Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Published in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound 1/2005

Open Access 01-12-2005 | Review

Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation. How should we define hypertrophy?

Authors: Murilo Foppa, Bruce B Duncan, Luis EP Rohde

Published in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound | Issue 1/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

Left ventricular hypertrophy is an important risk factor in cardiovascular disease and echocardiography has been widely used for diagnosis. Although an adequate methodologic standardization exists currently, differences in measurement and interpreting data is present in most of the older clinical studies. Variability in border limits criteria, left ventricular mass formulas, body size indexing and other adjustments affects the comparability among these studies and may influence both the clinical and epidemiologic use of echocardiography in the investigation of the left ventricular structure. We are going to review the most common measures that have been employed in left ventricular hypertrophy evaluation in the light of some recent population based echocardiographic studies, intending to show that echocardiography will remain a relatively inexpensive and accurate tool diagnostic tool.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Antoniucci D, Seccareccia F, Menotti A, Dovellini EV, Prati PL, Rovelli F, Fazzini PF: Prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic determined left ventricular hypertrophy in 2318 asymptomatic middle-aged men: the ECCIS project. Epidemiolgia e Clinica della Cardiopatia Ischemica Silente. G Ital Cardiol 1997, 27: 363-369.PubMed
2.
Coca A, Gabriel R, de la FM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Fernandez R, Sagastagoitia JD, Garcia JJ, Barajas R: The impact of different echocardiographic diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: the VITAE study. Ventriculo Izquierdo Tension Arterial Espana. J Hypertens 1999, 17: 1471-1480. 10.1097/00004872-199917100-00016PubMed
3.
Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB: Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001, 141: 334-341. 10.1067/mhj.2001.113218PubMed
4.
Gardin JM, Arnold A, Gottdiener JS, Wong ND, Fried LP, Klopfenstein HS, O'Leary DH, Tracy R, Kronmal R: Left ventricular mass in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension 1997, 29: 1095-1103.PubMed
5.
Skelton TN, Andrew ME, Arnett DK, Burchfiel CM, Garrison RJ, Samdarshi TE, Taylor HA, Hutchinson RG: Echocardiographic left ventricular mass in African-Americans: the Jackson cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Echocardiography 2003, 20: 111-120. 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2003.03000.xPubMed
6.
Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, Gutgesell H, Reichek N, Sahn D, Schnittger I: Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989, 2: 358-367.PubMed
7.
Katsuki K, Nakatani S, Kanzaki H, Hanatani A, Tanaka N, Nakasone I, Masuda Y, Yamagishi M, Miyatake K: [Clinical validation of accuracy of anatomical M-mode measurements: effect of harmonic imaging]. J Cardiol 2001, 37: 35-42.PubMed
8.
Arnett DK, Skelton TN, Liebson PR, Benjamin E, Hutchinson RG: Comparison of m-mode echocardiographic left ventricular mass measured using digital and strip chart readings: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2003, 1: 8. 10.1186/1476-7120-1-8PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Park SH, Shub C, Nobrega TP, Bailey KR, Seward JB: Two-dimensional echocardiographic calculation of left ventricular mass as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography: correlation with autopsy and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996, 9: 119-128.PubMed
10.
Paczek A, Gardin JM, Hardin JM, Anton-Culver H, Kurosaki T, Hsu C, Bild DE: Comparison of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic algorithms used to estimate left ventricular mass: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995, 8: 780-792.PubMed
11.
Vuille C, Weyman A: Left Ventricle I: General Considerations, assessment of chamber size and function. In Principles and Practice of Echocardiography. 2nd edition. Edited by: Weyman A. Malvern, Pennsylvania: Lea & Febinger; 1994:575-624.
12.
Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R: Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence of absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976, 37: 7-11. 10.1016/0002-9149(76)90491-4PubMed
13.
Tortoledo FA, Quinones MA, Fernandez GC, Waggoner AD, Winters WL Jr: Quantification of left ventricular volumes by two-dimensional echocardiography: a simplified and accurate approach. Circulation 1983, 67: 579-584.PubMed
14.
Reichek N: Standardization in the measurement of left ventricular wall mass. M-mode echocardiography. Hypertension 1987, 9: II27-II29.PubMed
15.
Troy BL, Pombo J, Rackley CE: Measurement of left ventricular wall thickness and mass by echocardiography. Circulation 1972, 45: 602-611.PubMed
16.
Devereux RB, Reichek N: Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977, 55: 613-618.PubMed
17.
Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A: The committee on M-mode Standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography: recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic methods. Circulation 1978, 58: 1072-1083.PubMed
18.
Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59: 956-960. 10.1016/0002-9149(87)91133-7PubMed
19.
McGavigan AD, Dunn FG, Goodfield NE: Secondary harmonic imaging overestimates left ventricular mass compared to fundamental echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003, 4: 178-181. 10.1016/S1525-2167(02)00164-6PubMed
20.
Devereux RB: Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography. Anatomic validation, standardization, and comparison to other methods. Hypertension 1987, 9: II9-II26.
21.
Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57: 450-458. 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-XPubMed
22.
Bachenberg TC, Shub C, Hauck AJ, Edwards WD: Can anatomical left ventricular mass be estimated reliably by M-mode echocardiography? A clinicopathological study of ninety-three patients. Echocardiography 1991, 8: 9-15.PubMed
23.
Wachtell K, Bella JN, Liebson PR, Gerdts E, Dahlof B, Aalto T, Roman MJ, Papademetriou V, Ibsen H, Rokkedal J, et al.: Impact of different partition values on prevalences of left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric geometry in a large hypertensive population : the LIFE study. Hypertension 2000, 35: 6-12.PubMed
24.
Dubois D, Dubois EF: A formula to estimate the aproximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 1916, 17: 863-871.
25.
Devereux RB, Lutas EM, Casale PN, Kligfield P, Eisenberg RR, Hammond IW, Miller DH, Reis G, Alderman MH, Laragh JH: Standardization of M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular anatomic measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4: 1222-1230.PubMed
26.
De Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, Meyer RA, Roman MJ, de Divitiis O, Alderman MH: Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20: 1251-1260.PubMed
27.
Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Giacone G, Cataliotti A, Seminara G, Stancanelli B, Malatino LS: Prognostic impact of the indexation of left ventricular mass in patients undergoing dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12: 2768-2774.PubMed
28.
Liao Y, Cooper RS, Durazo-Arvizu R, Mensah GA, Ghali JK: Prediction of mortality risk by different methods of indexation for left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29: 641-647. 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00552-9PubMed
29.
De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA: Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 1995, 26: 979-983.PubMed
30.
Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Mukai M, Matsuoka H, Sumimoto T, Hiwada K: Clinical evidence for an association between left ventricular geometric adaptation and extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995, 13: 155-160.PubMed
31.
Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP: Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990, 322: 1561-1566.PubMed
32.
Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo O, Cosco C, Perticone F: Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000, 35: 580-586.PubMed
33.
Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, Solinas P, Gorini M, Maggioni AP: Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38: 1829-1835. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01663-1PubMed
34.
Haider AW, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D: Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32: 1454-1459. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00407-0PubMed
35.
MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J: Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilutional bias. Lancet 1990, 335: 765-774. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9PubMed
36.
Mortality rates after 10.5 years for participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Findings related to a priori hypotheses of the trial. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group JAMA 1990, 263: 1795-1801. 10.1001/jama.263.13.1795
37.
De Simone G, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F: Link of nonhemodynamic factors to hemodynamic determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 2001, 38: 13-18.PubMed
38.
De Simone G, Palmieri V, Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Roman MJ, Devereux RB: Prognostic implications of the compensatory nature of left ventricular mass in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2001, 19: 119-125. 10.1097/00004872-200101000-00016PubMed
39.
De Simone G, Verdecchia P, Pede S, Gorini M, Maggioni AP: Prognosis of inappropriate left ventricular mass in hypertension: the MAVI Study. Hypertension 2002, 40: 470-476. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000034740.99323.8APubMed
40.
Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R, De Simone G, Devereux RB, Porcellati C: Changes in cardiovascular risk by reduction of left ventricular mass in hypertension: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2003, 16: 895-899. 10.1016/S0895-7061(03)01018-5PubMed
41.
Sjogren AL: Left ventricular wall thickness determined by ultrasound in 100 subjects without heart disease. Chest 1971, 60: 341-346.PubMed
42.
Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Levy D, Anderson SJ, Stokes J III, Feinleib M, Castelli WP: The spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy in a general population sample: the Framingham Study. Circulation 1987, 75: I26-I33.PubMed
43.
Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, De Simone G, Pickering TG, Saba PS, Vargiu P, Simongini I, Laragh JH: Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19: 1550-1558.PubMed
44.
Li L, Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Hiwada K: Relative wall thickness is an independent predictor of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2001, 24: 493-499. 10.1291/hypres.24.493PubMed
45.
Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH: Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991, 114: 345-352.PubMed
46.
Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Bartoccini C, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G, Porcellati C: Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25: 871-878. 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00424-OPubMed
47.
Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D: Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25: 879-884. 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00473-4PubMed
48.
Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G, Porcellati C: Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78: 197-202. 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)90395-1PubMed
49.
Ohya Y, Abe I, Fujii K, Ohmori S, Onaka U, Kobayashi K, Fujishima M: Hyperinsulinemia and left ventricular geometry in a work-site population in Japan. Hypertension 1996, 27: 729-734.PubMed
50.
Sundstrom J, Lind L, Nystrom N, Zethelius B, Andren B, Hales CN, Lithell HO: Left ventricular concentric remodeling rather than left ventricular hypertrophy is related to the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly men. Circulation 2000, 101: 2595-2600.PubMed
51.
Picca M, Agozzino F, Pelosi G: Influence of microalbuminuria on left ventricular geometry and function in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ital Heart J 2003, 4: 48-52.PubMed
52.
Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Robbins D, Rhoades ER, Howard BV: Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation 2000, 101: 2271-2276.PubMed
53.
Palmieri V, Bella JN, Arnett DK, Liu JE, Oberman A, Schuck MY, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Morgan D, Rao DC, et al.: Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on left ventricular geometry and systolic function in hypertensive subjects: Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study. Circulation 2001, 103: 102-107.PubMed
54.
Carroll JD, Carroll EP, Feldman T, Ward DM, Lang RM, McGaughey D, Karp RB: Sex-associated differences in left ventricular function in aortic stenosis of the elderly. Circulation 1992, 86: 1099-1107.PubMed
55.
Rohde LE, Zhi G, Aranki SF, Beckel NE, Lee RT, Reimold SC: Gender-associated differences in left ventricular geometry in patients with aortic valve disease and effect of distinct overload subsets. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80: 475-480. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00398-6PubMed
56.
Weinberg EO, Thienelt CD, Katz SE, Bartunek J, Tajima M, Rohrbach S, Douglas PS, Lorell BH: Gender differences in molecular remodeling in pressure overload hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34: 264-273. 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00165-5PubMed
57.
Nunez E, Arnett DK, Benjamin EJ, Liebson PR, Skelton TN, Taylor H, Andrew M: Optimal threshold value for left venticular hypertrophy in blacks: the A therosclerosis risk in communities study. Hypertension 2005, 45: 58-63.PubMed
58.
Seidell JC, Visscher TL, Hoogeveen RT: Overweight and obesity in the mortality rate data: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31: S597-S601. 10.1097/00005768-199911001-00018PubMed
59.
Zhou BF: Effect of body mass index on all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases – report for meta-analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci 2002, 15: 245-252.PubMed
60.
Kuch B, Hense HW, Gneiting B, Doring A, Muscholl M, Brockel U, Schunkert H: Body composition and prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2000, 102: 405-410.PubMed
61.
Kuperstein R, Hanly P, Niroumand M, Sasson Z: The importance of age and obesity on the relation between diabetes and left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37: 1957-1962. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01242-6PubMed
62.
De Simone G, Palmieri V, Bella JN, Celentano A, Hong Y, Oberman A, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Arnett DK, Devereux RB: Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with metabolic risk factors: the HyperGEN study. J Hypertens 2002, 20: 323-331. 10.1097/00004872-200202000-00024PubMed
63.
Gardin JM, Siscovick D, Anton-Culver H, Lynch JC, Smith VE, Klopfenstein HS, Bommer WJ, Fried L, O'Leary D, Manolio TA: Sex, age, and disease affect echocardiographic left ventricular mass and systolic function in the free-living elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1995, 91: 1739-1748.PubMed
64.
Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Leto G, Zappaterreno A, Vecci E, Di Mario U, Leonetti F: Influence of excess fat on cardiac morphology and function: study in uncomplicated obesity. Obes Res 2002, 10: 767-773.PubMed
65.
Levy D: Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1988, 108: 7-13.PubMed
66.
De Simone G, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Roman MJ, Romano C, Chinali M, Galderisi M, Devereux RB: Evaluation of concentric left ventricular geometry in humans: evidence for age-related systematic underestimation. Hypertension 2005, 45: 64-68.PubMed
67.
Burke GL ARCWWLCYBG: Blood pressure and echocardiographic measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation 1987, 75: 106-114.
68.
Dannenberg AL, Levy D, Garrison RJ: Impact of age on echocardiographic left ventricular mass in a healthy population (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1989, 64: 1066-1068. 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90816-3PubMed
69.
Arnett DK, Rautaharju P, Crow R, Folsom AR, Ekelund LG, Hutchinson R, Tyroler HA, Heiss G: Black-white differences in electrocardiographic left ventricular mass and its association with blood pressure (the ARIC study). Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74: 247-252. 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90365-4PubMed
70.
Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Blake J, Laragh JH, Devereux RB: Comparison of left ventricular mass and geometry in black and white patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1993, 6: 815-823.PubMed
71.
Zabalgoitia M, Ur Rahman SN, Haley WE, Oneschuk L, Yunis C, Lucas C, Yarows S, Krause L, Amerena J: Impact of ethnicity on left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81: 412-417. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00925-9PubMed
72.
Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, Dianzumba S, Flack JM, Cutler JA, Grimm R, Stamler J: Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 1993, 87: 476-486.PubMed
73.
Chaturvedi N, Athanassopoulos G, McKeigue PM, Marmot MG, Nihoyannopoulos P: Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular structure and their relation with rest and ambulatory blood pressure in blacks and whites in the United Kingdom. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24: 1499-1505.PubMed
74.
Kizer JR, Arnett DK, Bella JN, Paranicas M, Rao DC, Province MA, Oberman A, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Liu JE, et al.: Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study. Hypertension 2004, 43: 1182-1188. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000128738.94190.9fPubMed
75.
Gardin JM, Wagenknecht LE, Anton-Culver H, Flack J, Gidding S, Kurosaki T, Wong ND, Manolio TA: Relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to echocardiographic left ventricular mass in healthy young black and white adult men and women. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 1995, 92: 380-387.PubMed
76.
Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Materson BJ, Massie BM, Notargiacomo A, Hamburger RJ, Williams DW, Henderson WG: Importance of obesity, race and age to the cardiac structural and functional effects of hypertension. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24: 1492-1498.PubMed
77.
De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Alderman MH, Laragh JH: Relation of obesity and gender to left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Hypertension 1994, 23: 600-606.PubMed
78.
Lips DJ, deWindt LJ, van Kraaij DJ, Doevendans PA: Molecular determinants of myocardial hypertrophy and failure: alternative pathways for beneficial and maladaptive hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 2003, 24: 883-896. 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00829-1PubMed
79.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, et al.: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289: 2560-2572. 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560PubMed
80.
2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension J Hypertens 2003, 21: 1011-1053. 10.1097/00004872-200306000-00001
81.
Galderisi M, Anderson KM, Wilson PWF, Levy D: Echocardiographic evidence for a existence of a distinct cardiomyopathy (The Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1991, 68: 85-89. 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90716-XPubMed
82.
Lee M, Gardin JM, Lynch JC, Smith V-E, Tracy RP, Savage PJ, Szklo M, Ward BJ: Diabetes mellitus and echocardiographic left ventricular function in free-living elderly men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Am Heart J 1997, 133: 36-43.PubMed
83.
Feener EP, King GL: Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997,350(Suppl 1):SI9-13.PubMed
84.
Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Lee ET: Relationship of impaired glucose tolerance to left ventricular structure and function: The Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 2001, 141: 992-998. 10.1067/mhj.2001.115302PubMed
85.
Ilercil A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV: Associations of insulin levels with left ventricular structure and function in American Indians: the strong heart study. Diabetes 2002, 51: 1543-1547.PubMed
86.
Wachtell K, Palmieri V, Olsen MH, Bella JN, Aalto T, Dahlof B, Gerdts E, Wright JT Jr, Papademetriou V, Mogensen CE, et al.: Urine albumin/creatinine ratio and echocardiographic left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction. Am Heart J 2002, 143: 319-326. 10.1067/mhj.2002.119895PubMed
87.
Rutter MK, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Meigs JB, Nesto RW, Wilson PW, Vasan RS: Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003, 107: 448-454. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000045671.62860.98PubMed
88.
Chinali M, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Liu JE, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best LG, De Simone G: Comparison of cardiac structure and function in American Indians with and without the metabolic syndrome (the Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004, 93: 40-44. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.009PubMed
89.
Manolio TA, Levy D: Relation of alcohol intake to left ventricular mass: The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17: 717-721.PubMed
90.
Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, Nunez BD: Dietary salt intake. A determinant of cardiac involvement in essential hypertension. Circulation 1988, 78: 951-956.PubMed
91.
Savage DD, Levy D, Dannenberg AL, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP: Association of echocardiographic left ventricular mass with body size, blood pressure and physical activity (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1990, 65: 371-376. 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90304-JPubMed
92.
Jullien V, Gosse P, Ansoborlo P, Lemetayer P, Clementy J: Relationship between left ventricular mass and serum cholesterol level in the untreated hypertensive. J Hypertens 1998, 16: 1043-1047. 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00019PubMed
93.
Bella JN, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, O'Grady MJ, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV: Relations of left ventricular mass to fat-free and adipose body mass: the strong heart study. The Strong Heart Study Investigators. Circulation 1998, 98: 2538-2544.PubMed
94.
Vijayakumar M: Birth weight, weight at one year, and left ventricular mass in adult life. Br Heart J 1995, 73: 363-367.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Stollberger C, Hollander I, Dimitrov L, Slany J: Influence of measurement inaccuracies on determination of left ventricular mass by M mode echocardiography. Heart 1996, 75: 312-313.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
de Leonardis V, Cinelli P: Evidence of no interobserver variability in M-mode echocardiography. Clin Cardiol 1986, 9: 324-326.PubMed
97.
Collins HW, Kronenberg MW, Byrd BF III: Reproducibility of left ventricular mass measurements by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 14: 672-676.PubMed
98.
Fast JH: Limits of reproducibility of left ventricular wall thickness and mass by M-mode echocardiography. Neth J Med 1989, 34: 297-301.PubMed
99.
Lantelme P, Bouchayer D, Gayet C, Lievre M, Gessek J, Milon H: Influence of a rapid change of left ventricular dimensions on the echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass by the Penn convention. J Hypertens 1999, 17: 1323-1328. 10.1097/00004872-199917090-00013PubMed
100.
Palmieri V, Dahlof B, DeQuattro V, Sharpe N, Bella JN, De Simone G, Paranicas M, Fishman D, Devereux RB: Reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and function: the PRESERVE study. Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating Regression of Ventricular Enlargement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34: 1625-1632. 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00396-4PubMed
101.
De Simone G, Muiesan ML, Ganau A, Longhini C, Verdecchia P, Palmieri V, Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G: Reliability and limitations of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass for risk stratification and follow-up in single patients: the RES trial. Working Group on Heart and Hypertension of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Reliability of M-mode Echocardiographic Studies. J Hypertens 1999, 17: 1955-1963. 10.1097/00004872-199917121-00027PubMed
102.
Dadgar SK, Tyagi SP, Singh RP, Hameed S: Factors influencing the normal heart weight – a study of 140 hearts. Jpn Circ J 1979, 43: 77-82.PubMed
103.
Hangartner JR, Marley NJ, Whitehead A, Thomas AC, Davies MJ: The assessment of cardiac hypertrophy at autopsy. Histopathology 1985, 9: 1295-1306.PubMed
104.
Murphy ML, White HJ, Meade J, Straub KD: The relationship between hypertrophy and dilatation in the postmortem heart. Clin Cardiol 1988, 11: 297-302.PubMed
105.
de la Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, Durigon M: Organ weight in 684 adult autopsies: new tables for a Caucasoid population. Forensic Sci Int 2001, 119: 149-154. 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00401-1PubMed
106.
Broughton A, Korner PI: Left ventricular pump function in renal hypertensive dogs with cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1986, 251: H1260-H1266.PubMed
107.
Linzbach AJ: Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and structural dilatation of the human heart. Adv Cardiol 1976, 18: 1-14.PubMed
108.
Hradec J, Aschermann M, Vancura J, Petrasek J, Drechslerova J, Michaljanic A, Jezek V: Comparison of M-mode echocardiography and angiography in the evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy. Cor Vasa 1986, 28: 341-349.PubMed
109.
Williams KA, Lang RM, Reba RC, Taillon LA: Comparison of technetium-99m sestamibi-gated tomographic perfusion imaging with echocardiography and electrocardiography for determination of left ventricular mass. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77: 750-755. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89211-9PubMed
110.
Maruyama K, Hasegawa S, Nakatani D, Paul AK, Kusuoka H, Nishimura T, Hori M, Hatazawa J: Left ventricular mass index measured by quantitative gated myocardial SPECT with 99mTc-tetrofosmin: a comparison with echocardiography. Ann Nucl Med 2003, 17: 31-39.PubMed
111.
Mousseaux E, Beygui F, Fornes P, Chatellier G, Hagege A, Desnos M, Lecomte D, Gaux JC: Determination of left ventricular mass with electron beam computed tomography in deformed, hypertrophic human hearts. Eur Heart J 1994, 15: 832-841.PubMed
112.
Missouris CG, Forbat SM, Singer DR, Markandu ND, Underwood R, MacGregor GA: Echocardiography overestimates left ventricular mass: a comparative study with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1996, 14: 1005-1010.PubMed
113.
Pons LG, Carreras F, Borras X, Llauger J, Palmer J: [Comparative study of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of left ventricular mass]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001, 54: 22-28.
114.
Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ: Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90: 29-34. 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02381-0PubMed
115.
Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM, Flickinger FW, Allison JD, Gottdiener JS: Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8: 221-228. 10.1016/0895-7061(94)00178-EPubMed
116.
117.
Chuang ML, Beaudin RA, Riley MF, Mooney MG, Mannin WJ, Douglas PS, Hibberd MG: Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional echocardiographic determinations in man. Int J Card Imaging 2000, 16: 347-357. 10.1023/A:1026540809758PubMed
118.
Thomson HL, Basmadjian AJ, Rainbird AJ, Razavi M, Avierinos JF, Pellikka PA, Bailey KR, Breen JF, Enriquez-Sarano M: Contrast echocardiography improves the accuracy and reproducibility of left ventricular remodeling measurements: a prospective, randomly assigned, blinded study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38: 867-875. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01416-4PubMed
119.
Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Duncan BB, Gilbert AC, Pankow JS: Prediction of coronary heart disease in middle-aged adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26: 2777-2784.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Echocardiography-based left ventricular mass estimation. How should we define hypertrophy?
Authors
Murilo Foppa
Bruce B Duncan
Luis EP Rohde
Publication date
01-12-2005
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cardiovascular Ultrasound / Issue 1/2005
Electronic ISSN: 1476-7120
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7120-3-17

Other articles of this Issue 1/2005

Cardiovascular Ultrasound 1/2005 Go to the issue

Case report

Clinical and echocardiographic features of aorto-atrial fistulas

Research

Lack of association between Chlamydia Pneumoniae serology and endothelial dysfunction of coronary arteries

Research

Quantitative assessment of harmonic power doppler myocardial perfusion imaging with intravenous levovist™ in patients with myocardial infarction: comparison with myocardial viability evaluated by coronary flow reserve and coronary flow pattern of infarct-related artery

Case report

Long-term therapy of interferon-alpha induced pulmonary arterial hypertension with different PDE-5 inhibitors: a case report

Case report

Reduced coronary flow reserve in Anderson-Fabry disease measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography

Research

Tissue Doppler echocardiographic quantification. Comparison to coronary angiography results in Acute Coronary Syndrome patients
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits