Population genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on Lake Victoria islands, west Kenya

go back to reference Spielman A, Kitron U, Pollack R: Time limitation and the role of research in the worldwide attempt to eradicate malaria. J Med Entomol. 1993, 30: 6-19.CrossRefPubMed Spielman A, Kitron U, Pollack R: Time limitation and the role of research in the worldwide attempt to eradicate malaria. J Med Entomol. 1993, 30: 6-19.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Miller LH, Greenwood B: Malaria – a shadow in Africa. Science. 2002, 298: 121-122. 10.1126/science.1078048.CrossRefPubMed Miller LH, Greenwood B: Malaria – a shadow in Africa. Science. 2002, 298: 121-122. 10.1126/science.1078048.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Sachs JD: A new global effect to control malaria. Science. 2002, 298: 122-124. 10.1126/science.1077900.CrossRefPubMed Sachs JD: A new global effect to control malaria. Science. 2002, 298: 122-124. 10.1126/science.1077900.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML: Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Niño. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 93: 480-487. 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90344-9.CrossRefPubMed Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML: Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Niño. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 93: 480-487. 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90344-9.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Shanks GD, Biomondo K, Hay SI, Snow RW: Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 253-255. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90310-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Shanks GD, Biomondo K, Hay SI, Snow RW: Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 253-255. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90310-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lines J: Mosquito nets and insecticides for net treatment: a discussion of existing and potential distribution systems in Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 1996, 1: 616-632. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-97.x.CrossRefPubMed Lines J: Mosquito nets and insecticides for net treatment: a discussion of existing and potential distribution systems in Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 1996, 1: 616-632. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-97.x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF: Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2002, 7: 1003-1008. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00966.x.CrossRefPubMed Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF: Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2002, 7: 1003-1008. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00966.x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hemingway J, Field L, Vontas J: An overview of insecticide resistance. Science. 2002, 298: 96-97. 10.1126/science.1078052.CrossRefPubMed Hemingway J, Field L, Vontas J: An overview of insecticide resistance. Science. 2002, 298: 96-97. 10.1126/science.1078052.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Wellems TE: Plasmodium chloroquine resistance and the search for a replacement antimalarial drug. Science. 2002, 298: 124-126. 10.1126/science.1078167.CrossRefPubMed Wellems TE: Plasmodium chloroquine resistance and the search for a replacement antimalarial drug. Science. 2002, 298: 124-126. 10.1126/science.1078167.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Long CA, Hoffman SL: Malaria – from infants to genomics to vaccines. Science. 2002, 297: 345-347. 10.1126/science.1074484.CrossRefPubMed Long CA, Hoffman SL: Malaria – from infants to genomics to vaccines. Science. 2002, 297: 345-347. 10.1126/science.1074484.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference James AA: Mosquito molecular genetics: the hands that feed bite back. Science. 1992, 257: 37-38.CrossRefPubMed James AA: Mosquito molecular genetics: the hands that feed bite back. Science. 1992, 257: 37-38.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Collins FH, Besansky NJ: Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa. Science. 1994, 264: 1874-1875.CrossRefPubMed Collins FH, Besansky NJ: Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa. Science. 1994, 264: 1874-1875.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Alphey L, Beard CB, Billingsley P, Coetzee M, Crisanti A, Curtis C, Eggleston P, Godfray C, Hemingway J, Jacobs-Lorena M, James AA, Kafatos FC, Mukwaya LG, Paton M, Powell JR, Schneider W, Scott TW, Sina B, Sinden R, Sinkins S, Spielman A, Toure Y, Collins FH: Malaria control with genetically manipulated insect vectors. Science. 2002, 298: 119-121. 10.1126/science.1078278.CrossRefPubMed Alphey L, Beard CB, Billingsley P, Coetzee M, Crisanti A, Curtis C, Eggleston P, Godfray C, Hemingway J, Jacobs-Lorena M, James AA, Kafatos FC, Mukwaya LG, Paton M, Powell JR, Schneider W, Scott TW, Sina B, Sinden R, Sinkins S, Spielman A, Toure Y, Collins FH: Malaria control with genetically manipulated insect vectors. Science. 2002, 298: 119-121. 10.1126/science.1078278.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Jasinskiene N, Coates CJ, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Rafferty CS, James AA, Collins FH: Stable transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with the Hermes element from the housefly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95: 3743-3747. 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3743.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Jasinskiene N, Coates CJ, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Rafferty CS, James AA, Collins FH: Stable transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with the Hermes element from the housefly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95: 3743-3747. 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3743.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zhao Y, Eggleston P: Stable transformation of an Anopheles gambiae cell line mediated by the Hemes mobile genetic element. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1998, 28: 213-219. 10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00020-4.CrossRef Zhao Y, Eggleston P: Stable transformation of an Anopheles gambiae cell line mediated by the Hemes mobile genetic element. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1998, 28: 213-219. 10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00020-4.CrossRef

go back to reference Catteruccia F, Nolan T, Blass C, Muller HM, Crisanti A, Kafatos FC, Loukeris TG: Toward Anopheles transformation: Minos element activity in anopheline cells and embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000, 97: 2157-2162. 10.1073/pnas.040568397.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Catteruccia F, Nolan T, Blass C, Muller HM, Crisanti A, Kafatos FC, Loukeris TG: Toward Anopheles transformation: Minos element activity in anopheline cells and embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000, 97: 2157-2162. 10.1073/pnas.040568397.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Catteruccia F, Nolan T, Loukeris TG, Blass C, Savakis C, Kafatos FC, Crisanti A: Stable germline transformation of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Nature. 2000, 405: 959-962. 10.1038/35016096.CrossRefPubMed Catteruccia F, Nolan T, Loukeris TG, Blass C, Savakis C, Kafatos FC, Crisanti A: Stable germline transformation of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Nature. 2000, 405: 959-962. 10.1038/35016096.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zheng L, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC: An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Genetics. 1996, 143: 941-952.PubMedCentralPubMed Zheng L, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC: An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Genetics. 1996, 143: 941-952.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Zheng L, Cornel AJ, Wang R, Erfle H, Voss H, Ansorge W, Kafatos FC, Collins FH: Quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B. Science. 1997, 276: 425-428. 10.1126/science.276.5311.425.CrossRefPubMed Zheng L, Cornel AJ, Wang R, Erfle H, Voss H, Ansorge W, Kafatos FC, Collins FH: Quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B. Science. 1997, 276: 425-428. 10.1126/science.276.5311.425.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL: The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science. 2002, 298: 129-149. 10.1126/science.1076181.CrossRefPubMed Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL: The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science. 2002, 298: 129-149. 10.1126/science.1076181.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Scott TW, Takken W, Knols BGJ, Boete C: The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes. Science. 2002, 298: 117-119. 10.1126/science.298.5591.117.CrossRefPubMed Scott TW, Takken W, Knols BGJ, Boete C: The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes. Science. 2002, 298: 117-119. 10.1126/science.298.5591.117.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pinto J, Donnelly MJ, Sousa CA, Malta-Vacas J, Gil V, Ferreira C, Petrarca V, do Rosario VE, Charlwood JD: An island within an island: genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae in São Tomé, West Africa, and its relevance to malaria vector control. Heredity. 2003, 91: 407-414. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800348.CrossRefPubMed Pinto J, Donnelly MJ, Sousa CA, Malta-Vacas J, Gil V, Ferreira C, Petrarca V, do Rosario VE, Charlwood JD: An island within an island: genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae in São Tomé, West Africa, and its relevance to malaria vector control. Heredity. 2003, 91: 407-414. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800348.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Kamau L, Fontenille D, Simard F, Collins FH: Genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae populations from East and West Africa: comparision of microsatellite and allozyme loci. Heredity. 1996, 77: 192-208.CrossRefPubMed Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Kamau L, Fontenille D, Simard F, Collins FH: Genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae populations from East and West Africa: comparision of microsatellite and allozyme loci. Heredity. 1996, 77: 192-208.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lehmann T, Besansky NJ, Hawley WA, Fahey TG, Kamau L, Collins FH: Microgeographic structure of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya based on mtDNA and microsatellite loci. Mol Ecol. 1997, 6: 243-253. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00177.x.CrossRefPubMed Lehmann T, Besansky NJ, Hawley WA, Fahey TG, Kamau L, Collins FH: Microgeographic structure of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya based on mtDNA and microsatellite loci. Mol Ecol. 1997, 6: 243-253. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00177.x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Grebert H, Danga M, Atieli F, Collins FH: The Rift Valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for Anopheles gambiae in Kenya. J Hered. 1999, 90: 613-621. 10.1093/jhered/90.6.613.CrossRefPubMed Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Grebert H, Danga M, Atieli F, Collins FH: The Rift Valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for Anopheles gambiae in Kenya. J Hered. 1999, 90: 613-621. 10.1093/jhered/90.6.613.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lehmann T, Licht M, Elissa N, Maega BT, Chimumbwa JM, Watsenga FT, Wondji CS, Simard F, Hawley HA: Population structure of Anopheles gambiae in Africa. J Hered. 2003, 94: 133-147. 10.1093/jhered/esg024.CrossRefPubMed Lehmann T, Licht M, Elissa N, Maega BT, Chimumbwa JM, Watsenga FT, Wondji CS, Simard F, Hawley HA: Population structure of Anopheles gambiae in Africa. J Hered. 2003, 94: 133-147. 10.1093/jhered/esg024.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kamau L, Lehmann T, William AH, Hawley WA, Orago ASS, Collins FH: Microgeographic genetic differentiation and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Asembo Bay, western Kenya: A comparison with Kilifi in coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 64-69.PubMed Kamau L, Lehmann T, William AH, Hawley WA, Orago ASS, Collins FH: Microgeographic genetic differentiation and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Asembo Bay, western Kenya: A comparison with Kilifi in coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 64-69.PubMed

go back to reference Donnelly MJ, Simard F, Lehmann T: Evolutionary studies of malaria vectors. Trends Parasitol. 2002, 18: 75-80. 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02198-5.CrossRefPubMed Donnelly MJ, Simard F, Lehmann T: Evolutionary studies of malaria vectors. Trends Parasitol. 2002, 18: 75-80. 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02198-5.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Simard F, Fontenille D, Lehmann T, Girod R, Brutus L, Gopaul R, Dournon C, Collins FH: High amounts of genetic differentiation between populations of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from West Africa and Eastern outer islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 1000-1009.PubMed Simard F, Fontenille D, Lehmann T, Girod R, Brutus L, Gopaul R, Dournon C, Collins FH: High amounts of genetic differentiation between populations of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from West Africa and Eastern outer islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 1000-1009.PubMed

go back to reference Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Githeko A, Yan G: The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. J Med Entomol. 2002, 39: 833-841.CrossRefPubMed Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Githeko A, Yan G: The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. J Med Entomol. 2002, 39: 833-841.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference World Health Organization: Manual on practical entomology in malaria. Part II. Methods and techniques. No. 13. Geneva. 1975 World Health Organization: Manual on practical entomology in malaria. Part II. Methods and techniques. No. 13. Geneva. 1975

go back to reference Gillies MT, Coetzee M: A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region). Publication of the South African Institute for Medical Research. No. 55. 1987 Gillies MT, Coetzee M: A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region). Publication of the South African Institute for Medical Research. No. 55. 1987

go back to reference Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH: Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993, 49: 520-529.PubMed Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH: Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993, 49: 520-529.PubMed

go back to reference Oetting WS, Armstrong CM, Ronan SM, Young TL, Sellers TA, King RA: Multiplexed short tandem repeat polymorphisms of the Weber 8A set of markers using tailed primers and infrared fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis. 1998, 19: 3079-3083.CrossRefPubMed Oetting WS, Armstrong CM, Ronan SM, Young TL, Sellers TA, King RA: Multiplexed short tandem repeat polymorphisms of the Weber 8A set of markers using tailed primers and infrared fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis. 1998, 19: 3079-3083.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Sharakhov IV, Braginets O, Mbogo CN, Yan G: Isolation and characterization of trinucleotide microsatellites in African malaria mosquito Anopheles funestus. Mol Ecol Notes. 2001, 1: 289-292. 10.1046/j.1471-8278 .2001.00114.x.CrossRef Sharakhov IV, Braginets O, Mbogo CN, Yan G: Isolation and characterization of trinucleotide microsatellites in African malaria mosquito Anopheles funestus. Mol Ecol Notes. 2001, 1: 289-292. 10.1046/j.1471-8278 .2001.00114.x.CrossRef

go back to reference Scanalytics, Inc: Gene Profiler User's Manual, Version 10.98. Fairfax, VA. 1998 Scanalytics, Inc: Gene Profiler User's Manual, Version 10.98. Fairfax, VA. 1998

go back to reference Raymond M, Rousset F: An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution. 1995, 49: 1280-1283.CrossRef Raymond M, Rousset F: An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution. 1995, 49: 1280-1283.CrossRef

go back to reference Weir BS: Genetic Data Analysis: Methods of Discrete Population Genetic Data. 1990, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc Weir BS: Genetic Data Analysis: Methods of Discrete Population Genetic Data. 1990, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc

go back to reference Goudet J: FSTAT Version 1.2: A computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 1995, 86: 485- Goudet J: FSTAT Version 1.2: A computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 1995, 86: 485-

go back to reference Slatkin L: A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics. 1995, 139: 457-462.PubMedCentralPubMed Slatkin L: A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics. 1995, 139: 457-462.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Balloux F, Lugon-Moulin N: The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Mol Ecol. 2002, 11: 155-165. 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01436.x.CrossRefPubMed Balloux F, Lugon-Moulin N: The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Mol Ecol. 2002, 11: 155-165. 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01436.x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Nei M: Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics. 1978, 89: 583-590.PubMedCentralPubMed Nei M: Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics. 1978, 89: 583-590.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Miller MP: Tools for population genetic analyses (TFPGA) 1.3: A windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data. Computer software distributed by author. 1997 Miller MP: Tools for population genetic analyses (TFPGA) 1.3: A windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data. Computer software distributed by author. 1997

go back to reference Rousset F: Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation by distance. Genetics. 1997, 145: 1219-1228.PubMedCentralPubMed Rousset F: Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation by distance. Genetics. 1997, 145: 1219-1228.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Mantel N: The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research. 1967, 27: 209-220.PubMed Mantel N: The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research. 1967, 27: 209-220.PubMed

go back to reference Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Collins FH: An evaluation of evolutionary constraints on microsatellite loci using null alleles. Genetics. 1996, 144: 1155-1163.PubMedCentralPubMed Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Collins FH: An evaluation of evolutionary constraints on microsatellite loci using null alleles. Genetics. 1996, 144: 1155-1163.PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Lanzaro GC, Zheng L, Toure YT, Traore SF, Kafatos FC, Vernick KD: Microsatellite DNA and isozyme variability in a West African population of Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol Biol. 1995, 4: 105-112.CrossRefPubMed Lanzaro GC, Zheng L, Toure YT, Traore SF, Kafatos FC, Vernick KD: Microsatellite DNA and isozyme variability in a West African population of Anopheles gambiae. Insect Mol Biol. 1995, 4: 105-112.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Norris DE, Shurtleff AC, Toure YT, Lanzaro GC: Microsatellite DNA polymorphism and heterozygosity among field and laboratory populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2001, 38: 336-340.CrossRefPubMed Norris DE, Shurtleff AC, Toure YT, Lanzaro GC: Microsatellite DNA polymorphism and heterozygosity among field and laboratory populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2001, 38: 336-340.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Wondji C, Simard F, Fontenille D: Evidence for genetic differentiation between the molecular forms M and S within the Forest chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae in an area of sympatry. Insect Mol Biol. 2002, 11: 11-19. 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00306.x.CrossRefPubMed Wondji C, Simard F, Fontenille D: Evidence for genetic differentiation between the molecular forms M and S within the Forest chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae in an area of sympatry. Insect Mol Biol. 2002, 11: 11-19. 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00306.x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Costantini C, Li SG, Della Torre A, Sagnon N, Coluzzi M, Taylor CE: Density, survival and dispersal of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a west African Sudan savanna village. Med Vet Entomol. 1996, 10: 203-19.CrossRefPubMed Costantini C, Li SG, Della Torre A, Sagnon N, Coluzzi M, Taylor CE: Density, survival and dispersal of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a west African Sudan savanna village. Med Vet Entomol. 1996, 10: 203-19.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lindsay SW, Schellenberg A, Zeiler HA, Daly RJ, Salum FM, Wilkins HA: Exposure of Gambian children to Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area. Med Vet Entomol. 1995, 9: 50-8.CrossRefPubMed Lindsay SW, Schellenberg A, Zeiler HA, Daly RJ, Salum FM, Wilkins HA: Exposure of Gambian children to Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area. Med Vet Entomol. 1995, 9: 50-8.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference De Meillon B: The Anopheline of the Ethiopian Region. Publication of the South African Institute for Medical Research. 1947 De Meillon B: The Anopheline of the Ethiopian Region. Publication of the South African Institute for Medical Research. 1947

go back to reference Gillies MT, De Meillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. 1968, Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research No. 54, 2 Gillies MT, De Meillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. 1968, Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research No. 54, 2

go back to reference Failloux AB, Raymond M, Ung A, Chevillon C, Pasteur N: Genetic differentiation associated with commercial traffic in the Polynesian mosquito, Aedes polynesiensis Marks 1951. Biol J Linnean Soc. 1997, 60: 107-118. 10.1006/bijl.1996.0091. Failloux AB, Raymond M, Ung A, Chevillon C, Pasteur N: Genetic differentiation associated with commercial traffic in the Polynesian mosquito, Aedes polynesiensis Marks 1951. Biol J Linnean Soc. 1997, 60: 107-118. 10.1006/bijl.1996.0091.

go back to reference Julvez J, Mouchet J, Ragavoodoo C: Epidémiologie historique du paludisme dans l'archipel des Mascareignes (Océan Indien). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1990, 70: 249-261.PubMed Julvez J, Mouchet J, Ragavoodoo C: Epidémiologie historique du paludisme dans l'archipel des Mascareignes (Océan Indien). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1990, 70: 249-261.PubMed

go back to reference Julvez J, Mouchet J: Le peuplement culicidien des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien. L'action de l'homme dans l'importation des espèces d'intérêt médical. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 1994, 30: 391-401. Julvez J, Mouchet J: Le peuplement culicidien des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien. L'action de l'homme dans l'importation des espèces d'intérêt médical. Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 1994, 30: 391-401.

go back to reference Minakawa N, Seda P, Yan G: Influence of host and larval distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 67: 32-38.PubMed Minakawa N, Seda P, Yan G: Influence of host and larval distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 67: 32-38.PubMed

go back to reference Braig HR, Yan G: The spread of genetic constructs in natural insect populations. In Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. Edited by: Letourneau KD, Burrows BE. 2001, Boston: CRC Press, 251-314. Braig HR, Yan G: The spread of genetic constructs in natural insect populations. In Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. Edited by: Letourneau KD, Burrows BE. 2001, Boston: CRC Press, 251-314.