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Nutrition Journal
Published in: Nutrition Journal 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Review

Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth

Authors: Bodo C Melnik, Swen Malte John, Gerd Schmitz

Published in: Nutrition Journal | Issue 1/2013

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Abstract

Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for mTORC1 activation. Importantly, milk exosomes, which regularly contain microRNA-21, most likely represent a genetic transfection system enhancing mTORC1-driven metabolic processes. Whereas human breast milk is the ideal food for infants allowing appropriate postnatal growth and species-specific metabolic programming, persistent high milk signaling during adolescence and adulthood by continued cow´s milk consumption may promote mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization.
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Metadata
Title
Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth
Authors
Bodo C Melnik
Swen Malte John
Gerd Schmitz
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Nutrition Journal / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2891
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-103

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