Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Review

Echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: usefulness of old and new techniques in the diagnosis and pathophysiological assessment

Authors: Maria-Angela Losi, Stefano Nistri, Maurizio Galderisi, Sandro Betocchi, Franco Cecchi, Iacopo Olivotto, Eustachio Agricola, Piercarlo Ballo, Simona Buralli, Antonello D'Andrea, Arcangelo D'Errico, Donato Mele, Susanna Sciomer, Sergio Mondillo, the Working Group of Echocardiography of the Italian Society of Cardiology

Published in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common inherited cardiomyopathy. The identification of patients with HCM is sometimes still a challenge. Moreover, the pathophysiology of the disease is complex because of left ventricular hyper-contractile state, diastolic dysfunction, ischemia and obstruction which can be coexistent in the same patient. In this review, we discuss the current and emerging echocardiographic methodology that can help physicians in the correct diagnostic and pathophysiological assessment of patients with HCM.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED: ACC/ESC clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 42: 1687-713. 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00941-0.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED: ACC/ESC clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 42: 1687-713. 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00941-0.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB: Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 2006, 113: 1807-16. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB: Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 2006, 113: 1807-16. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A: Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008, 29: 270-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342.CrossRefPubMed Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A: Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008, 29: 270-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Doi YL, McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF: 'Pseudo' systolic anterior motion in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1983, 4: 838-45.PubMed Doi YL, McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Goodwin JF: 'Pseudo' systolic anterior motion in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1983, 4: 838-45.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Pollick C, Rakowski H, Wigle ED: Muscular subaortic stenosis: the quantitative relationship between systolic anterior motion and the pressure gradient. Circulation. 1984, 69: 43-9.CrossRefPubMed Pollick C, Rakowski H, Wigle ED: Muscular subaortic stenosis: the quantitative relationship between systolic anterior motion and the pressure gradient. Circulation. 1984, 69: 43-9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Edwards JE, Epstein SE: Prevalence and characteristics of disproportionate ventricular septal thicknening in patients with systemic hypertension. Chest. 1978, 73: 466-70. 10.1378/chest.73.4.466.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Edwards JE, Epstein SE: Prevalence and characteristics of disproportionate ventricular septal thicknening in patients with systemic hypertension. Chest. 1978, 73: 466-70. 10.1378/chest.73.4.466.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Pieroni M, Chimenti C, De Cobelli F, Morgante E, Del Maschio A, Gaudio C, Russo MA, Frustaci A: Fabry's disease cardiomyopathy: echocardiographic detection of endomyocardial glycosphingolipid compartmentalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1663-71. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.070.CrossRefPubMed Pieroni M, Chimenti C, De Cobelli F, Morgante E, Del Maschio A, Gaudio C, Russo MA, Frustaci A: Fabry's disease cardiomyopathy: echocardiographic detection of endomyocardial glycosphingolipid compartmentalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1663-71. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.070.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Kounas S, Demetrescu C, Pantazis AA, Keren A, Lee PJ, Hughes D, Mehta A, Elliott PM: The binary endocardial appearance is a poor discriminator of Anderson-Fabry disease from familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 2058-61. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.046.CrossRefPubMed Kounas S, Demetrescu C, Pantazis AA, Keren A, Lee PJ, Hughes D, Mehta A, Elliott PM: The binary endocardial appearance is a poor discriminator of Anderson-Fabry disease from familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 2058-61. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.046.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Arad M, Maron BJ, Gorham JM, Johnson WH, Saul JP, Perez-Atayde AR, Spirito P, Wright GB, Kanter RJ, Seidman CE, Seidman JG: Glycogen storage diseases presenting as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 362-72. 10.1056/NEJMoa033349.CrossRefPubMed Arad M, Maron BJ, Gorham JM, Johnson WH, Saul JP, Perez-Atayde AR, Spirito P, Wright GB, Kanter RJ, Seidman CE, Seidman JG: Glycogen storage diseases presenting as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 362-72. 10.1056/NEJMoa033349.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Gottdiener JS, Hawley RJ, Maron BJ, Bertorini TF, Engle WK: Characteristics of the cardiac hypertrophy in Friedreich's ataxia. Am Heart J. 1982, 103: 525-31. 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90340-4.CrossRefPubMed Gottdiener JS, Hawley RJ, Maron BJ, Bertorini TF, Engle WK: Characteristics of the cardiac hypertrophy in Friedreich's ataxia. Am Heart J. 1982, 103: 525-31. 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90340-4.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Nistri S, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Valsecchi G, Pinamonti B, Conte MR, Casazza F, Galderisi M, Maron BJ, Cecchi F: Prognostic significance of left atrial size in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (from the Italian Registry for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). Am J Cardiol. 2006, 98: 960-5. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.013.CrossRefPubMed Nistri S, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Valsecchi G, Pinamonti B, Conte MR, Casazza F, Galderisi M, Maron BJ, Cecchi F: Prognostic significance of left atrial size in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (from the Italian Registry for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). Am J Cardiol. 2006, 98: 960-5. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.013.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Briguori C, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Manganelli F, Piscione F, Pace L, Boccalatte M, Gottilla R, Salvatore M, Chiariello M: Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 81 (2): 180-7. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00870-9.CrossRefPubMed Briguori C, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Manganelli F, Piscione F, Pace L, Boccalatte M, Gottilla R, Salvatore M, Chiariello M: Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 81 (2): 180-7. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00870-9.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Briguori C, Betocchi S, Romano M, Manganelli F, Losi MA, Ciampi Q, Gottilla R, Lombardi R, Condorelli M, Chiariello M: Exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy depends on left ventricular diastolic function. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 84: 309-15. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00282-9.CrossRefPubMed Briguori C, Betocchi S, Romano M, Manganelli F, Losi MA, Ciampi Q, Gottilla R, Lombardi R, Condorelli M, Chiariello M: Exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy depends on left ventricular diastolic function. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 84: 309-15. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00282-9.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Tocchetti CG, Barbati G, Chiariello M: Determinants of atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2004, 94: 895-900. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.06.024.CrossRefPubMed Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Tocchetti CG, Barbati G, Chiariello M: Determinants of atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2004, 94: 895-900. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.06.024.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Spirito P, Maron BJ, Chiarella F, Bellotti P, Tramarin R, Pozzoli M, Vecchio C: Diastolic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1985, 72: 310-6.CrossRefPubMed Spirito P, Maron BJ, Chiarella F, Bellotti P, Tramarin R, Pozzoli M, Vecchio C: Diastolic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1985, 72: 310-6.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Klues HG, Schiffers A, Maron BJ: Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 26: 1699-708. 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00390-8.CrossRefPubMed Klues HG, Schiffers A, Maron BJ: Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 26: 1699-708. 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00390-8.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, Rodríguez I, Dumont C, Cazón L, Cuesta MG, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Peteiro J, Alvarez N, Penas-Lado M, Castro-Beiras A: Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 1953-61. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm239.CrossRefPubMed Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, Rodríguez I, Dumont C, Cazón L, Cuesta MG, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Peteiro J, Alvarez N, Penas-Lado M, Castro-Beiras A: Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 1953-61. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm239.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, Ruddy TD, Fulop J, Rakowski H, Williams WG: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985, 28: 1-83. 10.1016/0033-0620(85)90024-6.CrossRefPubMed Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, Ruddy TD, Fulop J, Rakowski H, Williams WG: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985, 28: 1-83. 10.1016/0033-0620(85)90024-6.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Spirito P, Maron BJ: Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and occurrence of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990, 15: 1521-6.CrossRefPubMed Spirito P, Maron BJ: Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and occurrence of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990, 15: 1521-6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ: Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 1778-85. 10.1056/NEJM200006153422403.CrossRefPubMed Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ: Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 1778-85. 10.1056/NEJM200006153422403.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Elliott PM, Gimeno Blanes JR, Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ: Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2001, 357: 420-4. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04005-8.CrossRefPubMed Elliott PM, Gimeno Blanes JR, Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ: Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2001, 357: 420-4. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04005-8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Olivotto I, Gistri R, Petrone P, Pedemonte E, Vargiu D, Cecchi F: Maximum left ventricular thickness and risk of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41: 315-21. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02713-4.CrossRefPubMed Olivotto I, Gistri R, Petrone P, Pedemonte E, Vargiu D, Cecchi F: Maximum left ventricular thickness and risk of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41: 315-21. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02713-4.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Maron J, Spirito P: Implications of left ventricular remodeling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 81: 1339-44. 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00164-7.CrossRefPubMed Maron J, Spirito P: Implications of left ventricular remodeling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 81: 1339-44. 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00164-7.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Niimura H, Bachinski LL, Sangwatanaroj S, Watkins H, Chudley AE, McKenna W, Kristinsson A, Roberts R, Sole M, Maron BJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE: Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C and late-onset familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1248-57. 10.1056/NEJM199804303381802.CrossRefPubMed Niimura H, Bachinski LL, Sangwatanaroj S, Watkins H, Chudley AE, McKenna W, Kristinsson A, Roberts R, Sole M, Maron BJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE: Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding protein C and late-onset familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1248-57. 10.1056/NEJM199804303381802.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Forissier JF, Charron P, Tezenas du Montcel S, Hagège A, Isnard R, Carrier L, Richard P, Desnos M, Bouhour JB, Schwartz K, Komajda M, Dubourg O: Diagnostic accuracy of a 2D left ventricle hypertrophy score for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26: 1882-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi276.CrossRefPubMed Forissier JF, Charron P, Tezenas du Montcel S, Hagège A, Isnard R, Carrier L, Richard P, Desnos M, Bouhour JB, Schwartz K, Komajda M, Dubourg O: Diagnostic accuracy of a 2D left ventricle hypertrophy score for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26: 1882-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi276.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Biagini E, Coccolo F, Ferlito M, Perugini E, Rocchi G, Bacchi-Reggiani L, Lofiego C, Boriani G, Prandstraller D, Picchio FM, Branzi A, Rapezzi C: Dilated-hypokinetic evolution of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and prognostic implications in paediatric and adult patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 46: 1543-50. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.062.CrossRefPubMed Biagini E, Coccolo F, Ferlito M, Perugini E, Rocchi G, Bacchi-Reggiani L, Lofiego C, Boriani G, Prandstraller D, Picchio FM, Branzi A, Rapezzi C: Dilated-hypokinetic evolution of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and prognostic implications in paediatric and adult patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 46: 1543-50. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.062.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, Mackey-Bojack S, Manning WJ, Udelson JE, Maron BJ: Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006, 114: 216-25. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500.CrossRefPubMed Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, Mackey-Bojack S, Manning WJ, Udelson JE, Maron BJ: Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006, 114: 216-25. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583500.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Spirito P, Maron BJ: Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and age in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989, 13: 820-823.CrossRefPubMed Spirito P, Maron BJ: Relation between extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and age in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989, 13: 820-823.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Casey SA, Hurrell DG, Aeppli DM: Relation of left ventricular thickness to age and gender in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 91: 1195-98. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00266-2.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Casey SA, Hurrell DG, Aeppli DM: Relation of left ventricular thickness to age and gender in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 91: 1195-98. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00266-2.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Topol EJ, Traill TA, Fortuin NC: Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly. N Eng J Med. 1985, 312: 277-83.CrossRef Topol EJ, Traill TA, Fortuin NC: Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly. N Eng J Med. 1985, 312: 277-83.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Niimura H, Patton KK, McKenna WJ, Soults J, Maron BJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE: Sarcomere protein gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the elderly. Circulation. 2002, 105: 446-51. 10.1161/hc0402.102990.CrossRefPubMed Niimura H, Patton KK, McKenna WJ, Soults J, Maron BJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE: Sarcomere protein gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the elderly. Circulation. 2002, 105: 446-51. 10.1161/hc0402.102990.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Kato TS, Noda A, Izawa H, Yamada A, Obata K, Nagata K, Iwase M, Murohara T, Yokota M, et al.: Discrimination of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy on the basis of strain rate imaging by tissue Doppler ultrasonography. Circulation. 2004, 110: 3808-14. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000150334.69355.00.CrossRefPubMed Kato TS, Noda A, Izawa H, Yamada A, Obata K, Nagata K, Iwase M, Murohara T, Yokota M, et al.: Discrimination of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy on the basis of strain rate imaging by tissue Doppler ultrasonography. Circulation. 2004, 110: 3808-14. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000150334.69355.00.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kubo T, Gimeno JR, Bahl A, Steffensen U, Steffensen M, Osman E, Thaman R, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, Doi Y, McKenna WJ: Prevalence, clinical significance, and genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 49: 2419-26. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.061.CrossRefPubMed Kubo T, Gimeno JR, Bahl A, Steffensen U, Steffensen M, Osman E, Thaman R, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, Doi Y, McKenna WJ: Prevalence, clinical significance, and genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 49: 2419-26. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.061.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Leone O, Rapezzi C, Sinagra G, Angelini A, Arbustini E, Bartoloni G, Basso C, Caforio ALP, Calabrese F, Coccolo F, d'Amati G, Maresi E, Milanesi O, Nodali S, Oliva F, Perkan A, Prandstraller D, Pucci A, Ramando A, Silvestri F, Valente M, Thiene G: Documento di consenso sulla biopsia endomiocardica promosso dall'Associazione per la Patologia Cardiovascolare Italiana. G Ital Cardiol. 2009, 10 (Suppl 1-9): 18S-50S. Leone O, Rapezzi C, Sinagra G, Angelini A, Arbustini E, Bartoloni G, Basso C, Caforio ALP, Calabrese F, Coccolo F, d'Amati G, Maresi E, Milanesi O, Nodali S, Oliva F, Perkan A, Prandstraller D, Pucci A, Ramando A, Silvestri F, Valente M, Thiene G: Documento di consenso sulla biopsia endomiocardica promosso dall'Associazione per la Patologia Cardiovascolare Italiana. G Ital Cardiol. 2009, 10 (Suppl 1-9): 18S-50S.
35.
go back to reference Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, Frustaci A, Jessup M, Kuhl U, Levine GN, Narula J, Starling RC, Towbin J, Virmani R, American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; European Society of Cardiology: The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation. 2007, 116: 2216-33. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.186093.CrossRefPubMed Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, Frustaci A, Jessup M, Kuhl U, Levine GN, Narula J, Starling RC, Towbin J, Virmani R, American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; European Society of Cardiology: The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation. 2007, 116: 2216-33. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.186093.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Sachdev B, Takenaka T, Teraguchi H, Tei C, Lee P, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM: Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in male patients with late onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2002, 105: 1407-11. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000012626.81324.38.CrossRefPubMed Sachdev B, Takenaka T, Teraguchi H, Tei C, Lee P, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM: Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in male patients with late onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2002, 105: 1407-11. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000012626.81324.38.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Groh WJ, Zipes DP: Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease. Heart Disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Edited by: Branwald E. 2005, Philadelphia. Elsevier Saunders, 7 Groh WJ, Zipes DP: Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease. Heart Disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Edited by: Branwald E. 2005, Philadelphia. Elsevier Saunders, 7
38.
go back to reference Dubrey SW, Cha K, Skinner M, LaValley M, Falk RH: Familial and primary (AL) cardiac amyloidosis: echocardiographically similar diseases with distinctly different clinical outcomes. Heart. 1997, 78: 74-82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dubrey SW, Cha K, Skinner M, LaValley M, Falk RH: Familial and primary (AL) cardiac amyloidosis: echocardiographically similar diseases with distinctly different clinical outcomes. Heart. 1997, 78: 74-82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Nistri S, Thiene G, Basso C, Corrado D, Vitolo A, Maron BJ: Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a young male military population. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 91: 1021-3. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00132-2.CrossRefPubMed Nistri S, Thiene G, Basso C, Corrado D, Vitolo A, Maron BJ: Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a young male military population. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 91: 1021-3. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00132-2.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Thiene G: Pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 1981-9. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.053.CrossRefPubMed Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Thiene G: Pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 1981-9. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.053.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P: The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med. 1991, 324: 295-301.CrossRefPubMed Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P: The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med. 1991, 324: 295-301.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Montgomery HE, Clarkson P, Dollery CM, Prasad K, Losi MA, Hemingway H, Statters D, Jubb M, Girvain M, Varnava A, World M, Deanfield J, Talmud P, McEwan JR, McKenna WJ, Humphries S: Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training. Circulation. 1997, 96: 741-7.CrossRefPubMed Montgomery HE, Clarkson P, Dollery CM, Prasad K, Losi MA, Hemingway H, Statters D, Jubb M, Girvain M, Varnava A, World M, Deanfield J, Talmud P, McEwan JR, McKenna WJ, Humphries S: Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training. Circulation. 1997, 96: 741-7.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, Wilson M, Carby L, Shah A, Sharma S: Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodeling in highly-trained athletes relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 2256-62. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.061.CrossRefPubMed Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, Wilson M, Carby L, Shah A, Sharma S: Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodeling in highly-trained athletes relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 2256-62. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.061.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Caso P, D'Andrea A, Caso I, Severino S, Calabrò P, Allocca F, Mininni N, Calabrò R: The athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: two conditions which may be misdiagnosed and coexistent. Which parameters should be analyzed to distinguish one disease from the other?. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2006, 7: 257-66.CrossRef Caso P, D'Andrea A, Caso I, Severino S, Calabrò P, Allocca F, Mininni N, Calabrò R: The athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: two conditions which may be misdiagnosed and coexistent. Which parameters should be analyzed to distinguish one disease from the other?. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2006, 7: 257-66.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Mahmarian JJ: Noninvasive cardiac imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 2410-22. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.065.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Mahmarian JJ: Noninvasive cardiac imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 2410-22. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.065.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference McKenna WJ, Kleinebenne A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Foale R: Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to clinical and prognostic features. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988, 1: 351-8.CrossRef McKenna WJ, Kleinebenne A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Foale R: Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular wall thickness in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to clinical and prognostic features. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988, 1: 351-8.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Maron MS, Hauser TH, Dubrow E, Horst TA, Kissinger KV, Udelson JE, Manning WJ: Right ventricular involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 100: 1293-8. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.05.061.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Hauser TH, Dubrow E, Horst TA, Kissinger KV, Udelson JE, Manning WJ: Right ventricular involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 100: 1293-8. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.05.061.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, Hauser TH, Manning WJ, Haas TS, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Ackerman MJ, Maron BJ: Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008, 118: 1541-9. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, Hauser TH, Manning WJ, Haas TS, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Ackerman MJ, Maron BJ: Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2008, 118: 1541-9. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Sachdev V, Shizukuda Y, Brenneman CL, Birdsall CW, Waclawiw MA, Arai AE, Mohiddin SA, Tripodi D, Fananapazir L, Plehn JF: Left atrial volumetric remodeling is predictive of functional capacity in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 2005, 149 (4): 730-6. 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.07.017.CrossRefPubMed Sachdev V, Shizukuda Y, Brenneman CL, Birdsall CW, Waclawiw MA, Arai AE, Mohiddin SA, Tripodi D, Fananapazir L, Plehn JF: Left atrial volumetric remodeling is predictive of functional capacity in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 2005, 149 (4): 730-6. 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.07.017.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, Cacace A, Ciampi Q, Tocchetti CG, Guida A, Chiariello M: Dobutamine stress echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2003, 100: 93-100. 10.1159/000073045.CrossRefPubMed Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, Cacace A, Ciampi Q, Tocchetti CG, Guida A, Chiariello M: Dobutamine stress echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2003, 100: 93-100. 10.1159/000073045.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Yu EH, Omran AS, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Siu SC, Rakowski H: Mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: relationship to obstruction and relief with myectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 36: 2219-25. 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01019-6.CrossRefPubMed Yu EH, Omran AS, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Siu SC, Rakowski H: Mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: relationship to obstruction and relief with myectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 36: 2219-25. 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01019-6.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Panza JA, Petrone RK, Fananapazir L, Maron BJ: Utility of continuous wave Doppler echocardiography in the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992, 19 (1): 91-9.CrossRefPubMed Panza JA, Petrone RK, Fananapazir L, Maron BJ: Utility of continuous wave Doppler echocardiography in the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992, 19 (1): 91-9.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006, 114: 2232-9. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682.CrossRefPubMed Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation. 2006, 114: 2232-9. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Shah JS, Esteban MT, Thaman R, Sharma R, Mist B, Pantazis A, Ward D, Kohli SK, Page SP, Demetrescu C, Sevdalis E, Keren A, Pellerin D, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM: Prevalence of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008, 94: 1288-94. 10.1136/hrt.2007.126003.CrossRefPubMed Shah JS, Esteban MT, Thaman R, Sharma R, Mist B, Pantazis A, Ward D, Kohli SK, Page SP, Demetrescu C, Sevdalis E, Keren A, Pellerin D, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM: Prevalence of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2008, 94: 1288-94. 10.1136/hrt.2007.126003.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Maron BJ, McIntosh CL, Klues HG, Cannon RO, Roberts WC: Morphologic basis for obstruction to right ventricular outflow in HCM. Am J Cardiol. 1993, 71: 1089-94. 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90578-Z.CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, McIntosh CL, Klues HG, Cannon RO, Roberts WC: Morphologic basis for obstruction to right ventricular outflow in HCM. Am J Cardiol. 1993, 71: 1089-94. 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90578-Z.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Betocchi S, Bonow RO, Bacharach SL, Rosing DR, Maron BJ, Green MV: Isovolumic relaxation period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment by radionuclide angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986, 7: 74-81.CrossRefPubMed Betocchi S, Bonow RO, Bacharach SL, Rosing DR, Maron BJ, Green MV: Isovolumic relaxation period in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment by radionuclide angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986, 7: 74-81.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, Spencer WH, Zoghbi WA, Quiñones MA: Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999, 99: 254-61.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, Spencer WH, Zoghbi WA, Quiñones MA: Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999, 99: 254-61.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Lombardi R, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Tocchetti CG, Aversa M, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Ciampi Q, Chiariello M: Myocardial collagen turnover in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003, 108: 1455-60. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000090687.97972.10.CrossRefPubMed Lombardi R, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Tocchetti CG, Aversa M, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Ciampi Q, Chiariello M: Myocardial collagen turnover in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003, 108: 1455-60. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000090687.97972.10.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Losi MA, Betocchi S, Chinali M, Barbati G, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Lombardi R, Contaldi C, de Simone G, Chiariello M: Myocardial texture in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007, 20: 1253-9. 10.1016/j.echo.2007.03.023.CrossRefPubMed Losi MA, Betocchi S, Chinali M, Barbati G, D'Alessandro G, Cacace A, Lombardi R, Contaldi C, de Simone G, Chiariello M: Myocardial texture in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007, 20: 1253-9. 10.1016/j.echo.2007.03.023.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, He ZX, Middleton KJ, Killip D, Zoghbi WA, Quinones M, Roberts R, Verani MS, Kleiman NS, Spencer WH: Role of myocardial contrast echocardiography during nonsurgical septal reduction therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998, 32: 225-9. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00220-4.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, He ZX, Middleton KJ, Killip D, Zoghbi WA, Quinones M, Roberts R, Verani MS, Kleiman NS, Spencer WH: Role of myocardial contrast echocardiography during nonsurgical septal reduction therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998, 32: 225-9. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00220-4.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Soman P, Swinburn J, Callister M, Stephens NG, Senior R: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: bedside diagnosis by intravenous contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001, 14: 311-3. 10.1067/mje.2001.108475.CrossRefPubMed Soman P, Swinburn J, Callister M, Stephens NG, Senior R: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: bedside diagnosis by intravenous contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001, 14: 311-3. 10.1067/mje.2001.108475.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR: Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with direct left atrial pressure measurement at cardiac catheterization. Circulation. 2007, 4;116: 2702-8. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698985.CrossRef Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR: Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with direct left atrial pressure measurement at cardiac catheterization. Circulation. 2007, 4;116: 2702-8. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698985.CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Matsumura Y, Elliott PM, Virdee MS, Sorajja P, Doi Y, McKenna WJ: Left ventricular diastolic function assessed using Doppler tissue imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to symptoms and exercise capacity. Heart. 2002, 87: 247-51. 10.1136/heart.87.3.247.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Matsumura Y, Elliott PM, Virdee MS, Sorajja P, Doi Y, McKenna WJ: Left ventricular diastolic function assessed using Doppler tissue imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relation to symptoms and exercise capacity. Heart. 2002, 87: 247-51. 10.1136/heart.87.3.247.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
go back to reference McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH, Denfield SW, Dreyer WJ, Price JF, Clunie S, Bezold LI, Hays AL, Towbin JA, Eidem BW: Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004, 109: 1756-62. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124723.16433.31.CrossRefPubMed McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH, Denfield SW, Dreyer WJ, Price JF, Clunie S, Bezold LI, Hays AL, Towbin JA, Eidem BW: Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004, 109: 1756-62. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124723.16433.31.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Chen S, Patel R, Tsybouleva N, Lutucuta S, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quiñones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Evolution of expression of cardiac phenotypes over a 4-year period in the beta-myosin heavy chain-Q403 transgenic rabbit model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004, 36: 663-73. 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.02.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nagueh SF, Chen S, Patel R, Tsybouleva N, Lutucuta S, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quiñones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Evolution of expression of cardiac phenotypes over a 4-year period in the beta-myosin heavy chain-Q403 transgenic rabbit model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004, 36: 663-73. 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.02.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, McFalls J, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quiñones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Tissue Doppler imaging predicts the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in subjects with subclinical disease. Circulation. 2003, 108 (4): 395-8. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000084500.72232.8D.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nagueh SF, McFalls J, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quiñones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Tissue Doppler imaging predicts the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in subjects with subclinical disease. Circulation. 2003, 108 (4): 395-8. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000084500.72232.8D.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
go back to reference Ho CY, Sweitzer NK, McDonough B, Maron BJ, Casey SA, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Solomon SD: Assessment of diastolic function with Doppler tissue imaging to predict genotype in preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2002, 105 (25): 2934-6. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000019070.70491.6D.CrossRef Ho CY, Sweitzer NK, McDonough B, Maron BJ, Casey SA, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Solomon SD: Assessment of diastolic function with Doppler tissue imaging to predict genotype in preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2002, 105 (25): 2934-6. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000019070.70491.6D.CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Betocchi S, Hess OM, Losi MA, Nonogi H, Krayenbuehl HP: Regional left ventricular mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1993, 88: 2206-14.CrossRefPubMed Betocchi S, Hess OM, Losi MA, Nonogi H, Krayenbuehl HP: Regional left ventricular mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1993, 88: 2206-14.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Ganame J, Mertens L, Eidem BW, Claus P, D'hooge J, Havemann LM, McMahon CJ, Elayda MA, Vaughn WK, Towbin JA, Ayres NA, Pignatelli RH: Regional myocardial deformation in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: morphological and clinical correlations. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28 (23): 2886-94. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm444.CrossRefPubMed Ganame J, Mertens L, Eidem BW, Claus P, D'hooge J, Havemann LM, McMahon CJ, Elayda MA, Vaughn WK, Towbin JA, Ayres NA, Pignatelli RH: Regional myocardial deformation in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: morphological and clinical correlations. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28 (23): 2886-94. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm444.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Weidemann F, Niemann M, Herrmann S, Kung M, Störk S, Waller C, Beer M, Breunig F, Wanner C, Voelker W, Ertl G, Bijnens B, Strotmann JM: A new echocardiographic approach for the detection of non-ischemic fibrosis in hypertrophic myocardium. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 3020-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm454.CrossRefPubMed Weidemann F, Niemann M, Herrmann S, Kung M, Störk S, Waller C, Beer M, Breunig F, Wanner C, Voelker W, Ertl G, Bijnens B, Strotmann JM: A new echocardiographic approach for the detection of non-ischemic fibrosis in hypertrophic myocardium. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 3020-6. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm454.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Notomi Y, Setser RM, Shiota T, Martin-Miklovic MG, Weaver JA, Popovic ZB, Yamada H, Greenberg NL, White RD, Thomas JD: Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging: a validation study using tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2005, 111: 1141-1147. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000157151.10971.98.CrossRefPubMed Notomi Y, Setser RM, Shiota T, Martin-Miklovic MG, Weaver JA, Popovic ZB, Yamada H, Greenberg NL, White RD, Thomas JD: Assessment of left ventricular torsional deformation by Doppler tissue imaging: a validation study using tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2005, 111: 1141-1147. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000157151.10971.98.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Notomi Y, Martin-Miklovic MG, Oryszak SJ, Shiota T, Deserranno D, Popovic ZB, Garcia MJ, Greenberg NL, Thomas JD: Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise: a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging. Circulation. 2006, 113: 2524-33. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.596502.CrossRefPubMed Notomi Y, Martin-Miklovic MG, Oryszak SJ, Shiota T, Deserranno D, Popovic ZB, Garcia MJ, Greenberg NL, Thomas JD: Enhanced ventricular untwisting during exercise: a mechanistic manifestation of elastic recoil described by Doppler tissue imaging. Circulation. 2006, 113: 2524-33. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.596502.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Wang J, Buergler JM, Veerasamy K, Ashton YP, Nagueh SF: Delayed untwisting: the mechanistic link between dynamic obstruction and exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 1326-34. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.064.CrossRefPubMed Wang J, Buergler JM, Veerasamy K, Ashton YP, Nagueh SF: Delayed untwisting: the mechanistic link between dynamic obstruction and exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 1326-34. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.064.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Sun JP, Stewart WJ, Yang XS, Donnell RO, Leon AR, Felner JM, Thomas JD, Merlino JD: Differentiation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis from other causes of ventricular wall thickening by two-dimensional strain imaging echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2009, 103: 411-5. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.102.CrossRefPubMed Sun JP, Stewart WJ, Yang XS, Donnell RO, Leon AR, Felner JM, Thomas JD, Merlino JD: Differentiation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis from other causes of ventricular wall thickening by two-dimensional strain imaging echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2009, 103: 411-5. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.09.102.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Lazzeroni E, Picano E, Morozzi L, Maurizio AR, Palma G, Ceriati R, Iori E, Barilli A: Dipyridamole-induced ischemia as a prognostic marker of future adverse cardiac events in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echo Persantine Italian Cooperative (EPIC) Study Group, Subproject Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1997, 96: 4268-72.CrossRefPubMed Lazzeroni E, Picano E, Morozzi L, Maurizio AR, Palma G, Ceriati R, Iori E, Barilli A: Dipyridamole-induced ischemia as a prognostic marker of future adverse cardiac events in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echo Persantine Italian Cooperative (EPIC) Study Group, Subproject Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1997, 96: 4268-72.CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG: Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1027-35. 10.1056/NEJMoa025050.CrossRefPubMed Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG: Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1027-35. 10.1056/NEJMoa025050.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Cortigiani L, Rigo F, Gherardi S, Galderisi M, Sicari R, Picano E: Prognostic implications of coronary flow reserve on left anterior descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2008, 102: 1718-23. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.023.CrossRefPubMed Cortigiani L, Rigo F, Gherardi S, Galderisi M, Sicari R, Picano E: Prognostic implications of coronary flow reserve on left anterior descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2008, 102: 1718-23. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.023.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Maron MS: The current and emerging role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J of Cardiovasc Trans Res. 2009, 2: 415-25. 10.1007/s12265-009-9136-3.CrossRef Maron MS: The current and emerging role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J of Cardiovasc Trans Res. 2009, 2: 415-25. 10.1007/s12265-009-9136-3.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Romano R, Losi MA, Migliore T, Contaldi C, Parrella LS, Caputi A, Betocchi S: Evaluation of the left ventricular anatomy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison between echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2008, 56: 181-7.PubMed Romano R, Losi MA, Migliore T, Contaldi C, Parrella LS, Caputi A, Betocchi S: Evaluation of the left ventricular anatomy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison between echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2008, 56: 181-7.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Olivotto I, Maron MS, Autore C, Lesser JR, Rega L, Casolo G, De Santis M, Quarta G, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Salton CJ, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ: Assessment and significance of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 559-66. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.047.CrossRefPubMed Olivotto I, Maron MS, Autore C, Lesser JR, Rega L, Casolo G, De Santis M, Quarta G, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Salton CJ, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ: Assessment and significance of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 559-66. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.047.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Casey SA, Panse P, Panse N, Weil J, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ: Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005, 112: 855-61. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.507723.CrossRefPubMed Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Casey SA, Panse P, Panse N, Weil J, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ: Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005, 112: 855-61. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.507723.CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Maron BJ, Moller JH, Seidman CE, Vincent GM, Dietz HC, Moss AJ, Towbin JA, Sondheimer HM, Pyeritz RE, McGee G, Epstein AE: Impact of laboratory molecular diagnosis on contemporary diagnostic criteria for genetically transmitted cardiovascular diseases: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Long-QT Syndrome, and Marfan Syndrome. Circulation. 1998, 98: 1460-1471.CrossRef Maron BJ, Moller JH, Seidman CE, Vincent GM, Dietz HC, Moss AJ, Towbin JA, Sondheimer HM, Pyeritz RE, McGee G, Epstein AE: Impact of laboratory molecular diagnosis on contemporary diagnostic criteria for genetically transmitted cardiovascular diseases: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Long-QT Syndrome, and Marfan Syndrome. Circulation. 1998, 98: 1460-1471.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Colombo MG, Botto N, Vittorini S, Paradossi U, Andreassi MG: Clinical utility of genetic tests for inherited hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008, 19: 6-62. Colombo MG, Botto N, Vittorini S, Paradossi U, Andreassi MG: Clinical utility of genetic tests for inherited hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008, 19: 6-62.
Metadata
Title
Echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: usefulness of old and new techniques in the diagnosis and pathophysiological assessment
Authors
Maria-Angela Losi
Stefano Nistri
Maurizio Galderisi
Sandro Betocchi
Franco Cecchi
Iacopo Olivotto
Eustachio Agricola
Piercarlo Ballo
Simona Buralli
Antonello D'Andrea
Arcangelo D'Errico
Donato Mele
Susanna Sciomer
Sergio Mondillo
the Working Group of Echocardiography of the Italian Society of Cardiology
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cardiovascular Ultrasound / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1476-7120
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7120-8-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Cardiovascular Ultrasound 1/2010 Go to the issue