Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Study protocol

Study protocol: can a school gardening intervention improve children’s diets?

Authors: Meaghan S Christian, Charlotte EL Evans, Mark Conner, Joan K Ransley, Janet E Cade

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The current academic literature suggests there is a potential for using gardening as a tool to improve children’s fruit and vegetable intake. This study is two parallel randomised controlled trials (RCT) devised to evaluate the school gardening programme of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Campaign for School Gardening, to determine if it has an effect on children’s fruit and vegetable intake.

Method/Design

Trial One will consist of 26 schools; these schools will be randomised into two groups, one to receive the intensive intervention as “Partner Schools” and the other to receive the less intensive intervention as “Associate Schools”. Trial Two will consist of 32 schools; these schools will be randomised into either the less intensive intervention “Associate Schools” or a comparison group with delayed intervention. Baseline data collection will be collected using a 24-hour food diary (CADET) to collect data on dietary intake and a questionnaire exploring children’s knowledge and attitudes towards fruit and vegetables. A process measures questionnaire will be used to assess each school’s gardening activities.

Discussion

The results from these trials will provide information on the impact of the RHS Campaign for School Gardening on children’s fruit and vegetable intake. The evaluation will provide valuable information for designing future research in primary school children’s diets and school based interventions.

Trial registration

ISRCTN11396528
Literature
1.
go back to reference World Health Organization: Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Obesity Technical Report Series 894. 2000, World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization: Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Obesity Technical Report Series 894. 2000, World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
2.
go back to reference Blanchette L, Brug J: Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among 6–12-year-old children and effective interventions to increase consumption.[see comment]. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2005, 18 (6): 431-443. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2005.00648.x.CrossRefPubMed Blanchette L, Brug J: Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among 6–12-year-old children and effective interventions to increase consumption.[see comment]. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2005, 18 (6): 431-443. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2005.00648.x.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett P, Frankel S, Davey Smith G, Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett P, Frankel S, Davey Smith G: Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: the Boyd Orr cohort.[erratum appears in J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007 Mar;61(3):271]. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003, 57 (3): 218-225. 10.1136/jech.57.3.218.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett P, Frankel S, Davey Smith G, Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett P, Frankel S, Davey Smith G: Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: the Boyd Orr cohort.[erratum appears in J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007 Mar;61(3):271]. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003, 57 (3): 218-225. 10.1136/jech.57.3.218.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Timperio A, Ball K, Roberts R, Campbell K, Andrianopoulos N, Crawford D, Timperio A, Ball K, Roberts R, Campbell K, et al: Children's fruit and vegetable intake: associations with the neighbourhood food environment. Preventive Medicine. 2008, 46 (4): 331-335. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.011.CrossRefPubMed Timperio A, Ball K, Roberts R, Campbell K, Andrianopoulos N, Crawford D, Timperio A, Ball K, Roberts R, Campbell K, et al: Children's fruit and vegetable intake: associations with the neighbourhood food environment. Preventive Medicine. 2008, 46 (4): 331-335. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.011.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Magarey A, Daniels LA, Smith A: Fruit and vegetable intakes of Australians aged 2–18years: an evaluation of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey data. Aust NZ J Pub Health. 2001, 25: 155-161. 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2001.tb01839.x.CrossRef Magarey A, Daniels LA, Smith A: Fruit and vegetable intakes of Australians aged 2–18years: an evaluation of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey data. Aust NZ J Pub Health. 2001, 25: 155-161. 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2001.tb01839.x.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Nelson M, Erens B, Bates B, Church S, Boshier T: Low income diet and nutrition survey. 2007, The Stationery Office, In. London Nelson M, Erens B, Bates B, Church S, Boshier T: Low income diet and nutrition survey. 2007, The Stationery Office, In. London
7.
go back to reference Connolly J, Gargiula L, Reeve D, Connolly J, Gargiula L, Reeve D: Selections from current literature. Treatment issues in childhood obesity. Family Practice. 2002, 19 (3): 304-309.PubMed Connolly J, Gargiula L, Reeve D, Connolly J, Gargiula L, Reeve D: Selections from current literature. Treatment issues in childhood obesity. Family Practice. 2002, 19 (3): 304-309.PubMed
8.
go back to reference World Cancer Research Fund: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective : AICR. 2007, America Institiue for Cancer Research, Washington DC World Cancer Research Fund: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective : AICR. 2007, America Institiue for Cancer Research, Washington DC
9.
go back to reference Prelip M, Slusser W, Thai CL, Kinsler J, Erausquin JT: Effects of a school-based nutrition program diffused throughout a large urban community on attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to fruit and vegetable consumption. J Sch Heal. 2011, 81 (9): 520-529. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00622.x.CrossRef Prelip M, Slusser W, Thai CL, Kinsler J, Erausquin JT: Effects of a school-based nutrition program diffused throughout a large urban community on attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to fruit and vegetable consumption. J Sch Heal. 2011, 81 (9): 520-529. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00622.x.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Singer MR, Moore LL, Garahie EJ, Ellison RC: The tracking of nutrient intake in young children: the Framingham children’s study. Am J Public Health. 1995, 85 (12): 1673-1677. 10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1673.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Singer MR, Moore LL, Garahie EJ, Ellison RC: The tracking of nutrient intake in young children: the Framingham children’s study. Am J Public Health. 1995, 85 (12): 1673-1677. 10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1673.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Wendy N, Ziegler PJ: Children’s food preferences: a longitudinal analysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102 (11): 1638-1647. 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90349-4.CrossRefPubMed Skinner JD, Carruth BR, Wendy N, Ziegler PJ: Children’s food preferences: a longitudinal analysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102 (11): 1638-1647. 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90349-4.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL: Parental influences on young girls' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102 (1): 58-64. 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90017-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL: Parental influences on young girls' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102 (1): 58-64. 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90017-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Reilly JJ, Kelly L, Montgomery C, Williamson A, Fisher A, McColl JH, Lo Conte R, Paton JY, Grant S, Reilly JJ, et al: Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial.[see comment]. BMJ. 2006, 333 (7577): 1041-10.1136/bmj.38979.623773.55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Reilly JJ, Kelly L, Montgomery C, Williamson A, Fisher A, McColl JH, Lo Conte R, Paton JY, Grant S, Reilly JJ, et al: Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial.[see comment]. BMJ. 2006, 333 (7577): 1041-10.1136/bmj.38979.623773.55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson L, Smithers G: National diet and nutrition survey: young people aged 4 to 18years. 2001, The Stationary Officer, In. London Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson L, Smithers G: National diet and nutrition survey: young people aged 4 to 18years. 2001, The Stationary Officer, In. London
15.
go back to reference Fogarty AW, Antoniak M, Venn AJ, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N, Stocks J, Britton J, Lewis SA, Fogarty AW, et al: Does participation in a population-based dietary intervention scheme have a lasting impact on fruit intake in young children?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007, 36 (5): 1080-1085. 10.1093/ije/dym133.CrossRefPubMed Fogarty AW, Antoniak M, Venn AJ, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N, Stocks J, Britton J, Lewis SA, Fogarty AW, et al: Does participation in a population-based dietary intervention scheme have a lasting impact on fruit intake in young children?. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007, 36 (5): 1080-1085. 10.1093/ije/dym133.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Yeo ST, Edwards RT, Yeo ST, Edwards RT: Encouraging fruit consumption in primary schoolchildren: a pilot study in North Wales, UK. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006, 19 (4): 299-302. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2006.00706.x.CrossRefPubMed Yeo ST, Edwards RT, Yeo ST, Edwards RT: Encouraging fruit consumption in primary schoolchildren: a pilot study in North Wales, UK. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006, 19 (4): 299-302. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2006.00706.x.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Wells L, Nelson M: The National School Fruit Scheme produces short-term but not longer-term increases in fruit consumption in primary school children. Br J Nutr. 2005, 93 (4): 537-542. 10.1079/BJN20051393.CrossRefPubMed Wells L, Nelson M: The National School Fruit Scheme produces short-term but not longer-term increases in fruit consumption in primary school children. Br J Nutr. 2005, 93 (4): 537-542. 10.1079/BJN20051393.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Warnecke C, de Moor C, Nwachokor A, Hajek RA, Jones LA, Cullen KW, Baranowski T, et al: "5 A Day" achievement badge for urban boy scouts: formative evaluation results. J Cancer Educ. 1998, 13 (3): 162-168.PubMed Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Warnecke C, de Moor C, Nwachokor A, Hajek RA, Jones LA, Cullen KW, Baranowski T, et al: "5 A Day" achievement badge for urban boy scouts: formative evaluation results. J Cancer Educ. 1998, 13 (3): 162-168.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Patrick K, Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Lydston DD, Calfas KJ, Zabinski MF, Wilfley DE, Saelens BE, Brown DR: A multicomponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE+for adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001, 155 (8): 940-946.CrossRef Patrick K, Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Lydston DD, Calfas KJ, Zabinski MF, Wilfley DE, Saelens BE, Brown DR: A multicomponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE+for adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001, 155 (8): 940-946.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Baranowski J, Doyle C, Lin LS, Smith M, Wang DT: Gimme 5 fruit, juice, and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation.[erratum appears in Health Educ Behav 2000 Jun;27(3):390]. Health Education & Behavior. 2000, 27 (1): 96-111. 10.1177/109019810002700109.CrossRef Baranowski J, Doyle C, Lin LS, Smith M, Wang DT: Gimme 5 fruit, juice, and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation.[erratum appears in Health Educ Behav 2000 Jun;27(3):390]. Health Education & Behavior. 2000, 27 (1): 96-111. 10.1177/109019810002700109.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bere E, Veierod MB, Klepp K-I: The Norwegian School Fruit Programme: evaluating paid vs. no-cost subscriptions. Preventive Medicine. 2005, 41 (2): 463-470. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.024.CrossRefPubMed Bere E, Veierod MB, Klepp K-I: The Norwegian School Fruit Programme: evaluating paid vs. no-cost subscriptions. Preventive Medicine. 2005, 41 (2): 463-470. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.024.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Ciliska D, Miles E, Brien MA, Turl C, Tomasik HH, Donovan U: The effectiveness of community interventions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in people four years of age and older. 1999, Ontario Ministry of Health Department, Canada Ciliska D, Miles E, Brien MA, Turl C, Tomasik HH, Donovan U: The effectiveness of community interventions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in people four years of age and older. 1999, Ontario Ministry of Health Department, Canada
23.
go back to reference Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor G, Murray DM, Mays RW, Dudovitz BS: Changing fruit and vegetable consumption among children: the 5-a-Day Power Plus program in St. Paul, Minnesota. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 603-609. 10.2105/AJPH.88.4.603.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor G, Murray DM, Mays RW, Dudovitz BS: Changing fruit and vegetable consumption among children: the 5-a-Day Power Plus program in St. Paul, Minnesota. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 603-609. 10.2105/AJPH.88.4.603.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, Raczynski JM, Harrington KF, Kirk KA, Person S, Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, et al: Increasing the fruit and vegetable consumption of fourth-graders: results from the high 5 project. Preventive Medicine. 2000, 30 (4): 309-319. 10.1006/pmed.1999.0630.CrossRefPubMed Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, Raczynski JM, Harrington KF, Kirk KA, Person S, Reynolds KD, Franklin FA, Binkley D, et al: Increasing the fruit and vegetable consumption of fourth-graders: results from the high 5 project. Preventive Medicine. 2000, 30 (4): 309-319. 10.1006/pmed.1999.0630.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Auld G, C O, Endinger E, M A: Outcomes from a school-based nutrition education program using resource teachers and cross-disciplinary models. J Nutr Educ. 1998, 30: 268-280. 10.1016/S0022-3182(98)70336-X.CrossRef Auld G, C O, Endinger E, M A: Outcomes from a school-based nutrition education program using resource teachers and cross-disciplinary models. J Nutr Educ. 1998, 30: 268-280. 10.1016/S0022-3182(98)70336-X.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J, Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, et al: Randomised controlled trial of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity.[see comment]. BMJ. 2001, 323 (7320): 1029-1032. 10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1029.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J, Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, et al: Randomised controlled trial of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity.[see comment]. BMJ. 2001, 323 (7320): 1029-1032. 10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1029.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor GL, Davis M, Story M, Gray C, Bishop SC, Mays RA, Lytle LA, Harnack L, et al: A randomized school trial of environmental strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Health Education & Behavior. 2004, 31 (1): 65-76. 10.1177/1090198103255530.CrossRef Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor GL, Davis M, Story M, Gray C, Bishop SC, Mays RA, Lytle LA, Harnack L, et al: A randomized school trial of environmental strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Health Education & Behavior. 2004, 31 (1): 65-76. 10.1177/1090198103255530.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Cullen KW, Watson K, Baranowski T, Baranowski JH, Zakeri I, Cullen KW, Watson K, Baranowski T, Baranowski JH, Zakeri I: Squire's Quest: intervention changes occurred at lunch and snack meals. Appetite. 2005, 45 (2): 148-151. 10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.001.CrossRefPubMed Cullen KW, Watson K, Baranowski T, Baranowski JH, Zakeri I, Cullen KW, Watson K, Baranowski T, Baranowski JH, Zakeri I: Squire's Quest: intervention changes occurred at lunch and snack meals. Appetite. 2005, 45 (2): 148-151. 10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.001.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Bere E, Veierod MB, Bjelland M, Klepp KI: Outcome and process evaluation of a Norwegian school-randomized fruit and vegetable intervention: Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM). Heal Educ Res. 2006, 21 (2): 258-267.CrossRef Bere E, Veierod MB, Bjelland M, Klepp KI: Outcome and process evaluation of a Norwegian school-randomized fruit and vegetable intervention: Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM). Heal Educ Res. 2006, 21 (2): 258-267.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, Hildonen C, Bjelland M, Perez-Rodrigo C, Klepp KI, Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, et al: Effects of a comprehensive fruit- and vegetable-promoting school-based intervention in three European countries: the Pro Children Study. Br J Nutr. 2008, 99 (4): 893-903.CrossRefPubMed Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, Hildonen C, Bjelland M, Perez-Rodrigo C, Klepp KI, Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, et al: Effects of a comprehensive fruit- and vegetable-promoting school-based intervention in three European countries: the Pro Children Study. Br J Nutr. 2008, 99 (4): 893-903.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Howerton MW, Bell BS, Dodd KW, Berrigan D, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Nebeling L, Howerton MW, Bell BS, Dodd KW, Berrigan D, et al: School-based nutrition programs produced a moderate increase in fruit and vegetable consumption: meta and pooling analyses from 7 studies. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007, 39 (4): 186-196. 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.01.010.CrossRefPubMed Howerton MW, Bell BS, Dodd KW, Berrigan D, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Nebeling L, Howerton MW, Bell BS, Dodd KW, Berrigan D, et al: School-based nutrition programs produced a moderate increase in fruit and vegetable consumption: meta and pooling analyses from 7 studies. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007, 39 (4): 186-196. 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.01.010.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference French SA, Wechsler H: School-based research and initiatives: fruit and vegetable environment, policy, and pricing workshop. Preventive Medicine. 2004, 39 (Suppl 2): S101-S107.CrossRefPubMed French SA, Wechsler H: School-based research and initiatives: fruit and vegetable environment, policy, and pricing workshop. Preventive Medicine. 2004, 39 (Suppl 2): S101-S107.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Knai C, Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M, Knai C, Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M: Getting children to eat more fruit and vegetables: a systematic review.[see comment]. Preventive Medicine. 2006, 42 (2): 85-95. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.012.CrossRefPubMed Knai C, Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M, Knai C, Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M: Getting children to eat more fruit and vegetables: a systematic review.[see comment]. Preventive Medicine. 2006, 42 (2): 85-95. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.012.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Foundation BN: A critical review of the psychosocial basis of food choice and identification of tools to effect positive food choice: a summary. 2004, British Nutrition Foundation, London Foundation BN: A critical review of the psychosocial basis of food choice and identification of tools to effect positive food choice: a summary. 2004, British Nutrition Foundation, London
35.
go back to reference Demas A: Low-fat school lunch programs: achieving acceptance. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 82: 80-82. 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00745-0.CrossRef Demas A: Low-fat school lunch programs: achieving acceptance. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 82: 80-82. 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00745-0.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Birch: Development of food preferences. 1999, Annual Review of Nutrition, 41-62. Birch: Development of food preferences. 1999, Annual Review of Nutrition, 41-62.
37.
go back to reference Wardle J, Herrera ML, Cooke L, Gibson EL, Wardle J, Herrera ML, Cooke L, Gibson EL: Modifying children's food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003, 57 (2): 341-348. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601541.CrossRefPubMed Wardle J, Herrera ML, Cooke L, Gibson EL, Wardle J, Herrera ML, Cooke L, Gibson EL: Modifying children's food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003, 57 (2): 341-348. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601541.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference StataCorp: Stat statistical software. 2005, Stata Corporation, College Station, 92 StataCorp: Stat statistical software. 2005, Stata Corporation, College Station, 92
40.
go back to reference Conner M, Sparks P: Predicting Health behaviour. Edited by: Conner M, Norman P. 2005, Open University Press, Buckingham, 170-222. Conner M, Sparks P: Predicting Health behaviour. Edited by: Conner M, Norman P. 2005, Open University Press, Buckingham, 170-222.
41.
go back to reference Perera R, Heneghan C, Yadkin P: A graphical method for depicting randomised trials of complex interventions. British medical Journal. 2007, 334: 127-129. 10.1136/bmj.39045.396817.68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Perera R, Heneghan C, Yadkin P: A graphical method for depicting randomised trials of complex interventions. British medical Journal. 2007, 334: 127-129. 10.1136/bmj.39045.396817.68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Campbell M, Elbourne D, Altman D: CONSORT Statement: Estension to Cluster Randomised Trials. British Medical Journal. 2004, 328: 127-129.CrossRef Campbell M, Elbourne D, Altman D: CONSORT Statement: Estension to Cluster Randomised Trials. British Medical Journal. 2004, 328: 127-129.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, Blenkinsop S, Schagen I, Teeman D, Scott E, White G, Schagen S: Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children's diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2007, 61 (8): 699-703. 10.1136/jech.2006.052696.CrossRef Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, Blenkinsop S, Schagen I, Teeman D, Scott E, White G, Schagen S: Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children's diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2007, 61 (8): 699-703. 10.1136/jech.2006.052696.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference National Foundation for Educational Research: The National School Fruit Scheme Evaluation Summary. 2001, Department of Health National Foundation for Educational Research: The National School Fruit Scheme Evaluation Summary. 2001, Department of Health
45.
go back to reference Somerset S, Markwell K: Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutrition. 2009, 12 (2): 214-221. 10.1017/S1368980008003327.CrossRefPubMed Somerset S, Markwell K: Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutrition. 2009, 12 (2): 214-221. 10.1017/S1368980008003327.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Somerset S, Markwell K: Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutrition. 2009, 12 (2): 214-221. 10.1017/S1368980008003327.CrossRefPubMed Somerset S, Markwell K: Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutrition. 2009, 12 (2): 214-221. 10.1017/S1368980008003327.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Rasbash J, Steele F, Browne WJ, Prosser B: A User's guide to MLwiN, Version 2.0. 2004, Institute of Education, London Rasbash J, Steele F, Browne WJ, Prosser B: A User's guide to MLwiN, Version 2.0. 2004, Institute of Education, London
48.
go back to reference Gross D, Fogg L: A critical anlaysis of the intent-to-tret principle in prevention research. J Prim Prev. 2004, 25 (4): 475-489.CrossRef Gross D, Fogg L: A critical anlaysis of the intent-to-tret principle in prevention research. J Prim Prev. 2004, 25 (4): 475-489.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Study protocol: can a school gardening intervention improve children’s diets?
Authors
Meaghan S Christian
Charlotte EL Evans
Mark Conner
Joan K Ransley
Janet E Cade
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-304

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

BMC Public Health 1/2012 Go to the issue