Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research article

Adolescent gender differences in the determinants of tobacco smoking: a cross sectional survey among high school students in São Paulo

Authors: Zila M Sanchez, Emerita S Opaleye, Silvia S Martins, Jasjit S Ahluwalia, Ana R Noto

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Diverse psychosocial factors have been associated with the use of cigarettes by adolescents. We investigated gender differences in tobacco smoking, and factors correlated with smoking among boys and girls.

Methods

Data was collected on recent cigarette smoking (CS) and related factors, with a focus on religious beliefs, leisure activities, family structure, relationships and parental monitoring from 2,691 private school-attending youths from 28 schools in São Paulo, Brazil, selected via probability sampling. Estimates were derived via weighted hierarchical logistic regression models.

Results

There was no difference in the prevalence of recent cigarette smoking between boys and girls (14.2%). Older age (aORboys = 1.71[1.33-2.21]; aORgirls = 1.73[1.35-2.23]), second-hand smoke exposure at home (aORboys = 1.52[1.00-2.29]; aORgirls = 1.74[1.13-2.68]) and not having a religion (aORboys = 1.99[1.41-2.81]; aORgirls = 1.78[1.14-2.78]) were associated with CS in boys and girls. Adolescents who went out often at night were more likely to be tobacco smokers (aORboys = 8.82[3.96-19.67]; aORgirls = 14.20[6.64-30.37]). For girls, data suggest that CS was also associated with a lack of parental attention and care (aORgirls = 4.37[1.19-16.04]) and no participation in youth religious activities (aORgirls = 2.76[1.49-5.12]). For boys, CS was additionally associated with the loss of one or both parents (aORboys = 3.75[1.78-7.85]).

Conclusions

Although older age, living with smokers at home and lack of religion were common contributing factors to cigarette smoking among all adolescents, girls were influenced to a greater degree by family relationships and religiosity than boys. The study results may be materially important to the development of prevention programs that influence determinants connected to gender and the implementation of single-core models of prevention; gender differences must be considered in order to reduce adolescent CS.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Sims TH: From the American Academy of Pediatrics: Technical report--Tobacco as a substance of abuse. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (5): e1045-1053. 10.1542/peds.2009-2121.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Hockenberry JM, Timmons EJ, Vander Weg M: Smoking, parent smoking, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation in teens. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010, 12 (3): 235-242. 10.1093/ntr/ntp199.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Iglesias V, Cavada G, Silva C, Caceres D: [Early tobacco and alcohol consumption as modifying risk factors on marijuana use]. Rev Saude Publica. 2007, 41 (4): 517-522. 10.1590/S0034-89102007000400004.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Hibell B, Guttormsson U, Ahlström S, Balakireva O, Bjarnason T, Kokkevi Aea: The 2007 ESPAD Report-Substance Use Among Students in 35 European Countries. 2009, Stockholm: The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs
5.
Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE: Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overviewof Key Findings, 2007. Volume NIH publication No. 08-6418. 2008, Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse
6.
Galduroz JC, Fonseca AM, Noto AR, Carlini EA: Decrease in tobacco use among Brazilian students: a possible consequence of the ban on cigarette advertising?. Addict Behav. 2007, 32 (6): 1309-1313. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.004.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Malcon MCM, A M, Maia Mde F, Chatkin M, Victora CG: [Prevalence of and risk factors for cigarette smoking among adolescents in South America: a systematic literature review]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2003, 13 (4): 222-228. 10.1590/S1020-49892003000300004.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Harakeh Z, Scholte RH, de Vries H, Engels RC: Parental rules and communication: their association with adolescent smoking. Addiction. 2005, 100 (6): 862-870. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01067.x.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Hawkins JD, Weis JG: Thee social developmental model: an integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention. 1985, 6: 73-97. 10.1007/BF01325432.CrossRefPubMed
10.
O'Byrne KK, Haddock CK, Poston WS: Parenting style and adolescent smoking. J Adolesc Health. 2002, 30 (6): 418-425.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR: Familial influences on adolescent smoking. Addiction. 2003, 98 (Suppl 1): 1-20. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.2.x.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Chen CY, Dormitzer CM, Bejarano J, Anthony JC: Religiosity and the earliest stages of adolescent drug involvement in seven countries of Latin America. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004, 159 (12): 1180-1188. 10.1093/aje/kwh151.CrossRefPubMed
13.
van den Bree MB, Whitmer MD, Pickworth WB: Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: a prospective study. J Adolesc Health. 2004, 35 (3): 172-181.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Pilgrim CC, Schulenberg JE, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Johnston LD: Mediators and moderators of parental involvement on substance use: a national study of adolescents. Prev Sci. 2006, 7 (1): 75-89. 10.1007/s11121-005-0019-9.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Walker C, Ainette MG, Wills TA, Mendoza D: Religiosity and substance use: test of an indirect-effect model in early and middle adolescence. Psychol Addict Behav. 2007, 21 (1): 84-96. 10.1037/0893-164X.21.1.84.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Yu M, Stiffman AR: Positive family relationships and religious affiliation as mediators between negative environment and illicit drug symptoms in American Indian adolescents. Addict Behav. 2010, 35 (7): 694-9. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.005.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Van der Meer Sanchez Z, De Oliveira LG, Nappo SA: Religiosity as a protective factor against the use of drugs. Subst Use Misuse. 2008, 43 (10): 1476-1486. 10.1080/10826080802183288.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Corona R, Turf E, Corneille MA, Belgrave FZ, Nasim A: Risk and protective factors for tobacco use among 8th-and 10th-grade African American students in Virginia. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009, 6 (2): A45-PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Hedman L, Bjerg A, Perzanowski M, Sundberg S, Ronmark E: Factors related to tobacco use among teenagers. Respir Med. 2007, 101 (3): 496-502. 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.07.001.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Catalano RF, Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Newcomb MD, Abbott RD: Modeling the Etiology of Adolescent Substance Use: A Test of the Social Development Model. J Drug Issues. 1996, 26 (2): 429-455.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
White HR, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF, Fleming CB, Haggerty KP, Abbott RD: Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: The effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. J Stud Alcohol. 2006, 67 (6): 810-822.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Catalano RF, Hawkins JD: The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. 1996, New York: Cambridge University Press
23.
Wallace JM, Vaughn MG, Bachman JG, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD, Schulenberg JE: Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, and smoking among early adolescent girls in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009, 104 (Suppl 1): S42-49. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Bjarnason T, Davidaviciene AG, Miller P, Nociar A, Pavlakis A, Stergar E: Family structure and adolescent cigarette smoking in eleven European countries. Addiction. 2003, 98 (6): 815-824. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00395.x.CrossRefPubMed
25.
McArdle P, Wiegersma A, Gilvarry E, Kolte B, McCarthy S, Fitzgerald M, Brinkley A, Blom M, Stoeckel I, Pierolini A, et al: European adolescent substance use: the roles of family structure, function and gender. Addiction. 2002, 97 (3): 329-336. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00066.x.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Smart RG, Hughes DPH, Johnston LD: Methodology for students drug-use surveys. 1980, Geneva: World Health Organization
27.
28.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S: Applied Logistic Regression. 2001, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2
29.
Cortes M, Schiaffino A, Marti M, Fernandez E: [Cognitive factors associated with smoking initiation in adolescents]. Gac Sanit. 2005, 19 (1): 36-44. 10.1157/13071815.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Tilson EC, McBride CM, Lipkus IM, Catalano RF: Testing the interaction between parent-child relationship factors and parent smoking to predict youth smoking. J Adolesc Health. 2004, 35 (3): 182-189.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Scragg R, Reeder AI, Wong G, Glover M, Nosa V: Attachment to parents, parental tobacco smoking and smoking among Year 10 students in the 2005 New Zealand national survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2008, 32 (4): 348-353. 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00253.x.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Sinha JW, Cnaan RA, Gelles RJ: Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: findings from a national study. J Adolesc. 2007, 30 (2): 231-249. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Kliewer W, Murrelle L: Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: findings from a study in selected Central American countries. J Adolesc Health. 2007, 40 (5): 448-455. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.148.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Galduroz JC, Sanchez ZM, Opaleye ES, Noto AR, Fonseca AM, Gomes PL, Carlini EA: Factors associated with heavy alcohol use among students in Brazilian capitals. Rev Saude Publica. 2010, 44 (2): 267-273.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Koenig HG, McCullough E, Larson DB: Handbook of religion and health. 2001, New York: Oxford University PressCrossRef
36.
van der Meer Sanchez Z, Nappo SA: Religious treatments for drug addiction: an exploratory study in Brazil. Soc Sci Med. 2008, 67 (4): 638-646. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.04.009.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Byrnes JP: The Development of Decision-making. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2002, 31: 208-215. 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00503-7.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Durkheim EFP: The Elementary Forms of Religious Life Trans Karen E Fields. 1995, New York: Free Press, 1912-
39.
Gorsuch RL: Religious aspects of substance abuse and recovery. Journal of Social Issues. 1995, 51 (2): 65-83. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01324.x.CrossRef
40.
Stylianou S: The role of religiosity in the opposition to drug use. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2004, 48: 429-448. 10.1177/0306624X03261253.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Scheepers P, Grotenhuis MT, van der Slik F: Education, religiosity and moral attitudes: explaining cross-national effect differences. Sociology of Religion. 2002, 63 (2): 157-176. 10.2307/3712563.CrossRef
42.
Guxens M, Nebot M, Ariza C: Age and sex differences in factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007, 88 (2-3): 234-243. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.018.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Nilsson M, Weinehall L, Bergstrom E, Stenlund H, Janlert U: Adolescent's perceptions and expectations of parental action on children's smoking and snus use; national cross sectional data from three decades. BMC Public Health. 2009, 9: 74-10.1186/1471-2458-9-74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Morral AR, McCaffrey DF, Chien S: Measurement of adolescent drug use. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003, 35 (3): 301-309.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Carlini-Cotrim B, Gazal-Carvalho C, Gouveia N: [Health behavior among students of public and private schools in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2000, 34 (6): 636-645. 10.1590/S0034-89102000000600012.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Adolescent gender differences in the determinants of tobacco smoking: a cross sectional survey among high school students in São Paulo
Authors
Zila M Sanchez
Emerita S Opaleye
Silvia S Martins
Jasjit S Ahluwalia
Ana R Noto
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-748

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

BMC Public Health 1/2010 Go to the issue

Research article

Nutrient intakes of rural Tibetan mothers: a cross-sectional survey

Research article

Health-related factors correlate with behavior trends in physical activity level in old age: longitudinal results from a population in São Paulo, Brazil

Research article

Exposure-in-vivo containing interventions to improve work functioning of workers with anxiety disorder: a systematic review

Research article

Divorce, divorce rates, and professional care seeking for mental health problems in Europe: a cross-sectional population-based study

Debate

Repeal of the Pennsylvania motorcycle helmet law: reflections on the ethical and political dynamics of public health reform

Research article

First nationwide survey on cardiovascular risk factors in Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg (ORISCAV-LUX)