, Ebert U, Bruehl C: Amyloid beta oligomers (A beta(1-42) globulomer) suppress spontaneous synaptic activity by inhibition of P/Q-type calcium currents. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 788-797.PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference De Felice FG, Velasco PT, Lambert MP, Viola K, Fernandez SJ, Ferreira ST, Klein WL: Abeta oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 11590-11601.PubMedCrossRef De Felice FG, Velasco PT, Lambert MP, Viola K, Fernandez SJ, Ferreira ST, Klein WL: Abeta oligomers induce neuronal oxidative stress through an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent mechanism that is blocked by the Alzheimer drug memantine. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 11590-11601.PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Shankar GM, Bloodgood BL, Townsend M, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ, Sabatini BL: Natural oligomers of the Alzheimer amyloid-beta protein induce reversible synapse loss by modulating an NMDA-type glutamate receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 2866-2875.PubMedCrossRef Shankar GM, Bloodgood BL, Townsend M, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ, Sabatini BL: Natural oligomers of the Alzheimer amyloid-beta protein induce reversible synapse loss by modulating an NMDA-type glutamate receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 2866-2875.PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Resende R, Moreira PI, Proenca T, Deshpande A, Busciglio J, Pereira C, Oliveira CR: Brain oxidative stress in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2008, 44: 2051-2057.PubMedCrossRef Resende R, Moreira PI, Proenca T, Deshpande A, Busciglio J, Pereira C, Oliveira CR: Brain oxidative stress in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2008, 44: 2051-2057.PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Eckerta A, Hauptmannb S, Scherpingb I, Rheina V, Müller-Spahna F, Götzc J, Müllerb W: Soluble beta-amyloid leads to mitochondrial defects in amyloid precursor protein and Tau Transgenic mice. Neurodegenerative Dis 2008, 5: 157-159.CrossRef Eckerta A, Hauptmannb S, Scherpingb I, Rheina V, Müller-Spahna F, Götzc J, Müllerb W: Soluble beta-amyloid leads to mitochondrial defects in amyloid precursor protein and Tau Transgenic mice. Neurodegenerative Dis 2008, 5: 157-159.CrossRef
133.
go back to reference Chimon S, Shaibat MA, Jones CR, Calero DC, Aizezi B, Ishii Y: Evidence of fibril-like beta-sheet structures in a neurotoxic amyloid intermediate of Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007, 14: 1157-1164.PubMedCrossRef Chimon S, Shaibat MA, Jones CR, Calero DC, Aizezi B, Ishii Y: Evidence of fibril-like beta-sheet structures in a neurotoxic amyloid intermediate of Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007, 14: 1157-1164.PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ: Deciphering the molecular basis of memory failure in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2004, 44: 181-193.PubMedCrossRef Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ: Deciphering the molecular basis of memory failure in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2004, 44: 181-193.PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Lacor PN, Buniel MC, Furlow PW, Clemente AS, Velasco PT, Wood M, Viola KL, Klein WL: Abeta oligomer-induced aberrations in synapse composition, shape, and density provide a molecular basis for loss of connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 796-807.PubMedCrossRef Lacor PN, Buniel MC, Furlow PW, Clemente AS, Velasco PT, Wood M, Viola KL, Klein WL: Abeta oligomer-induced aberrations in synapse composition, shape, and density provide a molecular basis for loss of connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 796-807.PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Barry AE, Klyubin I, Mc Donald JM, Mably AJ, Farrell MA, Scott M, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ: Alzheimer’s disease brain-derived amyloid- -mediated inhibition of LTP in vivo is prevented by immunotargeting cellular prion protein. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 7259-7263.PubMedCrossRef Barry AE, Klyubin I, Mc Donald JM, Mably AJ, Farrell MA, Scott M, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ: Alzheimer’s disease brain-derived amyloid- -mediated inhibition of LTP in vivo is prevented by immunotargeting cellular prion protein. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 7259-7263.PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Alexandru A, Jagla W, Graubner S, Becker A, Bauscher C, Kohlmann S, Sedlmeier R, Raber KA, Cynis H, Ronicke R, et al.: Selective hippocampal neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing small amounts of truncated a is induced by pyroglutamate-a formation. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 12790-12801.PubMedCrossRef Alexandru A, Jagla W, Graubner S, Becker A, Bauscher C, Kohlmann S, Sedlmeier R, Raber KA, Cynis H, Ronicke R, et al.: Selective hippocampal neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing small amounts of truncated a is induced by pyroglutamate-a formation. J Neurosci 2011, 31: 12790-12801.PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Um JW, Nygaard HB, Heiss JK, Kostylev MA, Stagi M, Vortmeyer A, Wisniewski T, Gunther EC, Strittmatter SM: Alzheimer amyloid-beta oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons. Nat Neurosci 2012, 15: 1227-1235.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Um JW, Nygaard HB, Heiss JK, Kostylev MA, Stagi M, Vortmeyer A, Wisniewski T, Gunther EC, Strittmatter SM: Alzheimer amyloid-beta oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons. Nat Neurosci 2012, 15: 1227-1235.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Lesne S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH: A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 2006, 440: 352-357.PubMedCrossRef Lesne S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH: A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 2006, 440: 352-357.PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Cheng IH, Scearce-Levie K, Legleiter J, Palop JJ, Gerstein H, Bien-Ly N, Puolivali J, Lesne S, Ashe KH, Muchowski PJ, Mucke L: Accelerating amyloid-beta fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 23818-23828.PubMedCrossRef Cheng IH, Scearce-Levie K, Legleiter J, Palop JJ, Gerstein H, Bien-Ly N, Puolivali J, Lesne S, Ashe KH, Muchowski PJ, Mucke L: Accelerating amyloid-beta fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J Biol Chem 2007, 282: 23818-23828.PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Cullen WK, Anwyl R, Wolfe MS, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ: Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002, 416: 535-539.PubMedCrossRef Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Cullen WK, Anwyl R, Wolfe MS, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ: Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002, 416: 535-539.PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Abramov E, Dolev I, Fogel H, Ciccotosto GD, Ruff E, Slutsky I: Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12: 1567-1576.PubMedCrossRef Abramov E, Dolev I, Fogel H, Ciccotosto GD, Ruff E, Slutsky I: Amyloid-β as a positive endogenous regulator of release probability at hippocampal synapses. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12: 1567-1576.PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Palop JJ, Chin J, Roberson ED, Wang J, Thwin MT, Bien-Ly N, Yoo J, Ho KO, Yu GQ, Kreitzer A, et al.: Aberrant excitatory neuronal activity and compensatory remodeling of inhibitory hippocampal circuits in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2007, 55: 697-711.PubMedCrossRef Palop JJ, Chin J, Roberson ED, Wang J, Thwin MT, Bien-Ly N, Yoo J, Ho KO, Yu GQ, Kreitzer A, et al.: Aberrant excitatory neuronal activity and compensatory remodeling of inhibitory hippocampal circuits in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2007, 55: 697-711.PubMedCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Prada C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Rozkalne A, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Holtzman DM, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT: Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2008, 451: 720-724.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Prada C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Rozkalne A, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Holtzman DM, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT: Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2008, 451: 720-724.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Simard AR, Soulet D, Gowing G, Julien JP, Rivest S: Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2006, 49: 489-502.PubMedCrossRef Simard AR, Soulet D, Gowing G, Julien JP, Rivest S: Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 2006, 49: 489-502.PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Fiala M, Cribbs DH, Rosenthal M, Bernard G: Phagocytosis of amyloid-beta and inflammation: two faces of innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2007, 11: 457-463.PubMed Fiala M, Cribbs DH, Rosenthal M, Bernard G: Phagocytosis of amyloid-beta and inflammation: two faces of innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2007, 11: 457-463.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Bolmont T, Haiss F, Eicke D, Radde R, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Kohsaka S, Jucker M, Calhoun ME: Dynamics of the microglial/amyloid interaction indicate a role in plaque maintenance. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4283-4292.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bolmont T, Haiss F, Eicke D, Radde R, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Kohsaka S, Jucker M, Calhoun ME: Dynamics of the microglial/amyloid interaction indicate a role in plaque maintenance. J Neurosci 2008, 28: 4283-4292.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Medeiros R, Prediger RD, Passos GF, Pandolfo P, Duarte FS, Franco JL, Dafre AL, Di Giunta G, Figueiredo CP, Takahashi RN, et al.: Connecting TNF-alpha signaling pathways to iNOS expression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: relevance for the behavioral and synaptic deficits induced by amyloid beta protein. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 5394-5404.PubMedCrossRef Medeiros R, Prediger RD, Passos GF, Pandolfo P, Duarte FS, Franco JL, Dafre AL, Di Giunta G, Figueiredo CP, Takahashi RN, et al.: Connecting TNF-alpha signaling pathways to iNOS expression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: relevance for the behavioral and synaptic deficits induced by amyloid beta protein. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 5394-5404.PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Town T, Laouar Y, Pittenger C, Mori T, Szekely CA, Tan J, Duman RS, Flavell RA: Blocking TGF-beta-Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology. Nat Med 2008, 14: 681-687.PubMedCentralPubMed Town T, Laouar Y, Pittenger C, Mori T, Szekely CA, Tan J, Duman RS, Flavell RA: Blocking TGF-beta-Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology. Nat Med 2008, 14: 681-687.PubMedCentralPubMed
150.
go back to reference Tesseur I, Zou K, Esposito L, Bard F, Berber E, Can JV, Lin AH, Crews L, Tremblay P, Mathews P, et al.: Deficiency in neuronal TGF-beta signaling promotes neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s pathology. J Clin Invest 2006, 116: 3060-3069.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tesseur I, Zou K, Esposito L, Bard F, Berber E, Can JV, Lin AH, Crews L, Tremblay P, Mathews P, et al.: Deficiency in neuronal TGF-beta signaling promotes neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s pathology. J Clin Invest 2006, 116: 3060-3069.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Caraci F, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Bosco P, Carbonaro V, Giuffrida ML, Drago F, Sortino MA, Nicoletti F, Copani A: TGF-β1 pathway as a new target for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011, 17: 237-249.PubMedCrossRef Caraci F, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Bosco P, Carbonaro V, Giuffrida ML, Drago F, Sortino MA, Nicoletti F, Copani A: TGF-β1 pathway as a new target for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011, 17: 237-249.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Advances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a re-evaluation of amyloid cascade hypothesis
Authors
Suzhen Dong
Yale Duan
Yinghe Hu
Zheng Zhao
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Translational Neurodegeneration / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 2047-9158
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-9158-1-18

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Translational Neurodegeneration 1/2012 Go to the issue