Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Inflammation
Published in: Journal of Inflammation 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research

Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice

Authors: Arnab Majhi, Kiran Kundu, Rana Adhikary, Madhubanti Banerjee, Sayantika Mahanti, Anirban Basu, Biswadev Bishayi

Published in: Journal of Inflammation | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Objectives

Emergence of multidrug resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), has limited the available options used to treat infections caused by this organism. The objective of this study was to compare the role of monotherapy and combination therapy with ampicillin (AMP) and azithromycin (AZM) in eradicating bacterial burden and down regulating lung inflammation in a murine experimental pneumococcal infection model.

Methods

Balb/C mice were infected with 106 CFU of SP. Treatments with intravenous ampicillin (200 mg/kg) and azithromycin (50 mg/kg) either alone or in combination was initiated 18 h post infection, animals were sacrificed from 0 – 6 h after initiation of treatment. AMP and AZM were quantified in serum by microbiological assay. Levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-6, and IL-10 in serum and in lungs, along with myeloperoxidase, inflammatory cell count in broncho alveolar lavage fluid, COX-2 and histopathological changes in lungs were estimated.

Results

Combination therapy down regulated lung inflammation and accelerated bacterial clearance. This approach also significantly decreased TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and increased IL-10 level in serum and lungs along with decreased myeloperoxidase, pulmonary vascular permeability, inflammatory cell numbers and COX-2 levels in lungs.

Conclusions

Combinatorial therapy resulted in comparable bactericidal activity against the multi-drug resistant isolate and may represent an alternative dosing strategy, which may help to alleviate problems with pneumococcal pneumonia.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Aspa J, Rajas O, de Castro FR: Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: therapeutic strategy and management in community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Opin Pharmacothe. 2008, 9: 229-241. 10.1517/14656566.9.2.229.CrossRef
2.
Neill DR, Fernandes VE, Wisby L, Haynes AR, Ferreira DM, Laher A, Strickland N, Gordon SB, Denny P, Kadioglu A, Andrew PW: T-regulatory cells control susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Plos Pathogens. 2012, 8: 1-12.CrossRef
3.
Scott JAG: The preventable burden of pneumococcal disease in the developing world. Vaccine. 2007, 25: 2398-2405. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.008.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Davies T, Goering RV, Lovgren M, Talbot JA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC: Molecular epidemiological survey of penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asia, Europe and North America. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999, 34: 7-12. 10.1016/S0732-8893(98)00156-4.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Tomasz A, Corso A, Severina EP, Echaniz-Aviles G, Brandileone MC, Camou T, Castaneda E, Figueroa O, Rossi A, Di Fabio JL: Molecular epidemiologic characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive pediatric isolates recovered in six Latin-American countries: an overview. PAHO/Rockefeller University Workshop, Pan American Health Organization Microbial Drug Resistance. 1998, 4: 195-207.PubMed
6.
Chawla K, Gurung B, Mukhopadhyay C, Bairy I: Reporting emerging resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from India. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010, 2: 10-14. 10.4103/0974-777X.59245.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler K, Freeman J, Jones RN: Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis. 1998, 27: 764-770. 10.1086/514953.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Washington J, Alexander Project Group: A multicentre study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community acquired lower respiratory tract pathogens in the United States, 1992-1994. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996, 25: 183-190. 10.1016/S0732-8893(96)00128-9.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Jenkins TC, Sakai J, Kneppe BC, Swartwood CJ, Haukoos JS, Long JA, Price CS, Burman WJ: Risk factors for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and antibiotic prescribing practices in outpatient community acquired pneumonia. Acad Emerg Med. 2012, 19: 703-706. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01365.x.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Flanders SA, Halm EA: Guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia: are they reflected in practice?. Treatment Respiratory Medicine. 2004, 3: 67-77. 10.2165/00151829-200403020-00001.CrossRef
11.
Niederman MS, Bass JB, Campbell GD, Fein AM, Grossman RF, Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Sarosi GA, Torres A, Yu VL: Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Thoracic Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Am Rev Respi Dis. 1993, 148: 1418-1426. 10.1164/ajrccm/148.5.1418.CrossRef
12.
Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, Bass JB, Broughton WA, Campbell GD, Dean N, File T, Fine MJ, Gross PA, Martinez F, Marrie TJ, Plouffe JF, Ramirez J, Sarosi GA, Torres A, Wilson R, Yu VL, American Thoracic Society: Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 1730-1754. 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.at1010.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, File TM: Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management, The Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1998, 26: 811-838. 10.1086/513953.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Whitney C, Infectious Diseases Society of America: Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 37: 1405-1433. 10.1086/380488.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG: Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2001, 161: 1837-1842. 10.1001/archinte.161.15.1837.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, Marco F, Soriano A, Garcia E, Marco MA, Torres A, Mensa J: Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003, 36: 389-395. 10.1086/367541.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, Feldman C, Ortqvist A, Rello J, Morris AJ, Luna CM, Snydman DR, Ko WC, Chedid MB, Hui DS, Andremont A, Chiou CC, International Pneumococcal Study Group: Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacterimia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004, 170: 440-444. 10.1164/rccm.200311-1578OC.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Brown RB, Iannini P, Gross P, Kunkel M: Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of a hospital claims – made database. Chest. 2003, 123: 1503-1511. 10.1378/chest.123.5.1503.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Weiss K, Low DE, Cortes L, Beaupre A, Gauthier R, Gregoire P, Legare M, Nepveu F, Thibert D, Tremblay C, Tremblay J: Clinical characteristics at initial presentation and impact of dual therapy on the outcome of bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Can Respir J. 2004, 11: 589-593.PubMed
20.
Garcia-Vazquez E, Mensa J, Martinez JA, Marcos MA, Puig J, Ortega M, Torres A: Lower mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam agent versus a beta-lactam agent alone. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005, 24: 190-195. 10.1007/s10096-005-1295-9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Metersky ML, Ma A, Houck PM, Bratzler DW: Antibiotics for bacteremic pneumonia: Improved outcomes with macrolides but not fluoroquinolones. Chest. 2007, 131: 466-473. 10.1378/chest.06-1426.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Restrepo RD: A stepwise approach to management of stable COPD with inhaled pharmacotherapy: a review. Respiratory Care. 2009, 54: 1058-1081.PubMed
23.
Tessmer A, Welte T, Martus P, Schnoor M, Marre R, Suttorp N: Impact of intravenous {beta}-lactam/macrolide versus beta-lactam monotherapy on mortality in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009, 63: 1025-1033. 10.1093/jac/dkp088.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Lodise TP, Kwa A, Cosler L, Gupta R, Smith RP: Comparison of β-lactam and macrolide combination therapy versus fluoroquinolone monotherapy in hospitalized veterans affairs patients with community acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 3977-3982. 10.1128/AAC.00006-07.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Todisco T, Dal Farra F, Ciliberti G, Pirina P, Guelfi R, Serra G, Paris R, Mancuso I, Cepparulo M: An Italian experience of sequential intravenous and oral azithromycin plus intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Chemother. 2008, 20: 225-232. 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.225.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Nau R, Eiffert H: Modulation of release of proinflammatory bacterial compounds by antibacterials: potential impact on course of inflammation and outcome in sepsis and meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002, 15: 95-110. 10.1128/CMR.15.1.95-110.2002.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Tuomanen E, Rich R, Zak O: Induction of pulmonary inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell surface. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987, 135: 869-874.PubMedCrossRef
28.
McCullers JA: Effect of antiviral treatment in the outcome of secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza. J Infect Dis. 2004, 190: 519-526. 10.1086/421525.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Karlstrom A, Heston SM, Boyd KL, Tuomanen EI, McCullers JA: Toll like receptor 2 mediates fatal immunopathology in mice during treatment of secondary pneumococcal pneumonia following influenza. J Infect Dis. 2011, 204: 1358-1366. 10.1093/infdis/jir522.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Drago L, Nicola L, Rodighiero V, Larosa M, Mattina R, De Vecchi E: Comparative evaluation of synergy of combinations of β-lactams with fluoroquinolones or a macrolide in Streptococcus pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66: 845-849. 10.1093/jac/dkr016.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Mc Cool TL, Weiser JN: Limited role of antibody in clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine model of colonization. Infection Immunity. 2004, 72: 5807-5813. 10.1128/IAI.72.10.5807-5813.2004.CrossRef
32.
CLSI: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006, M7-A7. 7
33.
CLSI: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 19th informational supplement. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008, M100-S118.
34.
Marra A, Brigham D: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes experimental meningitis following intranasal and otitis media infections via a non hematogenous route. Infection Immunity. 2001, 69: 7318-7325. 10.1128/IAI.69.12.7318-7325.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Azoulay-Dupuis E, Bedos JP, Mohler J, Peytavin G, Isturiz R, Moine P, Rieux V, Cherbuliez C, Pechere JC, Fantin B, Kohler T: Activities of garenoxacin against quinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in vitro and in a mouse pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004, 48: 765-773. 10.1128/AAC.48.3.765-773.2004.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Peterson LR, Gerding DN: Influence of protein binding of antibiotics on serum pharmacokinetics and extravascular penetration: clinically useful concepts. Rev Infect Dis. 1980, 2: 340-348. 10.1093/clinids/2.3.340.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Erlendsdottir H, Knudsen JD, Odenholt I, Cars O, Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N, Fuursted K, Kristinsson KG, Gudmundsson S: Penicillin pharmacodynamics in four experimental pneumococcal infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001, 45: 1078-1085. 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1078-1085.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Bergeron Y, Ouellet N, Deslauriers AM, Simard M, Olivier M, Bergeron MG: Cytokine kinetics and other host factors in response to pneumococcal pulmonary infection in mice. Infection Immunity. 1998, 66: 912-922.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Green TP, Johnson DE, Marchessault RP, Gatto CW: Transvascular flux and tissue accrual of Evans blue: effects of endotoxin and histamine. J Lab Clin Med. 1988, 111: 73-83.
40.
Mahanti S, Majhi A, Chongder S, Kundu K, Dutta K, Basu A, Bishayi B: Increased resistance of immobilized-stressed mice to infection: correlation with behavioral alterations. Brain Behav Immun. 2013, 28: 115-127.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Duong M, Simard M, Bergeron Y, Bergeron MG: Kinetic study of the inflammatory response in S. pneumonia experimental pneumonia treated with the ketolide HMR 3004. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001, 45: 252-262. 10.1128/AAC.45.1.252-262.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
McCullers JA, Tuomanen EI: Molecular pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Frontiers Bioscience. 2001, 6: D877-D889. 10.2741/McCullers.CrossRef
43.
Orman KL, English BK: Effects of antibiotic class on the macrophage inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis. 2000, 182: 1561-1565. 10.1086/315861.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Critchley IA, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, Tillotson GS, Janjic N: National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. faropenem surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 4382-4389. 10.1128/AAC.00971-07.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Labro MT, Abdelghaffar H: Immunomodulation by macrolide antibiotics. J Chemother. 2001, 13: 3-8. 10.1179/joc.2001.13.1.3.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Ianaro A, Ialenti A, Maffia P, Sautebin L, Rombola L, Carnuccio R, Luvone T: Anti-inflammatory activity of macrolide antibiotics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000, 292: 156-163.PubMed
47.
Morikawa K, Watabe H, Araake M: Modulatory effect of antibiotics on cytokine production by human monocytes in vitro. J Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 1996, 40: 1366-1370.
48.
Cigana C, Assael BM, Melotti P: Azithromycin selectively reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 975-981. 10.1128/AAC.01142-06.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Karlström A, Boyd KL, English BK, McCullers JA: Treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors improves outcomes of secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza. J Infect Dis. 2009, 199: 311-319. 10.1086/596051.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Anderson R, Tintinger G, Cockeran R, Potjo M, Feldman C: Beneficial and harmful interactions of antibiotics with microbial pathogens and the host innate immune system. Pharmaceuticals. 2010, 3: 1694-1710. 10.3390/ph3051694.PubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Ivetic V, Tkalcevic , Bosnjak B, Hrvacic B, Bosnar M, Marjanovic N, Ferencic Z, Situm K, Culic O, Parnham MJ, Erakovic V: Anti-inflammatory activity of azithromycin attenuates the effects of lipopolysaccharide administration in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006, 539: 131-138. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.074.CrossRef
52.
Scaglione F, Demartini G, Dugnani S, Arcidiacono MM, Pintucci JP, Fraschini F: Interpretation of middle ear fluid concentration of antibiotics: comparison between ceftibuten, cefixime and azithromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998, 47: 267-271.CrossRef
53.
Barry B, Muffat-Joly M, Gehanno P, Pocidalo JJ: Effect of increased dosages of amoxicillin in treatment of experimental middle ear otitis due to penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993, 37: 1599-1603. 10.1128/AAC.37.8.1599.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Gustafsson I, Löwdin E, Odenholt I, Cars O: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for antimicrobial effects of cefotaxime and amoxicillin in an in vitro kinetic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001, 45: 2436-2440. 10.1128/AAC.45.9.2436-2440.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Riesbeck K: Immunomodulating activity of quinolones: review. J Chemother. 2002, 14: 3-12. 10.1179/joc.2002.14.1.3.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Rijneveld AW, van den Dobbelsteen GP, Florquin S, Standiford TJ, Speelman P, van Alphen L, van der Poll T: Roles of interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in pneumolysin induced lung inflammation in mice. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 123-126. 10.1086/338008.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Ware LB, Matthay MA: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 1334-1339. 10.1056/NEJM200005043421806.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zarbock A, Polanowska-Grabowska RK, Ley K: Platelet-neutrophil interactions: Linking hemostasis and inflammation. Blood Reviews. 2007, 21: 99-111. 10.1016/j.blre.2006.06.001.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Eckle T, Faigle M, Grenz A, Laucher S, Thompson LF, Eltzschiq HK: A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak. Blood. 2008, 111: 2024-2035. 10.1182/blood-2007-10-117044.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Reutershan J, Morris MA, Burcin TL, Smith DF, Chang D, Saprito MS, Ley K: Critical role of endothelial CXCR-2 in LPS induced neutrophil migration into the lung. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 695-702. 10.1172/JCI27009.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
van der Poll T, Deventer SJH: Interleukin-6 in bacterial infection and sepsis: innocent bystander or essential mediator?. Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Edited by: Vincent JL. 1999, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 43-53.
62.
Khan AA, Slifer T, Araujo FG: Effect of clarithromycin and azithromycin on production of cytokines by human monocytes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999, 11: 121-132. 10.1016/S0924-8579(98)00091-0.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR: Effect of prolonged treatment with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin on Chlamydia pneumoniae in a continuous infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002, 46: 409-412. 10.1128/AAC.46.2.409-412.2002.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Donelly SC, Strieter RM, Reid PT: The association between mortality rates and decreased concentrations of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the lung fluids of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Annual International Medicine. 1996, 125: 191-196. 10.7326/0003-4819-125-3-199608010-00005.CrossRef
65.
Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM: IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol. 2008, 180: 5771-5777.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Wang E, Simard M, Ouellet N, Bergeron Y, Beauchamp D, Bergeron MG: Modulation of cytokines and chemokines, limited pulmonary vascular bed permeability, and prevention of septicemia and death with ceftriaxone and interleukin-10 in pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2000, 182: 1255-1299. 10.1086/315811.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Wang E, Bergeron Y, Bergeron MG: Ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in interleukin-10-treated murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005, 55: 721-726. 10.1093/jac/dki085.PubMedCrossRef
68.
van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Goldman M, Lowry SF: Interleukin-10 impairs host defense in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 1996, 174: 994-1000. 10.1093/infdis/174.5.994.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Stables MJ, Newson J, Ayoub SS, Brown J, Hyams CJ, Gilroy DW: Priming innate immune responses to infection by cyclooxygenease inhibition kills antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacteria. Blood. 2010, 116: 2950-2959. 10.1182/blood-2010-05-284844.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Combination therapy with ampicillin and azithromycin in an experimental pneumococcal pneumonia is bactericidal and effective in down regulating inflammation in mice
Authors
Arnab Majhi
Kiran Kundu
Rana Adhikary
Madhubanti Banerjee
Sayantika Mahanti
Anirban Basu
Biswadev Bishayi
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Inflammation / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1476-9255
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-11-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Journal of Inflammation 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research

Lipopolysaccharide responsiveness in vocal fold fibroblasts

Research

The histone deacetylase Hdac1 regulates inflammatory signalling in intestinal epithelial cells

Research

Early effects of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm secreted products on inflammatory responses of human epithelial keratinocytes

Research

Relationship between vitamin D status and the inflammatory state in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Research

Salivary histatin 3 inhibits heat shock cognate protein 70-mediated inflammatory cytokine production through toll-like receptors in human gingival fibroblasts

Research

Green Tea Extract (GTE) improves differentiation in human osteoblasts during oxidative stress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits