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Journal of Neuroinflammation
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Research

Classically and alternatively activated bone marrow derived macrophages differ in cytoskeletal functions and migration towards specific CNS cell types

Authors: Elly JF Vereyken, Priscilla DAM Heijnen, Wia Baron, Elga HE de Vries, Christine D Dijkstra, Charlotte E Teunissen

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2011

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Abstract

Background

Macrophages play an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), being involved in both damage and repair. The divergent effects of macrophages might be explained by their different activation status: classically activated (CA/M1), pro-inflammatory, macrophages and alternatively activated (AA/M2), growth promoting, macrophages. Little is known about the effect of macrophages with these phenotypes in the central nervous system (CNS) and how they influence pathogenesis. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the characteristics of these phenotypically different macrophages in the context of the CNS in an in vitro setting.

Results

Here we show that bone marrow derived CA and AA macrophages have a distinct migratory capacity towards medium conditioned by various cell types of the CNS. AA macrophages were preferentially attracted by the low weight (< 10 kD) fraction of neuronal conditioned medium, while CA macrophages were attracted in higher numbers by astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte conditioned medium. Intrinsic motility was twice as high in AA macrophages compared to CA macrophages. The adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) was significantly enhanced in CA macrophages compared to control and AA macrophages. The actin cytoskeleton was differentially organized between CA and AA macrophages, possibly due to greater activity of the GTPases RhoA and Rac in CA macrophages. Phagocytosis of myelin and neuronal fragments was increased in CA macrophages compared to AA macrophages. The increase in myelin phagocytosis was associated with higher expression of CR3/MAC-1 in CA macrophages.

Conclusion

In conclusion, since AA macrophages are more motile and are attracted by NCM, they are prone to migrate towards neurons in the CNS. CA macrophages have a lower motility and a stronger adhesion to ECM. In neuroinflammatory diseases the restricted migration and motility of CA macrophages might limit lesion size due to bystander damage.
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Metadata
Title
Classically and alternatively activated bone marrow derived macrophages differ in cytoskeletal functions and migration towards specific CNS cell types
Authors
Elly JF Vereyken
Priscilla DAM Heijnen
Wia Baron
Elga HE de Vries
Christine D Dijkstra
Charlotte E Teunissen
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-58

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Deleterious effects of lymphocytes at the early stage of neurodegeneration in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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CCL2/MCP-1 modulation of microglial activation and proliferation

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Regulation of Toll-like receptor 1 and -2 in neonatal mice brains after hypoxia-ischemia

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Reduced spiral ganglion neuronal loss by adjunctive neurotrophin-3 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis