Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria

Authors: Adel Driss, Jacqueline M Hibbert, Nana O Wilson, Shareen A Iqbal, Thomas V Adamkiewicz, Jonathan K Stiles

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The influence of host genetics on susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been extensively studied over the past twenty years. It is now clear that malaria parasites have imposed strong selective forces on the human genome in endemic regions. Different genes have been identified that are associated with different malaria related phenotypes. Factors that promote severity of malaria include parasitaemia, parasite induced inflammation, anaemia and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in brain microvasculature.
Recent advances in human genome research technologies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine genotyping tools have enabled the discovery of several genetic polymorphisms and biomarkers that warrant further study in host-parasite interactions. This review describes and discusses human gene polymorphisms identified thus far that have been shown to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to P. falciparum malaria. Although some polymorphisms play significant roles in susceptibility to malaria, several findings are inconclusive and contradictory and must be considered with caution. The discovery of genetic markers associated with different malaria phenotypes will help elucidate the pathophysiology of malaria and enable development of interventions or cures. Diversity in human populations as well as environmental effects can influence the clinical heterogeneity of malaria, thus warranting further investigations with a goal of developing new interventions, therapies and better management against malaria.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI: The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2005, 434: 214-217. 10.1038/nature03342.PubMedCentralPubMed Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI: The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2005, 434: 214-217. 10.1038/nature03342.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
go back to reference Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN: Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med. 2005, 2: e340-10.1371/journal.pmed.0020340.PubMedCentralPubMed Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN: Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med. 2005, 2: e340-10.1371/journal.pmed.0020340.PubMedCentralPubMed
3.
go back to reference Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: Genetic variability in response to infection: malaria and after. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 331-337. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363878.PubMed Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: Genetic variability in response to infection: malaria and after. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 331-337. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363878.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Hill AV: The immunogenetics of resistance to malaria. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999, 111: 272-277. 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.99234.x.PubMed Hill AV: The immunogenetics of resistance to malaria. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999, 111: 272-277. 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.99234.x.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Greenwood B, Marsh K, Snow R: Why do some African children develop severe malaria?. Parasitol Today. 1991, 7: 277-281. 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90096-7.PubMed Greenwood B, Marsh K, Snow R: Why do some African children develop severe malaria?. Parasitol Today. 1991, 7: 277-281. 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90096-7.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Verra F, Mangano VD, Modiano D: Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies. Parasite Immunol. 2009, 31: 234-253. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x.PubMed Verra F, Mangano VD, Modiano D: Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies. Parasite Immunol. 2009, 31: 234-253. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Allison AC: Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malareal infection. BMJ. 1954, 1: 290-294. 10.1136/bmj.1.4857.290.PubMedCentralPubMed Allison AC: Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malareal infection. BMJ. 1954, 1: 290-294. 10.1136/bmj.1.4857.290.PubMedCentralPubMed
8.
go back to reference Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V: Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality. Lancet. 2002, 359: 1311-1312. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08273-9.PubMed Aidoo M, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V: Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality. Lancet. 2002, 359: 1311-1312. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08273-9.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Allen SJ, Bennett S, Riley EM, Rowe PA, Jakobsen PH, O'Donnell A, Greenwood BM: Morbidity from malaria and immune responses to defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children with sickle cell trait in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 494-498. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90083-O.PubMed Allen SJ, Bennett S, Riley EM, Rowe PA, Jakobsen PH, O'Donnell A, Greenwood BM: Morbidity from malaria and immune responses to defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children with sickle cell trait in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 494-498. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90083-O.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Le Hesran JY, Personne I, Personne P, Fievet N, Dubois B, Beyeme M, Boudin C, Cot M, Deloron P: Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum infection and immune responses in infants with or without the sickle cell trait. Int J Epidemiol. 1999, 28: 793-798. 10.1093/ije/28.4.793.PubMed Le Hesran JY, Personne I, Personne P, Fievet N, Dubois B, Beyeme M, Boudin C, Cot M, Deloron P: Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum infection and immune responses in infants with or without the sickle cell trait. Int J Epidemiol. 1999, 28: 793-798. 10.1093/ije/28.4.793.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Livingstone FB: Simulation of the diffusion of the beta-globin variants in the Old World. Hum Biol. 1989, 61: 297-309.PubMed Livingstone FB: Simulation of the diffusion of the beta-globin variants in the Old World. Hum Biol. 1989, 61: 297-309.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Kuesap J, Hirayama K, Kikuchi M, Ruangweerayut R, Na-Bangchang K: Study on association between genetic polymorphisms of haem oxygenase-1, tumour necrosis factor, cadmium exposure and malaria pathogenicity and severity. Malar J. 9: 260- Kuesap J, Hirayama K, Kikuchi M, Ruangweerayut R, Na-Bangchang K: Study on association between genetic polymorphisms of haem oxygenase-1, tumour necrosis factor, cadmium exposure and malaria pathogenicity and severity. Malar J. 9: 260-
13.
go back to reference Garcia-Santos D, Chies JA: HO-1 polymorphism as a genetic determinant behind the malaria resistance afforded by haemolytic disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2010, 74: 807-813. 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.010.PubMed Garcia-Santos D, Chies JA: HO-1 polymorphism as a genetic determinant behind the malaria resistance afforded by haemolytic disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2010, 74: 807-813. 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.010.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Pamplona A, Ferreira A, Balla J, Jeney V, Balla G, Epiphanio S, Chora A, Rodrigues CD, Gregoire IP, Cunha-Rodrigues M, Portugal S, Soares MP, Mota MM: Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. Nat Med. 2007, 13: 703-710. 10.1038/nm1586.PubMed Pamplona A, Ferreira A, Balla J, Jeney V, Balla G, Epiphanio S, Chora A, Rodrigues CD, Gregoire IP, Cunha-Rodrigues M, Portugal S, Soares MP, Mota MM: Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. Nat Med. 2007, 13: 703-710. 10.1038/nm1586.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Sambo MR, Trovoada MJ, Benchimol C, Quinhentos V, Goncalves L, Velosa R, Marques MI, Sepulveda N, Clark TG, Mustafa S, Wagner O, Coutinho A, Penha-Goncalves C: Transforming growth factor beta 2 and heme oxygenase 1 genes are risk factors for the cerebral malaria syndrome in Angolan children. PLoS One. 5: e11141- Sambo MR, Trovoada MJ, Benchimol C, Quinhentos V, Goncalves L, Velosa R, Marques MI, Sepulveda N, Clark TG, Mustafa S, Wagner O, Coutinho A, Penha-Goncalves C: Transforming growth factor beta 2 and heme oxygenase 1 genes are risk factors for the cerebral malaria syndrome in Angolan children. PLoS One. 5: e11141-
16.
go back to reference Penman BS, Pybus OG, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S: Epistatic interactions between genetic disorders of hemoglobin can explain why the sickle-cell gene is uncommon in the Mediterranean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 21242-21246. 10.1073/pnas.0910840106.PubMedCentralPubMed Penman BS, Pybus OG, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S: Epistatic interactions between genetic disorders of hemoglobin can explain why the sickle-cell gene is uncommon in the Mediterranean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 21242-21246. 10.1073/pnas.0910840106.PubMedCentralPubMed
17.
go back to reference Williams TN, Mwangi TW, Wambua S, Peto TE, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S, Recker M, Penman BS, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Snow RW, Marsh K: Negative epistasis between the malaria-protective effects of alpha+-thalassemia and the sickle cell trait. Nat Genet. 2005, 37: 1253-1257. 10.1038/ng1660.PubMedCentralPubMed Williams TN, Mwangi TW, Wambua S, Peto TE, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S, Recker M, Penman BS, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Snow RW, Marsh K: Negative epistasis between the malaria-protective effects of alpha+-thalassemia and the sickle cell trait. Nat Genet. 2005, 37: 1253-1257. 10.1038/ng1660.PubMedCentralPubMed
18.
go back to reference Griffiths MJ, Shafi MJ, Popper SJ, Hemingway CA, Kortok MM, Wathen A, Rockett KA, Mott R, Levin M, Newton CR, Marsh K, Relman DA, Kwiatkowski DP: Genomewide analysis of the host response to malaria in Kenyan children. J Infect Dis. 2005, 191: 1599-1611. 10.1086/429297.PubMed Griffiths MJ, Shafi MJ, Popper SJ, Hemingway CA, Kortok MM, Wathen A, Rockett KA, Mott R, Levin M, Newton CR, Marsh K, Relman DA, Kwiatkowski DP: Genomewide analysis of the host response to malaria in Kenyan children. J Infect Dis. 2005, 191: 1599-1611. 10.1086/429297.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Timmann C, Evans JA, Konig IR, Kleensang A, Ruschendorf F, Lenzen J, Sievertsen J, Becker C, Enuameh Y, Kwakye KO, Opoku E, Browne EN, Ziegler A, Nurnberg P, Horstmann RD: Genome-wide linkage analysis of malaria infection intensity and mild disease. PLoS Genet. 2007, 3: e48-10.1371/journal.pgen.0030048.PubMedCentralPubMed Timmann C, Evans JA, Konig IR, Kleensang A, Ruschendorf F, Lenzen J, Sievertsen J, Becker C, Enuameh Y, Kwakye KO, Opoku E, Browne EN, Ziegler A, Nurnberg P, Horstmann RD: Genome-wide linkage analysis of malaria infection intensity and mild disease. PLoS Genet. 2007, 3: e48-10.1371/journal.pgen.0030048.PubMedCentralPubMed
20.
go back to reference Rihet P, Traore Y, Abel L, Aucan C, Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F: Malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels are linked to chromosome 5q31-q33. Am J Hum Genet. 1998, 63: 498-505. 10.1086/301967.PubMedCentralPubMed Rihet P, Traore Y, Abel L, Aucan C, Traore-Leroux T, Fumoux F: Malaria in humans: Plasmodium falciparum blood infection levels are linked to chromosome 5q31-q33. Am J Hum Genet. 1998, 63: 498-505. 10.1086/301967.PubMedCentralPubMed
21.
go back to reference Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye R, Casademont I, Peerapittayamongkol C, Rogier C, Tortevoye P, Tall A, Paul R, Turbpaiboon C, Phimpraphi W, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Heath S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Dieye A, Julier C: Genetic determination and linkage mapping of Plasmodium falciparum malaria related traits in Senegal. PLoS One. 2008, 3: e2000-10.1371/journal.pone.0002000.PubMedCentralPubMed Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye R, Casademont I, Peerapittayamongkol C, Rogier C, Tortevoye P, Tall A, Paul R, Turbpaiboon C, Phimpraphi W, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Heath S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Dieye A, Julier C: Genetic determination and linkage mapping of Plasmodium falciparum malaria related traits in Senegal. PLoS One. 2008, 3: e2000-10.1371/journal.pone.0002000.PubMedCentralPubMed
22.
go back to reference Ockenhouse CF, Hu WC, Kester KE, Cummings JF, Stewart A, Heppner DG, Jedlicka AE, Scott AL, Wolfe ND, Vahey M, Burke DS: Common and divergent immune response signaling pathways discovered in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression patterns in presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 5561-5573. 10.1128/IAI.00408-06.PubMedCentralPubMed Ockenhouse CF, Hu WC, Kester KE, Cummings JF, Stewart A, Heppner DG, Jedlicka AE, Scott AL, Wolfe ND, Vahey M, Burke DS: Common and divergent immune response signaling pathways discovered in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression patterns in presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 5561-5573. 10.1128/IAI.00408-06.PubMedCentralPubMed
23.
go back to reference Torcia MG, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Clemente A, Maggi L, Mangano VD, Verra F, Bancone G, Nebie I, Sirima BS, Liotta F, Frosali F, Angeli R, Severini C, Sannella AR, Bonini P, Lucibello M, Maggi E, Garaci E, Coluzzi M, Cozzolino F, Annunziato F, Romagnani S, Modiano D: Functional deficit of T regulatory cells in Fulani, an ethnic group with low susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 646-651. 10.1073/pnas.0709969105.PubMedCentralPubMed Torcia MG, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Clemente A, Maggi L, Mangano VD, Verra F, Bancone G, Nebie I, Sirima BS, Liotta F, Frosali F, Angeli R, Severini C, Sannella AR, Bonini P, Lucibello M, Maggi E, Garaci E, Coluzzi M, Cozzolino F, Annunziato F, Romagnani S, Modiano D: Functional deficit of T regulatory cells in Fulani, an ethnic group with low susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 646-651. 10.1073/pnas.0709969105.PubMedCentralPubMed
24.
go back to reference Jallow M, Teo YY, Small KS, Rockett KA, Deloukas P, Clark TG, Kivinen K, Bojang KA, Conway DJ, Pinder M, Sirugo G, Sisay-Joof F, Usen S, Auburn S, Bumpstead SJ, Campino S, Coffey A, Dunham A, Fry AE, Green A, Gwilliam R, Hunt SE, Inouye M, Jeffreys AE, Mendy A, Palotie A, Potter S, Ragoussis J, Rogers J, Rowlands K, Somaskantharajah E, Whittaker P, Widden C, Donnelly P, Howie B, Marchini J, Morris A, Sanjoaquin M, Achidi EA, Agbenyega T, Allen A, Amodu O, Corran P, Djimde A, Dolo A, Doumbo OK, Drakeley C, Dunstan S, Evans J, Farrar J, Fernando D, Hien TT, Horstmann RD, Ibrahim M, Karunaweera N, Kokwaro G, Koram KA, Lemnge M, Makani J, Marsh K, Michon P, Modiano D, Molyneux ME, Mueller I, Parker M, Peshu N, Plowe CV, Puijalon O, Reeder J, Reyburn H, Riley EM, Sakuntabhai A, Singhasivanon P, Sirima S, Tall A, Taylor TE, Thera M, Troye-Blomberg M, Williams TN, Wilson M, Kwiatkowski DP, Wellcome Trust Case Control C, Malaria Genomic Epidemiology N: Genome-wide and fine-resolution association analysis of malaria in West Africa. Nat Genet. 2009, 41: 657-665. 10.1038/ng.388.PubMedCentralPubMed Jallow M, Teo YY, Small KS, Rockett KA, Deloukas P, Clark TG, Kivinen K, Bojang KA, Conway DJ, Pinder M, Sirugo G, Sisay-Joof F, Usen S, Auburn S, Bumpstead SJ, Campino S, Coffey A, Dunham A, Fry AE, Green A, Gwilliam R, Hunt SE, Inouye M, Jeffreys AE, Mendy A, Palotie A, Potter S, Ragoussis J, Rogers J, Rowlands K, Somaskantharajah E, Whittaker P, Widden C, Donnelly P, Howie B, Marchini J, Morris A, Sanjoaquin M, Achidi EA, Agbenyega T, Allen A, Amodu O, Corran P, Djimde A, Dolo A, Doumbo OK, Drakeley C, Dunstan S, Evans J, Farrar J, Fernando D, Hien TT, Horstmann RD, Ibrahim M, Karunaweera N, Kokwaro G, Koram KA, Lemnge M, Makani J, Marsh K, Michon P, Modiano D, Molyneux ME, Mueller I, Parker M, Peshu N, Plowe CV, Puijalon O, Reeder J, Reyburn H, Riley EM, Sakuntabhai A, Singhasivanon P, Sirima S, Tall A, Taylor TE, Thera M, Troye-Blomberg M, Williams TN, Wilson M, Kwiatkowski DP, Wellcome Trust Case Control C, Malaria Genomic Epidemiology N: Genome-wide and fine-resolution association analysis of malaria in West Africa. Nat Genet. 2009, 41: 657-665. 10.1038/ng.388.PubMedCentralPubMed
25.
go back to reference Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Doumbo OK, Wellems TE, Diallo DA: X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e66-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040066.PubMedCentralPubMed Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Doumbo OK, Wellems TE, Diallo DA: X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e66-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040066.PubMedCentralPubMed
26.
go back to reference Fry AE, Griffiths MJ, Auburn S, Diakite M, Forton JT, Green A, Richardson A, Wilson J, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP: Common variation in the ABO glycosyltransferase is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 567-576.PubMedCentralPubMed Fry AE, Griffiths MJ, Auburn S, Diakite M, Forton JT, Green A, Richardson A, Wilson J, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP: Common variation in the ABO glycosyltransferase is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 567-576.PubMedCentralPubMed
27.
go back to reference Marchini J, Cardon LR, Phillips MS, Donnelly P: The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies. Nat Genet. 2004, 36: 512-517. 10.1038/ng1337.PubMed Marchini J, Cardon LR, Phillips MS, Donnelly P: The effects of human population structure on large genetic association studies. Nat Genet. 2004, 36: 512-517. 10.1038/ng1337.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Sinha S, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Patibandla PK, Mallick PK, Sharma SK, Mohanty S, Pati SS, Mishra SK, Ramteke BK, Bhatt R, Joshi H, Dash AP, Ahuja RC, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Polymorphisms of TNF-enhancer and gene for FcgammaRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population. Malar J. 2008, 7: 13-10.1186/1475-2875-7-13.PubMedCentralPubMed Sinha S, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Patibandla PK, Mallick PK, Sharma SK, Mohanty S, Pati SS, Mishra SK, Ramteke BK, Bhatt R, Joshi H, Dash AP, Ahuja RC, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Polymorphisms of TNF-enhancer and gene for FcgammaRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population. Malar J. 2008, 7: 13-10.1186/1475-2875-7-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
29.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor JG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, Diallo D: Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a West African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood. 2000, 96: 2358-2363.PubMed Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor JG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, Diallo D: Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a West African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood. 2000, 96: 2358-2363.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Kwiatkowski DP: How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 171-192. 10.1086/432519.PubMedCentralPubMed Kwiatkowski DP: How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 171-192. 10.1086/432519.PubMedCentralPubMed
31.
go back to reference Wilson NO, Huang MB, Anderson W, Bond V, Powell M, Thompson WE, Armah HB, Adjei AA, Gyasi R, Tettey Y, Stiles JK: Soluble factors from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes induce apoptosis in human brain vascular endothelial and neuroglia cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008, 162: 172-176. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.09.003.PubMedCentralPubMed Wilson NO, Huang MB, Anderson W, Bond V, Powell M, Thompson WE, Armah HB, Adjei AA, Gyasi R, Tettey Y, Stiles JK: Soluble factors from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes induce apoptosis in human brain vascular endothelial and neuroglia cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008, 162: 172-176. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.09.003.PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
go back to reference Campanella GS, Tager AM, El Khoury JK, Thomas SY, Abrazinski TA, Manice LA, Colvin RA, Luster AD: Chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10 are required for the development of murine cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 4814-4819. 10.1073/pnas.0801544105.PubMedCentralPubMed Campanella GS, Tager AM, El Khoury JK, Thomas SY, Abrazinski TA, Manice LA, Colvin RA, Luster AD: Chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10 are required for the development of murine cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 4814-4819. 10.1073/pnas.0801544105.PubMedCentralPubMed
33.
go back to reference Lucas R, Juillard P, Decoster E, Redard M, Burger D, Donati Y, Giroud C, Monso-Hinard C, De Kesel T, Buurman WA, Moore MW, Dayer JM, Fiers W, Bluethmann H, Grau GE: Crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and membrane-bound TNF in experimental cerebral malaria. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27: 1719-1725. 10.1002/eji.1830270719.PubMed Lucas R, Juillard P, Decoster E, Redard M, Burger D, Donati Y, Giroud C, Monso-Hinard C, De Kesel T, Buurman WA, Moore MW, Dayer JM, Fiers W, Bluethmann H, Grau GE: Crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and membrane-bound TNF in experimental cerebral malaria. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27: 1719-1725. 10.1002/eji.1830270719.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Potter SM, Chan-Ling T, Rosinova E, Ball HJ, Mitchell AJ, Hunt NH: A role for Fas-Fas ligand interactions during the late-stage neuropathological processes of experimental cerebral malaria. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 173: 96-107. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.004.PubMed Potter SM, Chan-Ling T, Rosinova E, Ball HJ, Mitchell AJ, Hunt NH: A role for Fas-Fas ligand interactions during the late-stage neuropathological processes of experimental cerebral malaria. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 173: 96-107. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.004.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Jain V, Armah HB, Tongren JE, Ned RM, Wilson NO, Crawford S, Joel PK, Singh MP, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Stiles JK: Plasma IP-10, apoptotic and angiogenic factors associated with fatal cerebral malaria in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 83-10.1186/1475-2875-7-83.PubMedCentralPubMed Jain V, Armah HB, Tongren JE, Ned RM, Wilson NO, Crawford S, Joel PK, Singh MP, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Stiles JK: Plasma IP-10, apoptotic and angiogenic factors associated with fatal cerebral malaria in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 83-10.1186/1475-2875-7-83.PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
go back to reference Wilson NO, Bythwood T, Solomon W, Jolly P, Yatich N, Jiang Y, Shuaib F, Adjei AA, Anderson W, Stiles JK: Elevated levels of IL-10 and G-CSF associated with asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Wilson NO, Bythwood T, Solomon W, Jolly P, Yatich N, Jiang Y, Shuaib F, Adjei AA, Anderson W, Stiles JK: Elevated levels of IL-10 and G-CSF associated with asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2010
37.
go back to reference Wilson NO, Jain V, Roberts CE, Lucchi N, Joel PK, Singh MP, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Stiles JK: CXCL4 and CXCL10 predict risk of fatal cerebral malaria. Dis Markers. 30: 39-49. Wilson NO, Jain V, Roberts CE, Lucchi N, Joel PK, Singh MP, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Stiles JK: CXCL4 and CXCL10 predict risk of fatal cerebral malaria. Dis Markers. 30: 39-49.
38.
go back to reference Jain V, McClintock S, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Lucchi NW: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with mortality in cerebral malaria patients in India. BMC Res Notes. 2009, 2: 36-10.1186/1756-0500-2-36.PubMedCentralPubMed Jain V, McClintock S, Nagpal AC, Dash AP, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V, Singh N, Lucchi NW: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with mortality in cerebral malaria patients in India. BMC Res Notes. 2009, 2: 36-10.1186/1756-0500-2-36.PubMedCentralPubMed
39.
go back to reference Lolis E: Glucocorticoid counter regulation: macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a target for drug discovery. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001, 1: 662-668. 10.1016/S1471-4892(01)00112-6.PubMed Lolis E: Glucocorticoid counter regulation: macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a target for drug discovery. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001, 1: 662-668. 10.1016/S1471-4892(01)00112-6.PubMed
40.
go back to reference McDevitt MA, Xie J, Shanmugasundaram G, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R: A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 1185-1196. 10.1084/jem.20052398.PubMedCentralPubMed McDevitt MA, Xie J, Shanmugasundaram G, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R: A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 1185-1196. 10.1084/jem.20052398.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
go back to reference Awandare GA, Hittner JB, Kremsner PG, Ochiel DO, Keller CC, Weinberg JB, Clark IA, Perkins DJ: Decreased circulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein and blood mononuclear cell MIF transcripts in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Immunol. 2006, 119: 219-225. 10.1016/j.clim.2005.12.003.PubMed Awandare GA, Hittner JB, Kremsner PG, Ochiel DO, Keller CC, Weinberg JB, Clark IA, Perkins DJ: Decreased circulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein and blood mononuclear cell MIF transcripts in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Immunol. 2006, 119: 219-225. 10.1016/j.clim.2005.12.003.PubMed
42.
go back to reference De Mast Q, Sweep FC, McCall M, Geurts-Moespot A, Hermsen C, Calandra T, Netea MG, Sauerwein RW, van der Ven AJ: A decrease of plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor concentration is associated with lower numbers of circulating lymphocytes in experimental Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2008, 30: 133-138. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01008.x.PubMed De Mast Q, Sweep FC, McCall M, Geurts-Moespot A, Hermsen C, Calandra T, Netea MG, Sauerwein RW, van der Ven AJ: A decrease of plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor concentration is associated with lower numbers of circulating lymphocytes in experimental Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2008, 30: 133-138. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.01008.x.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Mohan A, Sharma SK, Bollineni S: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in malaria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008, 45: 179-193.PubMed Mohan A, Sharma SK, Bollineni S: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in malaria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008, 45: 179-193.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM: New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009, 22: 430-435. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832f14c1.PubMed Price RN, Douglas NM, Anstey NM: New developments in Plasmodium vivax malaria: severe disease and the rise of chloroquine resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009, 22: 430-435. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832f14c1.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Driss A, Asare KO, Hibbert JM, Gee BE, Adamkiewicz TV, Stiles JK: Sickle cell disease in the post genomic era: a monogenic disease with a polygenic phenotype. Genomics Insights. 2009, 2009: 23-48.PubMed Driss A, Asare KO, Hibbert JM, Gee BE, Adamkiewicz TV, Stiles JK: Sickle cell disease in the post genomic era: a monogenic disease with a polygenic phenotype. Genomics Insights. 2009, 2009: 23-48.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M: Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2001, 414: 305-308. 10.1038/35104556.PubMed Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M: Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2001, 414: 305-308. 10.1038/35104556.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Hutagalung R, Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S, Brittenham GM, Aikawa M, Gordeuk VR: Influence of hemoglobin E trait on the severity of Falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 283-286. 10.1086/314561.PubMed Hutagalung R, Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S, Brittenham GM, Aikawa M, Gordeuk VR: Influence of hemoglobin E trait on the severity of Falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 283-286. 10.1086/314561.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Chotivanich K, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chierakul W, Simpson J, Looareesuwan S, White N: Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P falciparum malaria. Blood. 2002, 100: 1172-1176.PubMed Chotivanich K, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chierakul W, Simpson J, Looareesuwan S, White N: Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P falciparum malaria. Blood. 2002, 100: 1172-1176.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Cholera R, Brittain NJ, Gillrie MR, Lopera-Mesa TM, Diakite SA, Arie T, Krause MA, Guindo A, Tubman A, Fujioka H, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Ho M, Wellems TE, Fairhurst RM: Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 991-996. 10.1073/pnas.0711401105.PubMedCentralPubMed Cholera R, Brittain NJ, Gillrie MR, Lopera-Mesa TM, Diakite SA, Arie T, Krause MA, Guindo A, Tubman A, Fujioka H, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Ho M, Wellems TE, Fairhurst RM: Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 991-996. 10.1073/pnas.0711401105.PubMedCentralPubMed
51.
go back to reference Allen SJ, O'Donnell A, Alexander ND, Alpers MP, Peto TE, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ: alpha+-Thalassemia protects children against disease caused by other infections as well as malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 14736-14741. 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14736.PubMedCentralPubMed Allen SJ, O'Donnell A, Alexander ND, Alpers MP, Peto TE, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ: alpha+-Thalassemia protects children against disease caused by other infections as well as malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 14736-14741. 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14736.PubMedCentralPubMed
52.
go back to reference May J, Evans JA, Timmann C, Ehmen C, Busch W, Thye T, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD: Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria. JAMA. 2007, 297: 2220-2226. 10.1001/jama.297.20.2220.PubMed May J, Evans JA, Timmann C, Ehmen C, Busch W, Thye T, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD: Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria. JAMA. 2007, 297: 2220-2226. 10.1001/jama.297.20.2220.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Fowkes FJ, Allen SJ, Allen A, Alpers MP, Weatherall DJ, Day KP: Increased microerythrocyte count in homozygous alpha(+)-thalassaemia contributes to protection against severe malarial anaemia. PLoS Med. 2008, 5: e56-10.1371/journal.pmed.0050056.PubMedCentralPubMed Fowkes FJ, Allen SJ, Allen A, Alpers MP, Weatherall DJ, Day KP: Increased microerythrocyte count in homozygous alpha(+)-thalassaemia contributes to protection against severe malarial anaemia. PLoS Med. 2008, 5: e56-10.1371/journal.pmed.0050056.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
go back to reference Luzzi GA, Merry AH, Newbold CI, Marsh K, Pasvol G: Protection by alpha-thalassaemia against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: modified surface antigen expression rather than impaired growth or cytoadherence. Immunol Lett. 1991, 30: 233-240. 10.1016/0165-2478(91)90031-5.PubMed Luzzi GA, Merry AH, Newbold CI, Marsh K, Pasvol G: Protection by alpha-thalassaemia against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: modified surface antigen expression rather than impaired growth or cytoadherence. Immunol Lett. 1991, 30: 233-240. 10.1016/0165-2478(91)90031-5.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Pasvol G, Wilson RJ: The interaction of malaria parasites with red blood cells. Br Med Bull. 1982, 38: 133-140.PubMed Pasvol G, Wilson RJ: The interaction of malaria parasites with red blood cells. Br Med Bull. 1982, 38: 133-140.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Tishkoff SA, Varkonyi R, Cahinhinan N, Abbes S, Argyropoulos G, Destro-Bisol G, Drousiotou A, Dangerfield B, Lefranc G, Loiselet J, Piro A, Stoneking M, Tagarelli A, Tagarelli G, Touma EH, Williams SM, Clark AG: Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance. Science. 2001, 293: 455-462. 10.1126/science.1061573.PubMed Tishkoff SA, Varkonyi R, Cahinhinan N, Abbes S, Argyropoulos G, Destro-Bisol G, Drousiotou A, Dangerfield B, Lefranc G, Loiselet J, Piro A, Stoneking M, Tagarelli A, Tagarelli G, Touma EH, Williams SM, Clark AG: Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance. Science. 2001, 293: 455-462. 10.1126/science.1061573.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Allison AC, Clyde DF: Malaria in African children with deficient erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Br Med J. 1961, 1: 1346-1349. 10.1136/bmj.1.5236.1346.PubMedCentralPubMed Allison AC, Clyde DF: Malaria in African children with deficient erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Br Med J. 1961, 1: 1346-1349. 10.1136/bmj.1.5236.1346.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
go back to reference Bienzle U, Ayeni O, Lucas AO, Luzzatto L: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malaria. Greater resistance of females heterozygous for enzyme deficiency and of males with non-deficient variant. Lancet. 1972, 1: 107-110.PubMed Bienzle U, Ayeni O, Lucas AO, Luzzatto L: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malaria. Greater resistance of females heterozygous for enzyme deficiency and of males with non-deficient variant. Lancet. 1972, 1: 107-110.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, Yates SN, Kwiatkowski D, Gupta S, Warn P, Allsopp CE, Gilbert SC, Peschu N, Newbold CI, Greenwood BM, Marsh K, Hill AVS: Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 1995, 376: 246-249. 10.1038/376246a0.PubMed Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, Yates SN, Kwiatkowski D, Gupta S, Warn P, Allsopp CE, Gilbert SC, Peschu N, Newbold CI, Greenwood BM, Marsh K, Hill AVS: Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 1995, 376: 246-249. 10.1038/376246a0.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Durand PM, Coetzer TL: Pyruvate kinase deficiency protects against malaria in humans. Haematologica. 2008, 93: 939-940. 10.3324/haematol.12450.PubMed Durand PM, Coetzer TL: Pyruvate kinase deficiency protects against malaria in humans. Haematologica. 2008, 93: 939-940. 10.3324/haematol.12450.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Cortes A, Benet A, Cooke BM, Barnwell JW, Reeder JC: Ability of Plasmodium falciparum to invade Southeast Asian ovalocytes varies between parasite lines. Blood. 2004, 104: 2961-2966. 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2136.PubMed Cortes A, Benet A, Cooke BM, Barnwell JW, Reeder JC: Ability of Plasmodium falciparum to invade Southeast Asian ovalocytes varies between parasite lines. Blood. 2004, 104: 2961-2966. 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2136.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Cortes A, Mellombo M, Mgone CS, Beck HP, Reeder JC, Cooke BM: Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells to CD36 under flow is enhanced by the cerebral malaria-protective trait South-East Asian ovalocytosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2005, 142: 252-257. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.03.016.PubMed Cortes A, Mellombo M, Mgone CS, Beck HP, Reeder JC, Cooke BM: Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells to CD36 under flow is enhanced by the cerebral malaria-protective trait South-East Asian ovalocytosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2005, 142: 252-257. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.03.016.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Facer CA: Erythrocytes carrying mutations in spectrin and protein 4.1 show differing sensitivities to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res. 1995, 81: 52-57. 10.1007/BF00932417.PubMed Facer CA: Erythrocytes carrying mutations in spectrin and protein 4.1 show differing sensitivities to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res. 1995, 81: 52-57. 10.1007/BF00932417.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Wang HY, Tang H, Shen CK, Wu CI: Rapidly evolving genes in human. I. The glycophorins and their possible role in evading malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 1795-1804. 10.1093/molbev/msg185.PubMed Wang HY, Tang H, Shen CK, Wu CI: Rapidly evolving genes in human. I. The glycophorins and their possible role in evading malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 1795-1804. 10.1093/molbev/msg185.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Blumenfield S: Reflections on effective leadership: strains and successes, strategies and styles. Soc Work Health Care. 1995, 20: 21-37. 10.1300/J010v20n04_03.PubMed Blumenfield S: Reflections on effective leadership: strains and successes, strategies and styles. Soc Work Health Care. 1995, 20: 21-37. 10.1300/J010v20n04_03.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Rowe JA, Handel IG, Thera MA, Deans AM, Lyke KE, Kone A, Diallo DA, Raza A, Kai O, Marsh K, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Moulds JM: Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced rosetting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 17471-17476. 10.1073/pnas.0705390104.PubMedCentralPubMed Rowe JA, Handel IG, Thera MA, Deans AM, Lyke KE, Kone A, Diallo DA, Raza A, Kai O, Marsh K, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Moulds JM: Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced rosetting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 17471-17476. 10.1073/pnas.0705390104.PubMedCentralPubMed
67.
go back to reference Barragan A, Kremsner PG, Wahlgren M, Carlson J: Blood group A antigen is a coreceptor in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Infect Immun. 2000, 68: 2971-2975. 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2971-2975.2000.PubMedCentralPubMed Barragan A, Kremsner PG, Wahlgren M, Carlson J: Blood group A antigen is a coreceptor in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Infect Immun. 2000, 68: 2971-2975. 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2971-2975.2000.PubMedCentralPubMed
68.
go back to reference Pare G, Chasman DI, Kellogg M, Zee RY, Rifai N, Badola S, Miletich JP, Ridker PM: Novel association of ABO histo-blood group antigen with soluble ICAM-1: results of a genome-wide association study of 6,578 women. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4: e1000118-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000118.PubMedCentralPubMed Pare G, Chasman DI, Kellogg M, Zee RY, Rifai N, Badola S, Miletich JP, Ridker PM: Novel association of ABO histo-blood group antigen with soluble ICAM-1: results of a genome-wide association study of 6,578 women. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4: e1000118-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000118.PubMedCentralPubMed
69.
go back to reference Elagib AA, Kider AO, Akerstrom B, Elbashir MI: Association of the haptoglobin phenotype (1-1) with falciparum malaria in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 92: 309-311. 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)91025-2.PubMed Elagib AA, Kider AO, Akerstrom B, Elbashir MI: Association of the haptoglobin phenotype (1-1) with falciparum malaria in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 92: 309-311. 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)91025-2.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Quaye IK, Ekuban FA, Goka BQ, Adabayeri V, Kurtzhals JA, Gyan B, Ankrah NA, Hviid L, Akanmori BD: Haptoglobin 1-1 is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 216-219. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90281-5.PubMed Quaye IK, Ekuban FA, Goka BQ, Adabayeri V, Kurtzhals JA, Gyan B, Ankrah NA, Hviid L, Akanmori BD: Haptoglobin 1-1 is associated with susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 216-219. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90281-5.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Cox SE, Doherty C, Atkinson SH, Nweneka CV, Fulford AJ, Ghattas H, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM: Haplotype association between haptoglobin (Hp2) and Hp promoter SNP (A-61C) may explain previous controversy of haptoglobin and malaria protection. PLoS One. 2007, 2: e362-10.1371/journal.pone.0000362.PubMedCentralPubMed Cox SE, Doherty C, Atkinson SH, Nweneka CV, Fulford AJ, Ghattas H, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM: Haplotype association between haptoglobin (Hp2) and Hp promoter SNP (A-61C) may explain previous controversy of haptoglobin and malaria protection. PLoS One. 2007, 2: e362-10.1371/journal.pone.0000362.PubMedCentralPubMed
72.
go back to reference Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Perkins DJ, May J, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Alpers M, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG: Nitric oxide synthase 2(Lambarene) (G-954C), increased nitric oxide production, and protection against malaria. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 330-336. 10.1086/322037.PubMed Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Perkins DJ, May J, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Alpers M, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG: Nitric oxide synthase 2(Lambarene) (G-954C), increased nitric oxide production, and protection against malaria. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 330-336. 10.1086/322037.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Hobbs MR, Udhayakumar V, Levesque MC, Booth J, Roberts JM, Tkachuk AN, Pole A, Coon H, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Mwaikambo ED, Lal AL, Granger DL, Anstey NM, Weinberg JB: A new NOS2 promoter polymorphism associated with increased nitric oxide production and protection from severe malaria in Tanzanian and Kenyan children. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1468-1475. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11474-7.PubMed Hobbs MR, Udhayakumar V, Levesque MC, Booth J, Roberts JM, Tkachuk AN, Pole A, Coon H, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Mwaikambo ED, Lal AL, Granger DL, Anstey NM, Weinberg JB: A new NOS2 promoter polymorphism associated with increased nitric oxide production and protection from severe malaria in Tanzanian and Kenyan children. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1468-1475. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11474-7.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey NM, Twumasi P, Rowe PA, Bennett S, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM: Common west African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature. 1991, 352: 595-600. 10.1038/352595a0.PubMed Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey NM, Twumasi P, Rowe PA, Bennett S, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM: Common west African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature. 1991, 352: 595-600. 10.1038/352595a0.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Gilbert SC, Plebanski M, Gupta S, Morris J, Cox M, Aidoo M, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Whittle HC, Hill AV: Association of malaria parasite population structure, HLA, and immunological antagonism. Science. 1998, 279: 1173-1177. 10.1126/science.279.5354.1173.PubMed Gilbert SC, Plebanski M, Gupta S, Morris J, Cox M, Aidoo M, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Whittle HC, Hill AV: Association of malaria parasite population structure, HLA, and immunological antagonism. Science. 1998, 279: 1173-1177. 10.1126/science.279.5354.1173.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Young K, Frodsham A, Doumbo OK, Gupta S, Dolo A, Hu JT, Robson KJ, Crisanti A, Hill AV, Gilbert SC: Inverse associations of human leukocyte antigen and malaria parasite types in two West African populations. Infect Immun. 2005, 73: 953-955. 10.1128/IAI.73.2.953-955.2005.PubMedCentralPubMed Young K, Frodsham A, Doumbo OK, Gupta S, Dolo A, Hu JT, Robson KJ, Crisanti A, Hill AV, Gilbert SC: Inverse associations of human leukocyte antigen and malaria parasite types in two West African populations. Infect Immun. 2005, 73: 953-955. 10.1128/IAI.73.2.953-955.2005.PubMedCentralPubMed
77.
go back to reference McGuire W, Knight JC, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria are associated with different tumor necrosis factor promoter alleles. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 287-290. 10.1086/314533.PubMed McGuire W, Knight JC, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria are associated with different tumor necrosis factor promoter alleles. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 287-290. 10.1086/314533.PubMed
78.
go back to reference McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 1994, 371: 508-510. 10.1038/371508a0.PubMed McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 1994, 371: 508-510. 10.1038/371508a0.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Atkinson SH, Rockett KA, Morgan G, Bejon PA, Sirugo G, O'Connell MA, Hanchard N, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM: Tumor necrosis factor SNP haplotypes are associated with iron deficiency anemia in West African children. Blood. 2008, 112: 4276-4283. 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162008.PubMedCentralPubMed Atkinson SH, Rockett KA, Morgan G, Bejon PA, Sirugo G, O'Connell MA, Hanchard N, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM: Tumor necrosis factor SNP haplotypes are associated with iron deficiency anemia in West African children. Blood. 2008, 112: 4276-4283. 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162008.PubMedCentralPubMed
80.
go back to reference Cabantous S, Poudiougou B, Traore A, Keita M, Cisse MB, Doumbo O, Dessein AJ, Marquet S: Evidence that interferon-gamma plays a protective role during cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2005, 192: 854-860. 10.1086/432484.PubMed Cabantous S, Poudiougou B, Traore A, Keita M, Cisse MB, Doumbo O, Dessein AJ, Marquet S: Evidence that interferon-gamma plays a protective role during cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2005, 192: 854-860. 10.1086/432484.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Koch O, Awomoyi A, Usen S, Jallow M, Richardson A, Hull J, Pinder M, Newport M, Kwiatkowski D: IFNGR1 gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 1684-1687. 10.1086/340516.PubMed Koch O, Awomoyi A, Usen S, Jallow M, Richardson A, Hull J, Pinder M, Newport M, Kwiatkowski D: IFNGR1 gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 1684-1687. 10.1086/340516.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Mangano VD, Luoni G, Rockett KA, Sirima BS, Konate A, Forton J, Clark TG, Bancone G, Sadighi Akha E, Kwiatkowski DP, Modiano D: Interferon regulatory factor-1 polymorphisms are associated with the control of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genes Immun. 2008, 9: 122-129. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364456.PubMedCentralPubMed Mangano VD, Luoni G, Rockett KA, Sirima BS, Konate A, Forton J, Clark TG, Bancone G, Sadighi Akha E, Kwiatkowski DP, Modiano D: Interferon regulatory factor-1 polymorphisms are associated with the control of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genes Immun. 2008, 9: 122-129. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364456.PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
go back to reference Mangano VD, Clark TG, Auburn S, Campino S, Diakite M, Fry AE, Green A, Richardson A, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Griffiths MJ, Newton C, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Modiano D, Kwiatkowski DP, Rockett KA: Lack of association of interferon regulatory factor 1 with severe malaria in affected child-parental trio studies across three African populations. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4206-10.1371/journal.pone.0004206.PubMedCentralPubMed Mangano VD, Clark TG, Auburn S, Campino S, Diakite M, Fry AE, Green A, Richardson A, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Griffiths MJ, Newton C, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Modiano D, Kwiatkowski DP, Rockett KA: Lack of association of interferon regulatory factor 1 with severe malaria in affected child-parental trio studies across three African populations. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4206-10.1371/journal.pone.0004206.PubMedCentralPubMed
84.
go back to reference Sabeti P, Usen S, Farhadian S, Jallow M, Doherty T, Newport M, Pinder M, Ward R, Kwiatkowski D: CD40L association with protection from severe malaria. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 286-291. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363877.PubMed Sabeti P, Usen S, Farhadian S, Jallow M, Doherty T, Newport M, Pinder M, Ward R, Kwiatkowski D: CD40L association with protection from severe malaria. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 286-291. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363877.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Walley AJ, Aucan C, Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV: Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and susceptibility to clinical malaria in a Gambian case-control study. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004, 12: 132-138. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201084.PubMed Walley AJ, Aucan C, Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV: Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and susceptibility to clinical malaria in a Gambian case-control study. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004, 12: 132-138. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201084.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Gyan B, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori B, Troye-Blomberg M: Polymorphisms in interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes and malaria in Ghanaian children. Scand J Immunol. 2002, 56: 619-622. 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01161.x.PubMed Gyan B, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori B, Troye-Blomberg M: Polymorphisms in interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes and malaria in Ghanaian children. Scand J Immunol. 2002, 56: 619-622. 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01161.x.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Ohashi J, Naka I, Doi A, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Tangpukdee N, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: A functional polymorphism in the IL1B gene promoter, IL1B -31C > T, is not associated with cerebral malaria in Thailand. Malar J. 2005, 4: 38-10.1186/1475-2875-4-38.PubMedCentralPubMed Ohashi J, Naka I, Doi A, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Tangpukdee N, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: A functional polymorphism in the IL1B gene promoter, IL1B -31C > T, is not associated with cerebral malaria in Thailand. Malar J. 2005, 4: 38-10.1186/1475-2875-4-38.PubMedCentralPubMed
88.
go back to reference Luoni G, Verra F, Arca B, Sirima BS, Troye-Blomberg M, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: Antimalarial antibody levels and IL4 polymorphism in the Fulani of West Africa. Genes Immun. 2001, 2: 411-414. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363797.PubMed Luoni G, Verra F, Arca B, Sirima BS, Troye-Blomberg M, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: Antimalarial antibody levels and IL4 polymorphism in the Fulani of West Africa. Genes Immun. 2001, 2: 411-414. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363797.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: IL4-589C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop. 2004, 90: 205-209. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014.PubMed Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: IL4-589C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop. 2004, 90: 205-209. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Vafa M, Maiga B, Berzins K, Hayano M, Bereczky S, Dolo A, Daou M, Arama C, Kouriba B, Farnert A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Associations between the IL-4 -590 T allele and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in asymptomatic Fulani of Mali. Microbes Infect. 2007, 9: 1043-1048. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.011.PubMed Vafa M, Maiga B, Berzins K, Hayano M, Bereczky S, Dolo A, Daou M, Arama C, Kouriba B, Farnert A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Associations between the IL-4 -590 T allele and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in asymptomatic Fulani of Mali. Microbes Infect. 2007, 9: 1043-1048. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.011.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Tangteerawatana P, Pichyangkul S, Hayano M, Kalambaheti T, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Relative levels of IL4 and IFN-gamma in complicated malaria: association with IL4 polymorphism and peripheral parasitemia. Acta Trop. 2007, 101: 258-265. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.008.PubMed Tangteerawatana P, Pichyangkul S, Hayano M, Kalambaheti T, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Relative levels of IL4 and IFN-gamma in complicated malaria: association with IL4 polymorphism and peripheral parasitemia. Acta Trop. 2007, 101: 258-265. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.02.008.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M: Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 138: 145-150. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02590.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M: Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 138: 145-150. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02590.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
go back to reference Ouma C, Davenport GC, Were T, Otieno MF, Hittner JB, Vulule JM, Martinson J, Ong'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ: Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production. Hum Genet. 2008, 124: 515-524. 10.1007/s00439-008-0578-5.PubMedCentralPubMed Ouma C, Davenport GC, Were T, Otieno MF, Hittner JB, Vulule JM, Martinson J, Ong'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ: Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production. Hum Genet. 2008, 124: 515-524. 10.1007/s00439-008-0578-5.PubMedCentralPubMed
94.
go back to reference Koch O, Rockett K, Jallow M, Pinder M, Sisay-Joof F, Kwiatkowski D: Investigation of malaria susceptibility determinants in the IFNG/IL26/IL22 genomic region. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 312-318. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364214.PubMed Koch O, Rockett K, Jallow M, Pinder M, Sisay-Joof F, Kwiatkowski D: Investigation of malaria susceptibility determinants in the IFNG/IL26/IL22 genomic region. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 312-318. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364214.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Giha HA, Balogun HA, Anders RF, Troye-Blomberg M, ElGhazali G, Berzins K: FcgammaRIIa (CD32) polymorphism and anti-malarial IgG subclass pattern among Fulani and sympatric ethnic groups living in eastern Sudan. Malar J. 2009, 8: 43-10.1186/1475-2875-8-43.PubMedCentralPubMed Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Giha HA, Balogun HA, Anders RF, Troye-Blomberg M, ElGhazali G, Berzins K: FcgammaRIIa (CD32) polymorphism and anti-malarial IgG subclass pattern among Fulani and sympatric ethnic groups living in eastern Sudan. Malar J. 2009, 8: 43-10.1186/1475-2875-8-43.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
go back to reference Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Kariuki S, Urdahl KB, McElroy PD, Roberts JM, Lal AA: Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 107-111. 10.1086/320999.PubMed Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Kariuki S, Urdahl KB, McElroy PD, Roberts JM, Lal AA: Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 107-111. 10.1086/320999.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Troye-Blomberg M, Giha HA, Balogun HA, Osman OF, Montgomery SM, ElGhazali G, Berzins K: Fc gamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism and antibody responses to asexual blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudanese patients. Scand J Immunol. 2007, 66: 87-96. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01947.x.PubMed Nasr A, Iriemenam NC, Troye-Blomberg M, Giha HA, Balogun HA, Osman OF, Montgomery SM, ElGhazali G, Berzins K: Fc gamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism and antibody responses to asexual blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudanese patients. Scand J Immunol. 2007, 66: 87-96. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01947.x.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Cooke GS, Aucan C, Walley AJ, Segal S, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski DP, Hill AV: Association of Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism with severe malaria in West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 565-568.PubMed Cooke GS, Aucan C, Walley AJ, Segal S, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski DP, Hill AV: Association of Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism with severe malaria in West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 565-568.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: Absence of association between the Fc gamma receptor IIIA-176F/V polymorphism and the severity of malaria in Thai. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2002, 55: 167-169.PubMed Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: Absence of association between the Fc gamma receptor IIIA-176F/V polymorphism and the severity of malaria in Thai. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2002, 55: 167-169.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Clatworthy MR, Willcocks L, Urban B, Langhorne J, Williams TN, Peshu N, Watkins NA, Floto RA, Smith KG: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated defects in the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb reduce susceptibility to malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 7169-7174. 10.1073/pnas.0608889104.PubMedCentralPubMed Clatworthy MR, Willcocks L, Urban B, Langhorne J, Williams TN, Peshu N, Watkins NA, Floto RA, Smith KG: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated defects in the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb reduce susceptibility to malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 7169-7174. 10.1073/pnas.0608889104.PubMedCentralPubMed
101.
go back to reference Mockenhaupt FP, Hamann L, von Gaertner C, Bedu-Addo G, von Kleinsorgen C, Schumann RR, Bienzle U: Common polymorphisms of toll-like receptors 4 and 9 are associated with the clinical manifestation of malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 2006, 194: 184-188. 10.1086/505152.PubMed Mockenhaupt FP, Hamann L, von Gaertner C, Bedu-Addo G, von Kleinsorgen C, Schumann RR, Bienzle U: Common polymorphisms of toll-like receptors 4 and 9 are associated with the clinical manifestation of malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 2006, 194: 184-188. 10.1086/505152.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Leoratti FM, Farias L, Alves FP, Suarez-Mutis MC, Coura JR, Kalil J, Camargo EP, Moraes SL, Ramasawmy R: Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198: 772-780. 10.1086/590440.PubMed Leoratti FM, Farias L, Alves FP, Suarez-Mutis MC, Coura JR, Kalil J, Camargo EP, Moraes SL, Ramasawmy R: Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198: 772-780. 10.1086/590440.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Hamann L, Kumpf O, Schuring RP, Alpsoy E, Bedu-Addo G, Bienzle U, Oskam L, Mockenhaupt FP, Schumann RR: Low frequency of the TIRAP S180L polymorphism in Africa, and its potential role in malaria, sepsis, and leprosy. BMC Med Genet. 2009, 10: 65-PubMedCentralPubMed Hamann L, Kumpf O, Schuring RP, Alpsoy E, Bedu-Addo G, Bienzle U, Oskam L, Mockenhaupt FP, Schumann RR: Low frequency of the TIRAP S180L polymorphism in Africa, and its potential role in malaria, sepsis, and leprosy. BMC Med Genet. 2009, 10: 65-PubMedCentralPubMed
104.
go back to reference Uhlemann AC, Szlezak NA, Vonthein R, Tomiuk J, Emmer SA, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Kun JF: DNA phasing by TA dinucleotide microsatellite length determines in vitro and in vivo expression of the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase and mediates protection against severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2004, 189: 2227-2234. 10.1086/421242.PubMed Uhlemann AC, Szlezak NA, Vonthein R, Tomiuk J, Emmer SA, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Kun JF: DNA phasing by TA dinucleotide microsatellite length determines in vitro and in vivo expression of the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase and mediates protection against severe malaria. J Infect Dis. 2004, 189: 2227-2234. 10.1086/421242.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Luty AJ, Kun JF, Kremsner PG: Mannose-binding lectin plasma levels and gene polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1998, 178: 1221-1224. 10.1086/515690.PubMed Luty AJ, Kun JF, Kremsner PG: Mannose-binding lectin plasma levels and gene polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1998, 178: 1221-1224. 10.1086/515690.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Garred P, Nielsen MA, Kurtzhals JA, Malhotra R, Madsen HO, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Sim RB, Hviid L: Mannose-binding lectin is a disease modifier in clinical malaria and may function as opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 5245-5253. 10.1128/IAI.71.9.5245-5253.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed Garred P, Nielsen MA, Kurtzhals JA, Malhotra R, Madsen HO, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Sim RB, Hviid L: Mannose-binding lectin is a disease modifier in clinical malaria and may function as opsonin for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 5245-5253. 10.1128/IAI.71.9.5245-5253.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed
107.
go back to reference Holmberg V, Schuster F, Dietz E, Sagarriga Visconti JC, Anemana SD, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP: Mannose-binding lectin variant associated with severe malaria in young African children. Microbes Infect. 2008, 10: 342-348. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.008.PubMed Holmberg V, Schuster F, Dietz E, Sagarriga Visconti JC, Anemana SD, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP: Mannose-binding lectin variant associated with severe malaria in young African children. Microbes Infect. 2008, 10: 342-348. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.008.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Rowe JA, Moulds JM, Newbold CI, Miller LH: P. falciparum rosetting mediated by a parasite-variant erythrocyte membrane protein and complement-receptor 1. Nature. 1997, 388: 292-295. 10.1038/40888.PubMed Rowe JA, Moulds JM, Newbold CI, Miller LH: P. falciparum rosetting mediated by a parasite-variant erythrocyte membrane protein and complement-receptor 1. Nature. 1997, 388: 292-295. 10.1038/40888.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Cockburn IA, Mackinnon MJ, O'Donnell A, Allen SJ, Moulds JM, Baisor M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, Rowe JA: A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 272-277. 10.1073/pnas.0305306101.PubMedCentralPubMed Cockburn IA, Mackinnon MJ, O'Donnell A, Allen SJ, Moulds JM, Baisor M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, Rowe JA: A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 272-277. 10.1073/pnas.0305306101.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
go back to reference Sinha S, Qidwai T, Kanchan K, Anand P, Jha GN, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Tyagi PK, Sharma SK, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Variations in host genes encoding adhesion molecules and susceptibility to falciparum malaria in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 250-10.1186/1475-2875-7-250.PubMedCentralPubMed Sinha S, Qidwai T, Kanchan K, Anand P, Jha GN, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Tyagi PK, Sharma SK, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Variations in host genes encoding adhesion molecules and susceptibility to falciparum malaria in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 250-10.1186/1475-2875-7-250.PubMedCentralPubMed
111.
go back to reference Amodu OK, Gbadegesin RA, Ralph SA, Adeyemo AA, Brenchley PE, Ayoola OO, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-west Nigerian children: is the polymorphism of ICAM-1 and E-selectin genes contributing to the clinical severity of malaria?. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 248-255. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.011.PubMed Amodu OK, Gbadegesin RA, Ralph SA, Adeyemo AA, Brenchley PE, Ayoola OO, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-west Nigerian children: is the polymorphism of ICAM-1 and E-selectin genes contributing to the clinical severity of malaria?. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 248-255. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.011.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Fry AE, Auburn S, Diakite M, Green A, Richardson A, Wilson J, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Griffiths MJ, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP: Variation in the ICAM1 gene is not associated with severe malaria phenotypes. Genes Immun. 2008, 9: 462-469. 10.1038/gene.2008.38.PubMedCentralPubMed Fry AE, Auburn S, Diakite M, Green A, Richardson A, Wilson J, Jallow M, Sisay-Joof F, Pinder M, Griffiths MJ, Peshu N, Williams TN, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP: Variation in the ICAM1 gene is not associated with severe malaria phenotypes. Genes Immun. 2008, 9: 462-469. 10.1038/gene.2008.38.PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
go back to reference Ndiaye R, Sakuntabhai A, Casademont I, Rogier C, Tall A, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Dieye A, Julier C: Genetic study of ICAM1 in clinical malaria in Senegal. Tissue Antigens. 2005, 65: 474-480. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00388.x.PubMed Ndiaye R, Sakuntabhai A, Casademont I, Rogier C, Tall A, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Dieye A, Julier C: Genetic study of ICAM1 in clinical malaria in Senegal. Tissue Antigens. 2005, 65: 474-480. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00388.x.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Kun JF, Lehman LG, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Kremsner PG: Low-dose treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations selects for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999, 43: 2205-2208.PubMedCentralPubMed Kun JF, Lehman LG, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Kremsner PG: Low-dose treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations selects for drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999, 43: 2205-2208.PubMedCentralPubMed
115.
go back to reference Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI: A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet. 1997, 6: 1357-1360. 10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357.PubMed Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI: A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet. 1997, 6: 1357-1360. 10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Kikuchi M, Looareesuwan S, Ubalee R, Tasanor O, Suzuki F, Wattanagoon Y, Na-Bangchang K, Kimura A, Aikawa M, Hirayama K: Association of adhesion molecule PECAM-1/CD31 polymorphism with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Thais. Parasitol Int. 2001, 50: 235-239. 10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00082-4.PubMed Kikuchi M, Looareesuwan S, Ubalee R, Tasanor O, Suzuki F, Wattanagoon Y, Na-Bangchang K, Kimura A, Aikawa M, Hirayama K: Association of adhesion molecule PECAM-1/CD31 polymorphism with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Thais. Parasitol Int. 2001, 50: 235-239. 10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00082-4.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Casals-Pascual C, Allen S, Allen A, Kai O, Lowe B, Pain A, Roberts DJ: Short report: codon 125 polymorphism of CD31 and susceptibility to malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 736-737.PubMed Casals-Pascual C, Allen S, Allen A, Kai O, Lowe B, Pain A, Roberts DJ: Short report: codon 125 polymorphism of CD31 and susceptibility to malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 736-737.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: CD36 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 364-374. 10.1086/346091.PubMedCentralPubMed Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: CD36 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 364-374. 10.1086/346091.PubMedCentralPubMed
119.
go back to reference Aitman TJ, Cooper LD, Norsworthy PJ, Wahid FN, Gray JK, Curtis BR, McKeigue PM, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Snow RW, Hill AV, Scott J: Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation. Nature. 2000, 405: 1015-1016. 10.1038/35016636.PubMed Aitman TJ, Cooper LD, Norsworthy PJ, Wahid FN, Gray JK, Curtis BR, McKeigue PM, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Snow RW, Hill AV, Scott J: Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation. Nature. 2000, 405: 1015-1016. 10.1038/35016636.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Pain A, Urban BC, Kai O, Casals-Pascual C, Shafi J, Marsh K, Roberts DJ: A non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria. Lancet. 2001, 357: 1502-1503. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04662-6.PubMed Pain A, Urban BC, Kai O, Casals-Pascual C, Shafi J, Marsh K, Roberts DJ: A non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria. Lancet. 2001, 357: 1502-1503. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04662-6.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Sikora M, Ferrer-Admetlla A, Laayouni H, Menendez C, Mayor A, Bardaji A, Sigauque B, Mandomando I, Alonso PL, Bertranpetit J, Casals F: A variant in the gene FUT9 is associated with susceptibility to placental malaria infection. Hum Mol Genet. 2009, 18: 3136-3144. 10.1093/hmg/ddp240.PubMed Sikora M, Ferrer-Admetlla A, Laayouni H, Menendez C, Mayor A, Bardaji A, Sigauque B, Mandomando I, Alonso PL, Bertranpetit J, Casals F: A variant in the gene FUT9 is associated with susceptibility to placental malaria infection. Hum Mol Genet. 2009, 18: 3136-3144. 10.1093/hmg/ddp240.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV, Sambou I, Twumasi P, Castracane J, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Brewster DR, Greenwood BM: TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet. 1990, 336: 1201-1204. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92827-5.PubMed Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV, Sambou I, Twumasi P, Castracane J, Manogue KR, Cerami A, Brewster DR, Greenwood BM: TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet. 1990, 336: 1201-1204. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92827-5.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Grau GE, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wirima JJ, Vassalli P, Hommel M, Lambert PH: Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 1989, 320: 1586-1591. 10.1056/NEJM198906153202404.PubMed Grau GE, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Wirima JJ, Vassalli P, Hommel M, Lambert PH: Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 1989, 320: 1586-1591. 10.1056/NEJM198906153202404.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Charoenvit Y, Majam VF, Corradin G, Sacci JB, Wang R, Doolan DL, Jones TR, Abot E, Patarroyo ME, Guzman F, Hoffman SL: CD4(+) T-cell- and gamma interferon-dependent protection against murine malaria by immunization with linear synthetic peptides from a Plasmodium yoelii 17-kilodalton hepatocyte erythrocyte protein. Infect Immun. 1999, 67: 5604-5614.PubMedCentralPubMed Charoenvit Y, Majam VF, Corradin G, Sacci JB, Wang R, Doolan DL, Jones TR, Abot E, Patarroyo ME, Guzman F, Hoffman SL: CD4(+) T-cell- and gamma interferon-dependent protection against murine malaria by immunization with linear synthetic peptides from a Plasmodium yoelii 17-kilodalton hepatocyte erythrocyte protein. Infect Immun. 1999, 67: 5604-5614.PubMedCentralPubMed
125.
go back to reference Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Nussenzweig RS, Kremsner PG: Interferon-gamma responses are associated with resistance to reinfection with Plasmodium falciparum in young African children. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 980-988. 10.1086/314689.PubMed Luty AJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Nussenzweig RS, Kremsner PG: Interferon-gamma responses are associated with resistance to reinfection with Plasmodium falciparum in young African children. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 980-988. 10.1086/314689.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Bach EA, Aguet M, Schreiber RD: The IFN gamma receptor: a paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997, 15: 563-591. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.563.PubMed Bach EA, Aguet M, Schreiber RD: The IFN gamma receptor: a paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997, 15: 563-591. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.563.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Lohoff M, Mak TW: Roles of interferon-regulatory factors in T-helper-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005, 5: 125-135. 10.1038/nri1552.PubMed Lohoff M, Mak TW: Roles of interferon-regulatory factors in T-helper-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005, 5: 125-135. 10.1038/nri1552.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Sabeti PC, Reich DE, Higgins JM, Levine HZ, Richter DJ, Schaffner SF, Gabriel SB, Platko JV, Patterson NJ, McDonald GJ, Ackerman HC, Campbell SJ, Altshuler D, Cooper R, Kwiatkowski D, Ward R, Lander ES: Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature. 2002, 419: 832-837. 10.1038/nature01140.PubMed Sabeti PC, Reich DE, Higgins JM, Levine HZ, Richter DJ, Schaffner SF, Gabriel SB, Platko JV, Patterson NJ, McDonald GJ, Ackerman HC, Campbell SJ, Altshuler D, Cooper R, Kwiatkowski D, Ward R, Lander ES: Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature. 2002, 419: 832-837. 10.1038/nature01140.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Dunn E, Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, O'Neill LA: Annotating genes with potential roles in the immune system: six new members of the IL-1 family. Trends Immunol. 2001, 22: 533-536. 10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02034-8.PubMed Dunn E, Sims JE, Nicklin MJ, O'Neill LA: Annotating genes with potential roles in the immune system: six new members of the IL-1 family. Trends Immunol. 2001, 22: 533-536. 10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02034-8.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Marsh DG, Neely JD, Breazeale DR, Ghosh B, Freidhoff LR, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Schou C, Krishnaswamy G, Beaty TH: Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobulin E concentrations. Science. 1994, 264: 1152-1156. 10.1126/science.8178175.PubMed Marsh DG, Neely JD, Breazeale DR, Ghosh B, Freidhoff LR, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Schou C, Krishnaswamy G, Beaty TH: Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobulin E concentrations. Science. 1994, 264: 1152-1156. 10.1126/science.8178175.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Pestka S, Krause CD, Sarkar D, Walter MR, Shi Y, Fisher PB: Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004, 22: 929-979. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622.PubMed Pestka S, Krause CD, Sarkar D, Walter MR, Shi Y, Fisher PB: Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004, 22: 929-979. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622.PubMed
132.
go back to reference Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R: IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity. 2004, 21: 241-254. 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007.PubMed Wolk K, Kunz S, Witte E, Friedrich M, Asadullah K, Sabat R: IL-22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity. 2004, 21: 241-254. 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.007.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Bolland S, Ravetch JV: Spontaneous autoimmune disease in Fc(gamma)RIIB-deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis. Immunity. 2000, 13: 277-285. 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00027-3.PubMed Bolland S, Ravetch JV: Spontaneous autoimmune disease in Fc(gamma)RIIB-deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis. Immunity. 2000, 13: 277-285. 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00027-3.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Akira S, Takeda K: Functions of toll-like receptors: lessons from KO mice. C R Biol. 2004, 327: 581-589. 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.002.PubMed Akira S, Takeda K: Functions of toll-like receptors: lessons from KO mice. C R Biol. 2004, 327: 581-589. 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.002.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Bekeredjian-Ding I, Jego G: Toll-like receptors--sentries in the B-cell response. Immunology. 2009, 128: 311-323. 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03173.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Bekeredjian-Ding I, Jego G: Toll-like receptors--sentries in the B-cell response. Immunology. 2009, 128: 311-323. 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03173.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
136.
go back to reference Coban C, Ishii KJ, Kawai T, Hemmi H, Sato S, Uematsu S, Yamamoto M, Takeuchi O, Itagaki S, Kumar N, Horii T, Akira S: Toll-like receptor 9 mediates innate immune activation by the malaria pigment hemozoin. J Exp Med. 2005, 201: 19-25. 10.1084/jem.20041836.PubMedCentralPubMed Coban C, Ishii KJ, Kawai T, Hemmi H, Sato S, Uematsu S, Yamamoto M, Takeuchi O, Itagaki S, Kumar N, Horii T, Akira S: Toll-like receptor 9 mediates innate immune activation by the malaria pigment hemozoin. J Exp Med. 2005, 201: 19-25. 10.1084/jem.20041836.PubMedCentralPubMed
137.
go back to reference Treutiger CJ, Heddini A, Fernandez V, Muller WA, Wahlgren M: PECAM-1/CD31, an endothelial receptor for binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 1405-1408. 10.1038/nm1297-1405.PubMed Treutiger CJ, Heddini A, Fernandez V, Muller WA, Wahlgren M: PECAM-1/CD31, an endothelial receptor for binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 1405-1408. 10.1038/nm1297-1405.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria
Authors
Adel Driss
Jacqueline M Hibbert
Nana O Wilson
Shareen A Iqbal
Thomas V Adamkiewicz
Jonathan K Stiles
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-271

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Malaria Journal 1/2011 Go to the issue