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Journal of Translational Medicine
Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Review

Milk: an exosomal microRNA transmitter promoting thymic regulatory T cell maturation preventing the development of atopy?

Authors: Bodo C Melnik, Swen Malte John, Gerd Schmitz

Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2014

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Abstract

Epidemiological evidence confirmed that raw cow’s milk consumption in the first year of life protects against the development of atopic diseases and increases the number of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). However, milk’s atopy-protective mode of action remains elusive.
This review supported by translational research proposes that milk-derived microRNAs (miRs) may represent the missing candidates that promote long-term lineage commitment of Tregs downregulating IL-4/Th2-mediated atopic sensitization and effector immune responses. Milk transfers exosomal miRs including the ancient miR-155, which is important for the development of the immune system and controls pivotal target genes involved in the regulation of FoxP3 expression, IL-4 signaling, immunoglobulin class switching to IgE and FcϵRI expression. Boiling of milk abolishes milk’s exosomal miR-mediated bioactivity. Infant formula in comparison to human breast- or cow’s milk is deficient in bioactive exosomal miRs that may impair FoxP3 expression. The boost of milk-mediated miR may induce pivotal immunoregulatory and epigenetic modifications required for long-term thymic Treg lineage commitment explaining the atopy-protective effect of raw cow’s milk consumption.
The presented concept offers a new option for the prevention of atopic diseases by the addition of physiological amounts of miR-155-enriched exosomes to infant formula for mothers incapable of breastfeeding.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Milk: an exosomal microRNA transmitter promoting thymic regulatory T cell maturation preventing the development of atopy?
Authors
Bodo C Melnik
Swen Malte John
Gerd Schmitz
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1479-5876
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-12-43

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