Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research

Malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Libreville and Port-Gentil, Gabon

Authors: Jean-Romain Mourou, Thierry Coffinet, Fanny Jarjaval, Bruno Pradines, Rémi Amalvict, Christophe Rogier, Maryvonne Kombila, Frédéric Pagès

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Urban malaria is a major health priority for civilian and militaries populations. A preliminary entomologic study has been conducted in 2006-2007, in the French military camps of the two mains towns of Gabon: Libreville and Port-Gentil. The aim was to assess the malaria transmission risk for troops.

Methods

Mosquitoes sampled by human landing collection were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoïte (CSP) indexes were measured by ELISA, and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were calculated for both areas. Molecular assessments of pyrethroid knock down (kdr) resistance and of insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance were conducted.

Results

In Libreville, Anopheles gambiae s.s. S form was the only specie of the An. gambiae complex present and was responsible of 9.4 bites per person per night. The circumsporozoïte index was 0.15% and the entomological inoculation rate estimated to be 1.23 infective bites during the four months period. In Port-Gentil, Anopheles melas (75.5% of catches) and An. gambiae s.s. S form (24.5%) were responsible of 58.7 bites per person per night. The CSP indexes were of 1.67% for An. gambiae s.s and 0.28% for An. melas and the EIRs were respectively of 1.8 infective bites per week and of 0.8 infective bites per week. Both kdr-w and kdr-e mutations in An. gambiae S form were found in Libreville and in Port-Gentil. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase has been detected for the first time in Gabon in Libreville.

Conclusion

Malaria transmission exists in both town, but with high difference in the level of risk. The co-occurrence of molecular resistances to the main families of insecticide has implications for the effectiveness of the current vector control programmes that are based on pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Pagès F, Faulde M, Orlandi-Pradines E, Parola P: The past and present threat of vector-borne diseases in deployed troops. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010, 16: 209-224. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03132.x.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Girod R, Orlandi-Pradines E, Rogier C, Pagès F: Malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in the French military camp of Port-Bouet, Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire): implications for vector control. J Med Entomol. 2006, 43: 1082-1087. 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1082:MTAIRO]2.0.CO;2.PubMed
3.
Orlandi-Pradines E, Rogier C, Koffi B, Jarjaval F, Bell M, Machault V, Pons C, Girod R, Boutin JP, Pagès F: Major variations in malaria exposure of travellers in rural areas: an entomological cohort study in western Côte d'Ivoire. Malar J. 2009, 8: 171-10.1186/1475-2875-8-171.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
Pagès F, Texier G, Pradines B, Gadiag L, Machault V, Jarjaval F, Penhoat K, Berger F, Trape JF, Rogier C, Sokhna C: Malaria transmission in Dakar: a two-year survey. Malar J. 2008, 7: 178-10.1186/1475-2875-7-178.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
5.
Elissa N, Karch S, Bureau P, Ollomo B, Lawoko M, Yangari P, Ebang B, Georges AJ: Malaria transmission in a region of savanna-forest mosaic, Haut-Ogooué, Gabon. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999, 15: 15-23.PubMed
6.
Richard-Lenoble D, Kombila M, Chandenier J, Engohan E, Gannier M, Dubourg C: Malaria in Gabon. I. Study of 500 children with fever in Libreville. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1986, 79: 284-7.PubMed
7.
Richard-Lenoble D, Kombila M, Chandenier J, Gay F, Billiault X, Nguiri C, Martz M, Boyer F, Bauzou M: Malaria in Gabon. 2. Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative prevalence of parasites in the total school and preschool population of the country. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1987, 80: 532-542.PubMed
8.
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Ionete-Collard DE, Mabika-Manfoumbi M, Kendjo E, Matsiegui PB, Mavoungou E, Kombila M: Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Gabon. Malar J. 2003, 2: 18-10.1186/1475-2875-2-18.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
9.
Ramharter M, Schuster K, Bouyou-Akotet MK, Adegnika AA, Schmits K, Mombo-Ngoma G, Agnandji ST, Nemeth J, Nzenze Afène S, Issifou S, Ndombi Onnas I, Kombila M, Kremsner PG: Malaria in pregnancy before and after the implementation of a National IPTp program in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 418-422.PubMed
10.
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kendjo E, Mabika-Mamfoumbi M, Brice Ngoungou E, Dzeing-Ella A, Pemba-Mihindou M, Ibinga E, Efame-Eya E, MCRU team, Planche T, Kremsner PG, Kombila M: Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malar J. 2009, 8: 300-10.1186/1475-2875-8-300.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
11.
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Dzeing-Ella A, Kendjo E, Etoughe D, Ngoungou EB, Planche T, Koko J, Kombila M: Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the frequency of moderate to severe anaemia in children below 10 years of age in Gabon. Malar J. 2009, 8: 166-10.1186/1475-2875-8-166.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
12.
Elissa N, Migot-Nabias F, Luty A, Renaut A, Touré F, Vaillant M, Lawoko M, Yangari P, Mayombo J, Lekoulou F, Tshipamba P, Moukagni R, Millet P, Deloron P: Relationship between entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence rate, and incidence of malaria attack in rural Gabon. Acta Trop. 2003, 85: 355-61. 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00266-8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Sylla EH, Kun JF, Kremsner PG: Mosquito distribution and entomological inoculation rates in three malaria-endemic areas in Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 652-6. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90219-0.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Pinto J, Lynd A, Elissa N, Donnelly MJ, Costa C, Gentile G, Caccone A, Do Rosario VE: Co-occurrence of East and West kdr mutations suggests high levels of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Anopheles gambiae from Libreville, Gabon. Med Vet Entomol. 2006, 20: 27-32. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00611.x.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Meignan F, Falcot J, Carret JL, Thierry J: Drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Equatorial Africa. A propos of cases observed at a military unit stationed in Gabon. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1987, 80: 443-446.PubMed
16.
Nicolas X, Nicolas F, Gorge O, Perret JL, Touze JE: Malaria in expatriates in Africa. 154 cases. Clinical problems and therapeutic difficulties. Presse Med. 1997, 26: 158-160.PubMed
17.
Sarrouy J, Cellier C, Migliani R, Todesco A, Favier G, Linden L, Pull J, Pascal B, Baudon D, Delolme H: Chemoprophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by a combination of 100 mg of chloroquine and 200 mg of proguanil per day in a zone III of chloroquine resistance (Gabon). Study of 431 French soldiers. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1999, 84: 80-93.
18.
Pagès F, Boutin JP, Meynard Jb, Keundjian A, Ryfer S, Giuriato L, Baudon D: Comparison of doxycycline monohydrate salt vs chloroquine-proguanil in malaria chemoprophylaxis. Trop Med Int Health. 2002, 7: 919-924. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00941.x.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Gillies MT, Coetzee M: A supplement to the anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region). 1987, The South African Institut for Medical Research No. 55, Johannesburg, South Africa
20.
Edwards FW: Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III.- Culicine adults and pupae. 1941, London: British Museum (Natural History)
21.
Burkot TR, Zavala F, Gwadz RW, Collins FH, Nussenzweig RS, Roberts DR: Identification of malaria infected mosquitoes by a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984, 33: 227-231.PubMed
22.
Fanello C, Santolamazza F, Della Torre A: Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Med Vet Entomol. 2002, 16: 461-464. 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Lynd A, Ranson H, McCall PJ, Randle NP, Black WC, Walker ED, Donnelly MJ: A simplified high-throughput method for pyrethroid knock-down resistance (kdr) detection in Anopheles gambiae. Malar J. 2005, 4: 16-10.1186/1475-2875-4-16.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
24.
Weill M, Malcolm C, Chandre F, Mogensen K, Berthomieu A, Marquine M, Raymond M: The unique mutation in ace-1 giving high insecticide resistance is easily detectable in mosquito vectors. Insect Mol Bio1. 2004, 3: 1-7. 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00452.x.CrossRef
25.
Pagès F, Peyrefitte CN, Toungve M, Jarjaval F, Brisse S, Iteman I, Gravier P, Nkoghe D, Grandadam M: Aedes albopictus mosquito: the main vector of the 2007 Chikungunya outbreak in Gabon. PLoS ONE. 2009, 4: e4691-10.1371/journal.pone.0004691.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
Touré YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankaré O, Sow M, Di Deco MA, Coluzzi M: The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitologia. 1998, 40: 477-511.PubMed
27.
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC: Malaria transmission in urban subsaharian Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 68: 169-176.PubMed
28.
Fontenille D, Lochouarn L: The complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Africa. Parassitologia. 1999, 41: 267-71.PubMed
29.
Coffinet T, Mourou JR, Toto JC, Pradines B, Jarjaval F, Amalvict R, Kombila M, Carnevale P, Pagès F: First record of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from Gabon. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007, 23: 471-472. 10.2987/5636.1.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Santolamazza F, Calzetta M, Etang J, Barrese E, Dia I, Caccone A, Donnelly MJ, Petrarca V, Simard F, Pinto J, della Torre A: Distribution of knock-down resistance mutations in Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in west and west-central Africa. Malar J. 2008, 7: 74-10.1186/1475-2875-7-74.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
31.
Etang J, Fonjo E, Chandre F, Morlais I, Brengues C, Nwane P, Chouaibou M, Ndjemai H, Simard F: Short report: First report of knockdown mutations in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae from Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 74: 795-797.PubMed
32.
Moreno M, Vicentez JL, Cano J, Berzosa PJ, de Lucio A, Nzambo S, Bobuakasi L, Buatiche JN, Ondo M, Micha F, Do Rosario VE, Pintoz J, Benito A: Knockdown resistance mutations (kdr) and insecticide susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae from Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Int Health. 2008, 13: 430-433. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02010.x.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Chandre F, Darriet F, Manga L, Akogbeto M, Faye O, Mouchet J, Guillet P: Pyrethroid cross resistance spectrum among populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from C6te d'Ivoire. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999, 15: 53-59.PubMed
34.
Donnelly MJ, Corbel V, Weetman D, Wilding GS, Williamson MS, Black WC: Does Kdr genotype predict insecticide resistance phenotype in mosquitoes?. Trends Parasitol. 2009, 25: 213-219. 10.1016/j.pt.2009.02.007.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Ranson H, Jensen B, Vulule JM, Wang X, Hemingway J, Collins FH: Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Insect Mol Biol. 2000, 9: 491-497. 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00209.x.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Reimer L, Fonjo E, Patchoke S, Diallo B, lee Y, Ng A, Ndjemai HM, Atangana J, Traore SF, Lanzaro G, Cornel AJ: Relationship between kdr mutation and resistance to pyrethoid and DDT insecticides in natural populations of An. gambiae. J Med Entomol. 2008, 45: 260-266. 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[260:RBKMAR]2.0.CO;2.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Darriet F, N'guessan R, Koffi AA, Konan L, Doannio JM, Chandre F, Carnevale P: Impact of pyrethrin resistance on the efficacity of impregnated mosquito nets in the prevention of malaria: results of tests in experimental cases with deltamethrin SC. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2000, 93: 131-4.PubMed
38.
Kolaczinski JH, Fanello C, Herve JP, Conway DJ, Carnevale P, Curtis CF: Experimental and molecular genetic analysis of the impact of pyrethroid and non-pyrethroid insecticide-impregnated bednets for mosquito control in an area of pyrethroid resistance. Bull Entomol Res. 2000, 90: 125-132.PubMed
39.
N'Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Rowland M: Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13: 199-206. 10.3201/eid1302.060631.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
40.
Sharp B, Ridl FC, Govender D, Kuklinski J, Kleinschmidt I: Malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of Bioko. Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2007, 6: 52-10.1186/1475-2875-6-52.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
Asidi AN, N'Guessan R, Koffi AA, Curtis CF, Hougard JM, Chandre F, Corbel V, Darriet F, Zaim M, Rowland MW: Experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Malar J. 2005, 4: 25-10.1186/1475-2875-4-25.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
42.
Djènontin A, Chabi J, Baldet T, Irish S, Pennetier C, Hougard JM, Corbel V, Akogbéto M, Chandre F: Managing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors by combining carbamate-treated plastic wall sheeting and pyrethroid-treated bed nets. Malar J. 2009, 8: 233-10.1186/1475-2875-8-233.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
43.
Pennetier C, Costantini C, Corbel V, Licciardi S, Dabiré RK, Lapied B, Chandre F, Hougard JM: Mixture for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14: 1707-1714. 10.3201/eid1411.071575.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
44.
Corbel V, Chabi J, Dabiré RK, Etang J, Nwane P, Pigeon O, Akogbeto M, Hougard JM: Field efficacy of a new mosaic long-lasting mosquito net (PermaNet 3.0) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: a multi centre study in Western and Central Africa. Malar J. 2010, 9: 113-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
45.
Tungu P, Magesa S, Maxwell C, Malima R, Masue D, Sudi W, Myamba J, Pigeon O, Rowland M: Evaluation of PermaNet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: an experimental hut trial in Tanzania. Malar J. 2010, 9: 21-10.1186/1475-2875-9-21.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Libreville and Port-Gentil, Gabon
Authors
Jean-Romain Mourou
Thierry Coffinet
Fanny Jarjaval
Bruno Pradines
Rémi Amalvict
Christophe Rogier
Maryvonne Kombila
Frédéric Pagès
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-321

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Malaria Journal 1/2010 Go to the issue

Research

Genetic variability and natural selection at the ligand domain of the Duffy binding protein in brazilian Plasmodium vivax populations

Research

Declining incidence of imported malaria in the Netherlands, 2000-2007

Research

Early variations in plasmodium falciparum dynamics in Nigerian children after treatment with two artemisinin-based combinations: implications on delayed parasite clearance

Research

Non-variant specific antibody responses to the C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum (PfMSP-119) in Iranians exposed to unstable malaria transmission

Research

Use of HRP-2-based rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria: assessing accuracy and cost-effectiveness in the villages of Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal

Research

Effects of transmission reduction by insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) on parasite genetics population structure: I. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites by microsatellite markers in western Kenya
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits