Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2008

Open Access 01-12-2008 | Research article

Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review

Authors: Anne Berghöfer, Tobias Pischon, Thomas Reinhold, Caroline M Apovian, Arya M Sharma, Stefan N Willich

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Obesity has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of various diseases, but comparative data on this condition are limited. We therefore aimed to identify and discuss current epidemiological data on the prevalence of obesity in European countries.

Methods

We identified relevant published studies by means of a MEDLINE search (1990–2008) supplemented by information obtained from regulatory agencies. We only included surveys that used direct measures of weight and height and were representative of each country's overall population.

Results

In Europe, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) in men ranged from 4.0% to 28.3% and in women from 6.2% to 36.5%. We observed considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe being higher than those in Western and Northern Europe.

Conclusion

In Europe, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The data presented in our review emphasise the need for effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Dusch von TK: Lehrbuch der Herzkrankheiten. 1868, Leipzig, Engelmann Verlag
2.
Gikas A, Sotiropoulos A, Panagiotakos D, Peppas T, Skliros E, Pappas S: Prevalence, and associated risk factors, of self-reported diabetes mellitus in a sample of adult urban population in Greece: MEDICAL Exit Poll Research in Salamis (MEDICAL EXPRESS 2002). BMC Public Health. 2004, 4: 2-10.1186/1471-2458-4-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Bartali B, Benvenuti E, Corsi AM, Bandinelli S, Russo CR, Di IA, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L: Changes in anthropometric measures in men and women across the life-span: findings from the InCHIANTI study. Soz Praventivmed. 2002, 47: 336-348. 10.1007/PL00012644.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Heitmann BL: [Occurrence and development of overweight and obesity among adult Danes aged 30-60 years]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1999, 161: 4380-4384.PubMed
5.
Lindstrom M, Isacsson SO, Merlo J: Increasing prevalence of overweight, obesity and physical inactivity: two population-based studies 1986 and 1994. Eur J Public Health. 2003, 13: 306-312. 10.1093/eurpub/13.4.306.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Brug J: The European charter for counteracting obesity: a late but important step towards action. Observations on the WHO-Europe ministerial conference, Istanbul, November 15-17, 2006. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007, 4: 11-10.1186/1479-5868-4-11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Knai C, Suhrcke M, Lobstein T: Obesity in Eastern Europe: an overview of its health and economic implications. Econ Hum Biol. 2007, 5: 392-408. 10.1016/j.ehb.2007.08.002.CrossRefPubMed
8.
James WP: The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med. 2008, 263: 336-352. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01922.x.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Müller-Riemenschneider F, Reinhold T, Berghöfer A, Willich SN: Health-Economic Burden of Obesity in Europe. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008
10.
International Association for the Study of Obesity: Global Obesity Prevalence in Adults. 2006, International Association for the Study of Obesity, [http://​www.​iaso.​org]
11.
Capuano V, Bambacaro A, D'Arminio T, Vecchio G, Cappuccio L: Correlation between body mass index and others risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women compared with men. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2003, 60: 295-300.PubMed
12.
Gonzalez CA, Pera G, Quiros JR, Lasheras C, Tormo MJ, Rodriguez M, Navarro C, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Chirlaque MD, Beguiristain JM, Barricarte A, Amiano P, Agudo A: Types of fat intake and body mass index in a Mediterranean country. Public Health Nutr. 2000, 3: 329-336. 10.1017/S1368980000000379.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Santos AC, Barros H: Prevalence and determinants of obesity in an urban sample of Portuguese adults. Public Health. 2003, 117: 430-437. 10.1016/S0033-3506(03)00139-2.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Dennis BH, Pajak A, Pardo B, Davis CE, Williams OD, Piotrowski W: Weight gain and its correlates in Poland between 1983 and 1993. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24: 1507-1513. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801435.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Skodova Z, Pisa Z, Vojtisek P, Emrova R, Pikhartova J, Hoke M, Cicha Z, Hronkova M, Berka L, Valenta Z, .: [Changes in the cardiovascular risk profile of the population of the Czech Republic--MONICA 1992]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1994, 133: 624-626.PubMed
16.
Molarius A, Seidell JC, Kuulasmaa K, Dobson AJ, Sans S: Smoking and relative body weight: an international perspective from the WHO MONICA Project. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1997, 51: 252-260.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Shapo L, Pomerleau J, McKee M, Coker R, Ylli A: Body weight patterns in a country in transition: a population-based survey in Tirana City, Albania. Public Health Nutr. 2003, 6: 471-477. 10.1079/PHN2002451.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Smolej-Narancic N: Nutritional status of the population in Dalmatia, Croatia. Coll Antropol. 1999, 23: 59-68.PubMed
19.
Pikhart H, Bobak M, Malyutina S, Pajak A, Kubinova R, Marmot M: Obesity and education in three countries of the Central and Eastern Europe: the HAPIEE study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2007, 15: 140-142.PubMed
20.
Heseker H, Hartmann S, Kubler W, Schneider R: An epidemiologic study of food consumption habits in Germany. Metabolism. 1995, 44: 10-13. 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90202-3.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Heseker H, Schmid A: [Epidemiology of obesity]. Ther Umsch. 2000, 57: 478-481. 10.1024/0040-5930.57.8.478.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Wang YC, Colditz GA, Kuntz KM: Forecasting the obesity epidemic in the aging U.S. population. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007, 15: 2855-2865.CrossRef
23.
Ding EL, Malik VS: Convergence of obesity and high glycemic diet on compounding diabetes and cardiovascular risks in modernizing China: an emerging public health dilemma. Global Health. 2008, 4: 4-10.1186/1744-8603-4-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Hermanussen M, Molinari L, Satake T: BMI in Japanese children since 1948: no evidence of a major rise in the prevalence of obesity in Japan. Anthropol Anz. 2007, 65: 275-283.PubMed
25.
Haftenberger M, Lahmann PH, Panico S, Gonzalez CA, Seidell JC, Boeing H, Giurdanella MC, Krogh V, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Skeie G, Hjartaker A, Rodriguez M, Quiros JR, Berglund G, Janlert U, Khaw KT, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tehard B, Miller AB, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Benetou V, Kiriazi G, Riboli E, Slimani N: Overweight, obesity and fat distribution in 50- to 64-year-old participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Public Health Nutr. 2002, 5: 1147-1162.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Beer-Borst S, Morabia A, Hercberg S, Vitek O, Bernstein MS, Galan P, Galasso R, Giampaoli S, Houterman S, McCrum E, Panico S, Pannozzo F, Preziosi P, Ribas L, Serra-Majem L, Verschuren WM, Yarnell J, Northridge ME: Obesity and other health determinants across Europe: the EURALIM project. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000, 54: 424-430. 10.1136/jech.54.6.424.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Martinez JA, Kearney JM, Kafatos A, Paquet S, Martinez-Gonzalez MA: Variables independently associated with self-reported obesity in the European Union. Public Health Nutr. 1999, 2: 125-133.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Lissner L, Johansson SE, Qvist J, Rossner S, Wolk A: Social mapping of the obesity epidemic in Sweden. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24: 801-805. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801237.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Sundquist K, Qvist J, Johansson SE, Sundquist J: Increasing trends of obesity in Sweden between 1996/97 and 2000/01. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 254-261.PubMed
30.
Belahsen R, Rguibi M: Population health and Mediterranean diet in southern Mediterranean countries. Public Health Nutr. 2006, 9: 1130-1135. 10.1017/S1368980007668517.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martinez JA, Hu FB, Gibney MJ, Kearney J: Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23: 1192-1201. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801049.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Pomerleau J, Pudule I, Grinberga D, Kadziauskiene K, Abaravicius A, Bartkeviciute R, Vaask S, Robertson A, McKee M: Patterns of body weight in the Baltic Republics. Public Health Nutr. 2000, 3: 3-10. 10.1017/S1368980000000021.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Tremblay MS, Perez CE, Ardern CI, Bryan SN, Katzmarzyk PT: Obesity, overweight and ethnicity. Health Rep. 2005, 16: 23-34.PubMed
34.
Gadd M, Sundquist J, Johansson SE, Wandell P: Do immigrants have an increased prevalence of unhealthy behaviours and risk factors for coronary heart disease?. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005, 12: 535-541. 10.1097/00149831-200512000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zimmermann K: European Migration: What Do We Know?. 2005, USA, Oxford University Press
36.
Bergmann K, Menzel R, Bergmann E, Tietze K, Stolzenberg H, Hoffmeister H: Verbreitung von Übergewicht in der erwachsenen Bevölkerung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Akt Ernähr. 1989, 14: 205-208.
37.
Khosla T, Lowe CR: Height and weight of British men. Lancet. 1968, 1: 742-745. 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)92183-1.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Varo JJ, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martinez JA: [Obesity prevalence in Europe]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2002, 25 Suppl 1: 103-108.PubMed
39.
Yun S, Zhu BP, Black W, Brownson RC: A comparison of national estimates of obesity prevalence from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006, 30: 164-170. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803125.CrossRef
40.
Basterra-Gortari FJ, Bes-Rastrollo M, Forga L, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA: [Validity of self-reported body mass index in the National Health Survey]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2007, 30: 373-381.PubMed
41.
Rabin BA, Boehmer TK, Brownson RC: Cross-national comparison of environmental and policy correlates of obesity in Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2007, 17: 53-61. 10.1093/eurpub/ckl073.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Aromaa A, Koponen P, Tafforeau J, Vermeire C: Evaluation of Health Interview Surveys and Health Examination Surveys in the European Union. Eur J Public Health. 2003, 13: 67-72. 10.1093/eurpub/13.suppl_1.67.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Ulmer H, Diem G, Bischof HP, Ruttmann E, Concin H: Recent trends and sociodemographic distribution of cardiovascular risk factors: results from two population surveys in the Austrian WHO CINDI demonstration area. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001, 113: 573-579.PubMed
44.
S. DH, D. DB, P. S, Kornitzer M, G. DB: Trends and regional differences in coronary risk factors in two areas in Belgium: final results from the MONICA Ghent-Charleroi Study. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2000, 7: 347-357.CrossRef
45.
Hlubik P, Opltova L, Chaloupka J: [Prevalence of obesity in selected subpopulations in the Czech Republic]. Sb Lek. 2000, 101: 59-65.PubMed
46.
Heitmann BL: Ten-year trends in overweight and obesity among Danish men and women aged 30-60 years. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24: 1347-1352. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801388.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P: Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005, 118: 489-495. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.031.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Heitmann BL, Stroger U, Mikkelsen KL, Holst C, Sorensen TI: Large heterogeneity of the obesity epidemic in Danish adults. Public Health Nutr. 2004, 7: 453-460. 10.1079/PHN2003542.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Klumbiene J, Petkeviciene J, Helasoja V, Prattala R, Kasmel A: Sociodemographic and health behaviour factors associated with obesity in adult populations in Estonia, Finland and Lithuania. Eur J Public Health. 2004, 14: 390-394. 10.1093/eurpub/14.4.390.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Lahti-Koski M, Jousilahti P, Pietinen P: Secular trends in body mass index by birth cohort in eastern Finland from 1972 to 1997. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25: 727-734. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801588.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Hu G, Barengo NC, Tuomilehto J, Lakka TA, Nissinen A, Jousilahti P: Relationship of physical activity and body mass index to the risk of hypertension: a prospective study in Finland. Hypertension. 2004, 43: 25-30. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107400.72456.19.CrossRefPubMed
52.
ObEpi: Résultats de l'enquete ObEpi 2003 sur l'obésité et le surpoids en France. 2003, Roche
53.
Scali J, Siari S, Grosclaude P, Gerber M: Dietary and socio-economic factors associated with overweight and obesity in a southern French population. Public Health Nutr. 2004, 7: 513-522. 10.1079/PHN2003569.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Maillard G, Charles MA, Thibult N, Forhan A, Sermet C, Basdevant A, Eschwege E: Trends in the prevalence of obesity in the French adult population between 1980 and 1991. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23: 389-394. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800831.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Thefeld W: Verbreitung der Herz-Kreislauf-Risikofaktoren Hypercholesterinämie, Übergewicht, Hypertonie und Rauchen in der Bevölkerung. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz. 2000, Springer, 43: 415-423. 10.1007/s001030070047.
56.
Liese AD, Doring A, Hense HW, Keil U: Five year changes in waist circumference, body mass index and obesity in Augsburg, Germany. Eur J Nutr. 2001, 40: 282-288. 10.1007/s394-001-8357-0.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Risvas G, Kontogianni MD, Zampelas A, Stefanadis C: Epidemiology of overweight and obesity in a Greek adult population: the ATTICA Study. Obes Res. 2004, 12: 1914-1920.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C: Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the ATTICA study. Nutrition. 2006, 22: 449-456. 10.1016/j.nut.2005.11.004.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Manios Y, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Polychronopoulos E, Stefanadis C: Implication of socio-economic status on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek adults: the ATTICA study. Health Policy. 2005, 74: 224-232. 10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.01.014.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Stefanadis C: Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in Greece: aims, design and baseline characteristics of the ATTICA study. BMC Public Health. 2003, 3: 32-10.1186/1471-2458-3-32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
62.
McCarthy SN, Gibney MJ, Flynn A: Overweight, obesity and physical activity levels in Irish adults: evidence from the North/South Ireland food consumption survey. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002, 61: 3-7.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Shelley E, Daly L, Collins C, Christie M, Conroy R, Gibney M, Hickey N, Kelleher C, Kilcoyne D, Lee P, .: Cardiovascular risk factor changes in the Kilkenny Health Project. A community health promotion programme. Eur Heart J. 1995, 16: 752-760.PubMed
64.
Colucciello M, Tenconi MT, Rabagliati C, Piazza M, Orlandi M, Cornalba C: [Prevalence of risk factors for ischemic heart disease in a northern Italian adult population]. Ann Ig. 2006, 18: 23-30.PubMed
65.
Visscher TL, Seidell JC: Time trends (1993-1997) and seasonal variation in body mass index and waist circumference in the Netherlands. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28: 1309-1316. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802761.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Visscher TL, Kromhout D, Seidell JC: Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002, 26: 1218-1224. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802016.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Kamycheva E, Sundsfjord J, Jorde R: Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004, 151: 167-172. 10.1530/eje.0.1510167.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Zaletel-Kragelj L, Erzen I, Fras Z: Interregional differences in health in Slovenia. I. Estimated prevalence of selected cardiovascular and related diseases. Croat Med J. 2004, 45: 637-643.PubMed
69.
Soriguer F, Rojo-Martinez G, Esteva A, Ruiz de Adana MS, Catala M, Merelo MJ, Beltran M, Tinahones FJ: Prevalence of obesity in south-east Spain and its relation with social and health factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004, 19: 33-40. 10.1023/B:EJEP.0000013254.93980.97.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Aranceta J, Perez RC, Serra ML, Ribas BL, Quiles IJ, Vioque J, Tur MJ, Mataix VJ, Llopis GJ, Tojo R, Foz SM: [Prevalence of obesity in Spain: results of the SEEDO 2000 study]. Med Clin (Barc ). 2003, 120: 608-612. 10.1157/13046926.CrossRef
71.
Aranceta J, Perez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majem L, Ribas L, Quiles-Izquierdo J, Vioque J, Foz M: Influence of sociodemographic factors in the prevalence of obesity in Spain. The SEEDO'97 Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001, 55: 430-435. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601189.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Schroder H, Marrugat J, Vila J, Covas MI, Elosua R: Adherence to the traditional mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a spanish population. J Nutr. 2004, 134: 3355-3361.PubMed
73.
Mataix J, Lopez-Frias M, Martinez-de-Victoria E, Lopez-Jurado M, Aranda P, Llopis J: Factors associated with obesity in an adult Mediterranean population: influence on plasma lipid profile. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005, 24: 456-465.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Plans P, Serra L, Castells C, Lloveras G, Pardell H, Salleras L: [Epidemiology of obesity among the adult population of Catalonia]. An Med Interna. 1992, 9: 478-482.PubMed
75.
Berg C, Rosengren A, Aires N, Lappas G, Toren K, Thelle D, Lissner L: Trends in overweight and obesity from 1985 to 2002 in Goteborg, West Sweden. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005, 29: 916-924. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802964.CrossRef
76.
Eliasson M, Lindahl B, Lundberg V, Stegmayr B: Diabetes and obesity in Northern Sweden: occurrence and risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction. Scand J Public Health Suppl. 2003, 61: 70-77. 10.1080/14034950310001360.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Addor V, Wietlisbach V, Narring F, Michaud PA: Cardiovascular risk factor profiles and their social gradient from adolescence to age 74 in a Swiss region. Prev Med. 2003, 36: 217-228. 10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00016-6.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Morabia A, Costanza MC: The obesity epidemic as harbinger of a metabolic disorder epidemic: trends in overweight, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes treatment in Geneva, Switzerland, 1993-2003. Am J Public Health. 2005, 95: 632-635. 10.2105/2004.047877.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Unit JHS: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Health Survey for England. 2003, national statistics, 2:
80.
Bendixen H, Holst C, Sorensen TI, Raben A, Bartels EM, Astrup A: Major increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity between 1987 and 2001 among Danish adults. Obes Res. 2004, 12: 1464-1472.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S, Lahelma E: The association of body mass index with social and economic disadvantage in women and men. Int J Epidemiol. 1999, 28: 445-449. 10.1093/ije/28.3.445.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Heineck G: Height and weight in Germany, evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel, 2002. Econ Hum Biol. 2006, 4: 359-382. 10.1016/j.ehb.2006.05.001.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Pagano R, La VC: Overweight and obesity in Italy, 1990-91. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994, 18: 665-669.PubMed
84.
Grabauskas V, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Vaisvalavicius V: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in relation to social and behavioral factors (Lithuanian health behavior monitoring). Medicina (Kaunas ). 2003, 39: 1223-1230.
85.
van DL, Otters HB, Schuit AJ: Moderately overweight and obese patients in general practice: a population based survey. BMC Fam Pract. 2006, 7: 43-10.1186/1471-2296-7-43.CrossRef
86.
Marques-Vidal P, Dias CM: Trends in overweight and obesity in Portugal: the National Health Surveys 1995-6 and 1998-9. Obes Res. 2005, 13: 1141-1145.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillon P, ez-Ganan L, Lopez GE, Banegas B, Rodriguez AF: Work-related physical activity is not associated with body mass index and obesity. Obes Res. 2002, 10: 270-276.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Eichholzer M, Camenzind E: [Overweight, obesity and underweigh in Switzerland: results of the 2000 Nutri-Trend Study]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 2003, 92: 847-858.
89.
Thane CW, Bolton-Smith C, Coward WA: Comparative dietary intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) among British adults in 1986-7 and 2000-1. Br J Nutr. 2006, 96: 1105-1115. 10.1017/BJN20061971.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review
Authors
Anne Berghöfer
Tobias Pischon
Thomas Reinhold
Caroline M Apovian
Arya M Sharma
Stefan N Willich
Publication date
01-12-2008
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2008
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-200

Other articles of this Issue 1/2008

BMC Public Health 1/2008 Go to the issue

Research article

Do advertisements for antihypertensive drugs in Australia promote quality prescribing? A cross-sectional study

Research article

Patterns of motivations and ways of quitting smoking among Polish smokers: A questionnaire study

Research article

Lifestyle behaviors, obesity, and perceived health among men with and without a diagnosis of prostate cancer: A population-based, cross-sectional study

Research article

The impact of education on risk factors and the occurrence of multimorbidity in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort

Study protocol

Healthcare workers' attitudes towards working during pandemic influenza: A multi method study

Research article

Participants' perspective on maintaining behaviour change: a qualitative study within the European Diabetes Prevention Study