Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Research article

Reconciling disparate prevalence rates of PTSD in large samples of US male Vietnam veterans and their controls

Authors: William W Thompson, Irving I Gottesman, Christine Zalewski

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Two large independent studies funded by the US government have assessed the impact of the Vietnam War on the prevalence of PTSD in US veterans. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) estimated the current PTSD prevalence to be 15.2% while the Vietnam Experience Study (VES) estimated the prevalence to be 2.2%. We compared alternative criteria for estimating the prevalence of PTSD using the NVVRS and VES public use data sets collected more than 10 years after the United States withdrew troops from Vietnam.

Methods

We applied uniform diagnostic procedures to the male veterans from the NVVRS and VES to estimate PTSD prevalences based on varying criteria including one-month and lifetime prevalence estimates, combat and non-combat prevalence estimates, and prevalence estimates using both single and multiple indicator models.

Results

Using a narrow and specific set of criteria, we derived current prevalence estimates for combat-related PTSD of 2.5% and 2.9% for the VES and the NVVRS, respectively. Using a more broad and sensitive set of criteria, we derived current prevalence estimates for combat-related PTSD of 12.2% and 15.8% for the VES and NVVRS, respectively.

Conclusion

When comparable methods were applied to available data we reconciled disparate results and estimated similar current prevalences for both narrow and broad definitions of combat-related diagnoses of PTSD.
Literature
1.
Turnbull GJ: A review of post-traumatic stress disorder. Part I: Historical development and classification. Injury. 1998, 29: 87-91. 10.1016/S0020-1383(97)00131-9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Turnbull GJ: A review of post-traumatic stress disorder. Part II: Treatment. Injury. 1998, 29: 169-175. 10.1016/S0020-1383(97)00132-0.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Jones E, Wessely S: Psychiatric battle casualties: an intra- and interwar comparison. Br J Psychiatry. 2001, 178: 242-247. 10.1192/bjp.178.3.242.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Jones E, Hodgins-Vermaas R, McCartney H, Everitt B, Beech C, Poynter D, et al: Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution. BMJ. 2002, 324: 321-324. 10.1136/bmj.324.7333.321.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Jones E, Vermaas RH, McCartney H, Beech C, Palmer I, Hyams K, et al: Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: the genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2003, 182: 158-163. 10.1192/bjp.182.2.158.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Brett EA, Spitzer RL, Williams JB: DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1988, 145: 1232-1236.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Kuhne A, Baraga E, Czekala J: Completeness and internal consistency of DSM-III criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1988, 44: 717-722.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Davidson J, Smith R, Kudler H: Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Experience with a structured interview. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989, 177: 336-341.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Feinstein A: Posttraumatic stress disorder: a descriptive study supporting DSM-III-R criteria. Am J Psychiatry. 1989, 146: 665-666.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Solomon SD, Canino GJ: Appropriateness of DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1990, 31: 227-237. 10.1016/0010-440X(90)90006-E.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Wessely S: Risk, psychiatry and the military. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 459-466. 10.1192/bjp.186.6.459.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Watson CG, Juba MP, Manifold V, Kucala T, Anderson PE: The PTSD interview: rationale, description, reliability, and concurrent validity of a DSM-III-based technique. J Clin Psychol. 1991, 47: 179-188.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zalewski C, Thompson W, Gottesman I: Comparison of Neuropsychological Test Performance in PTSD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Control Vietnam Veterans. Assessment. 1994, 1: 133-142.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, Thompson WW, Robin L, Washko RM, et al: Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA. 1998, 280: 981-988. 10.1001/jama.280.11.981.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Kinzie JD, Goetz RR: A century of controversy surrounding posttraumatic stress stress-spectrum syndromes: the impact on DSM-III and DSM-IV. J Trauma Stress. 1996, 9: 159-179. 10.1007/BF02110653.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Maes M, Delmeire L, Schotte C, Janca A, Creten T, Mylle J, et al: Epidemiologic and phenomenological aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: DSM-III-R diagnosis and diagnostic criteria not validated. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 81: 179-193. 10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00095-X.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Bland SH, O'Leary ES, Farinaro E, Jossa F, Trevisan M: Long-term psychological effects of natural disasters. Psychosom Med. 1996, 58: 18-24.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Basoglu M, Salcioglu E, Livanou M, Ozeren M, Aker T, Kilic C, et al: A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. J Trauma Stress. 2001, 14: 491-509. 10.1023/A:1011156505957.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al: Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Redajustment Study. 1990, New York: Brunner/Mazel
20.
Thompson KM, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, Mitchell JE, Redlin J, Demuth G, et al: Psychopathology and sexual trauma in childhood and adulthood. J Trauma Stress. 2003, 16: 35-38. 10.1023/A:1022007327077.CrossRefPubMed
21.
US Centers for Disease Control: Health status of Vietnam veterans. I. Psychosocial characteristics. The Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA. 1988, 259: 2701-2707. 10.1001/jama.259.18.2701.CrossRef
22.
Wang X, Gao L, Shinfuku N, Zhang H, Zhao C, Shen Y: Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China. Am J Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 1260-1266. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Sutker PB, Winstead DK, Galina ZH, Allain AN: Assessment of long-term psychosocial sequelae among POW survivors of the Korean Conflict. J Pers Assess. 1990, 54: 170-180. 10.1207/s15327752jpa5401&2_17.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Engdahl BE, Speed N, Eberly RE, Schwartz J: Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and personality profiles of American World War II prisoners of war. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991, 179: 181-187.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Solomon Z, Neria Y, Ohry A, Waysman M, Ginzburg K: PTSD among Israeli former prisoners of war and soldiers with combat stress reaction: a longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry. 1994, 151: 554-559.CrossRefPubMed
26.
King DW, King LA, Erickson DJ, Huang MT, Sharkansky EJ, Wolfe J: Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: a longitudinal prediction model. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000, 109: 624-633. 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.624.CrossRefPubMed
27.
McFarlane AC: Long-term psychiatric morbidity after a natural disaster. Implications for disaster planners and emergency services. Med J Aust. 1986, 145: 561-563.PubMed
28.
McFarlane AC: The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity. The range of outcomes and their predictors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1988, 176: 30-39.CrossRefPubMed
29.
McFarlane AC: The prevalence and longitudinal course of PTSD. Implications for the neurobiological models of PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997, 821: 10-23.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Solomon Z, Mikulincer M, Waysman M, Marlowe DH: Delayed and immediate onset posttraumatic stress disorder. I. Differential clinical characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1991, 26: 1-7. 10.1007/BF00783573.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Kao TC, Bhartiya VR: Longitudinal assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after exposure to traumatic death. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995, 183: 36-42.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Dirkzwager AJ, Bramsen I, van der Ploeg HM: The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among aging military veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001, 189: 846-853. 10.1097/00005053-200112000-00006.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zlotnick C, Bruce SE, Shea MT, Keller MB: Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of first onset of PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001, 189: 404-406. 10.1097/00005053-200106000-00011.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Salcioglu E, Basoglu M, Livanou M: Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003, 191: 154-160. 10.1097/00005053-200303000-00003.PubMed
35.
Port CL, Engdahl B, Frazier P: A longitudinal and retrospective study of PTSD among older prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry. 2001, 158: 1474-1479. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1474.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Mollica RF, Sarajlic N, Chernoff M, Lavelle J, Vukovic IS, Massagli MP: Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms, disability, mortality, and emigration among Bosnian refugees. JAMA. 2001, 286: 546-554. 10.1001/jama.286.5.546.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Goldberg J, True WR, Eisen SA, Henderson WG: A twin study of the effects of the Vietnam War on posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 1990, 263: 1227-1232. 10.1001/jama.263.9.1227.CrossRefPubMed
38.
True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, et al: A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993, 50: 257-264.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Lurie S, Geyer P: Genetic and environmental influences of twins in posttraumatic stress. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994, 51: 838-839.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gysin R: Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry. 1996, 40: 368-372. 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00519-6.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson EL, Schultz LR: Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997, 54: 1044-1048.CrossRefPubMed
42.
McLeod DS, Koenen KC, Meyer JM, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, et al: Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress. 2001, 14: 259-275. 10.1023/A:1011157800050.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Radant A, Tsuang D, Peskind ER, McFall M, Raskind W: Biological markers and diagnostic accuracy in the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2001, 102: 203-215. 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00252-9.CrossRefPubMed
44.
McKenzie N, Marks I, Liness S: Family and past history of mental illness as predisposing factors in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2001, 70: 163-165. 10.1159/000056243.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Koenen KC, Harley R, Lyons MJ, Wolfe J, Simpson JC, Goldberg J, et al: A twin registry study of familial and individual risk factors for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002, 190: 209-218. 10.1097/00005053-200204000-00001.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Frueh BC, Elhai JD, Grubaugh AL, Monnier J, Kashdan TB, Sauvageot JA, et al: Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 467-472. 10.1192/bjp.186.6.467.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Wessely S: War stories: Invited commentaries on... Documented combat expsoures of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 473-475. 10.1192/bjp.186.6.473.CrossRef
48.
Tyrer P: Editor's response. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 187: 91-10.1192/bjp.187.1.91-a.CrossRef
49.
Spitzer RL, Williams JB: Revised diagnostic criteria and a new structured interview for diagnosing anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 1988, 22 (Suppl 1): 55-85. 10.1016/0022-3956(88)90069-6.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB, Spitzer RL, Davies M, Borus J, et al: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test-retest reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992, 49: 630-636.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992, 49: 624-629.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS: National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981, 38: 381-389.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Robins LN, Helzer JE, Ratcliff KS, Seyfried W: Validity of the diagnostic interview schedule, version II: DSM-III diagnoses. Psychol Med. 1982, 12: 855-870.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD, et al: Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984, 41: 949-958.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy L: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey. N Engl J Med. 1987, 317: 1630-1634.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Helzer JE, Robins LN: The diagnostic interview schedule: its development, evolution, and use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1988, 23: 6-16. 10.1007/BF01788437.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Erdman HP, Klein MH, Greist JH, Skare SS, Husted JJ, Robins LN, et al: A comparison of two computer-administered versions of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. J Psychiatr Res. 1992, 26: 85-95. 10.1016/0022-3956(92)90019-K.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Lindal E, Stefansson JG: The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in Iceland as estimated by the US National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993, 88: 29-34.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Grayson DA, O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Schureck RJ, Dobson M, Ffrench M, et al: Interviewer effects on epidemiologic diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 144: 589-597.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL: Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988, 56: 85-90. 10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.85.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Sloan P, Arsenault L, Hilsenroth M, Harvill L: Use of the Mississippi scale for combat-related PTSD in detecting war-related, non-combat stress symptomatology. J Clin Psychol. 1995, 51: 799-801.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Vreven DL, Gudanowski DM, King LA, King DW: The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale: a psychometric evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 1995, 8: 91-109. 10.1007/BF02105409.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Norris FH, Perilla JL: The revised Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD: reliability, validity, and cross-language stability. J Trauma Stress. 1996, 9: 285-298. 10.1007/BF02110661.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Lauterbach D, Vrana S, King DW, King LA: Psychometric properties of the Civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress. 1997, 10: 499-513. 10.1023/A:1024801607043.PubMed
65.
Keane TM, Malloy PF, Fairbank JA: Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984, 52: 888-891. 10.1037//0022-006X.52.5.888.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Watson CG, Kucala T, Manifold V: A cross-validation of the Keane and Penk MMPI scales as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1986, 42: 727-732.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Watson CG, Juba M, Anderson PE, Manifold V: What does the Keane et al. PTSD scale for the MMPI measure?. J Clin Psychol. 1990, 46: 600-606.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Litz BT, Penk WE, Walsh S, Hyer L, Blake DD, Marx B, et al: Similarities and differences between MMPI and MMPI-2 applications to the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pers Assess. 1991, 57: 238-253. 10.1207/s15327752jpa5702_4.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Munley PH, Bains DS, Bloem WD, Busby RM: Post-traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI-2. J Trauma Stress. 1995, 8: 171-178. 10.1007/BF02105415.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Scotti JR, Sturges LV, Lyons JA: The Keane PTSD Scale extracted from the MMPI: sensitivity and specificity with Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress. 1996, 9: 643-650. 10.1007/BF02103673.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Lyons JA, Wheeler-Cox T: MMPI, MMPI-2 and PTSD: overview of scores, scales, and profiles. J Trauma Stress. 1999, 12: 175-183. 10.1023/A:1024710803042.CrossRefPubMed
72.
King DW, King LA: Validity issues in research on Vietnam veteran adjustment. Psychol Bull. 1991, 109: 107-124. 10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.107.CrossRefPubMed
73.
King DW, King LA, Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Surface CR: Enhancing the precision of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Postraumatic Stress Disorder: An application of item response theory. Psychological Assessment. 1993, 5: 457-471. 10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.457.CrossRef
74.
King DW, King LA: Latent structure of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Postraumatic Stress Disorder: Exploratory and higher order confirmatory factor analyses. Assessment. 1994, 1: 275-291.
75.
Watson CG, Plemel D, DeMotts J, Howard MT, Tuorila J, Moog R, et al: A comparison of four PTSD measures' convergent validities in Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress. 1994, 7: 75-82. 10.1007/BF02111913.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR: The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study: Tables of Findings and Technical Appendices. 1990, New York: Brunner/Mazel
77.
Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Hough RL, et al: Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992, 60: 916-926. 10.1037/0022-006X.60.6.916.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Zatzick DF, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Browner WS, Metzler TJ, Golding JM, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1997, 154: 1690-1695.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Ruef AM, Litz BT, Schlenger WE: Hispanic ethnicity and risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2000, 6: 235-251. 10.1037/1099-9809.6.3.235.CrossRefPubMed
80.
US Centers for Disease Control: Health status of Vietnam veterans. II. Physical Health. The Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA. 1988, 259: 2708-2714. 10.1001/jama.259.18.2708.CrossRef
81.
US Centers for Disease Control: Health status of Vietnam veterans. III. Reproductive outcomes and child health. The Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA. 1988, 259: 2715-2719. 10.1001/jama.259.18.2715.CrossRef
82.
Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Hough RL, Marmar CR, et al: Assessment of postraumatic stress disorder in the community: Prospects and pitfalls from recent studies of Vietnam veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991, 3: 547-560.
83.
Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbons M: Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R, Non-patient version (SCI-NP-V). 1987, New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department
84.
Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS: National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981, 38: 381-389.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Helzer JE, Robins LN, McEvoy LT, Spitznagel EL, Stoltzman RK, Farmer A, et al: A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses. Physician reexamination of lay-interviewed cases in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985, 42: 657-666.CrossRefPubMed
86.
US Centers for Disease Control: Vietnam Experience Study. Health status of Vietnam veterans: Synopsis. 1989, Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 1:
87.
US Centers for Disease Control: Vietnam Experience Study. Health status of Vietnam veterans: Psychological and neuropsychological evaluations. 1989, Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, IV:
88.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Third Edition-Revised). 1987, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 3
89.
Lai TJ, Chang CM, Connor KM, Lee LC, Davidson JR: Full and partial PTSD among earthquake survivors in rural Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res. 2004, 38: 313-322. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.08.005.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Liao SC, Lee MB, Lee YJ, Huang TS: Hyperleptinemia in subjects with persistent partial posttraumatic stress disorder after a major earthquake. Psychosom Med. 2004, 66: 23-28. 10.1097/01.PSY.0000106880.22867.0E.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Lewinsohn PM, Shankman SA, Gau JM, Klein DN: The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions. Psychological Medicine. 2004, 34: 613-622. 10.1017/S0033291703001466.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Breslau N, Lucia VC, Davis CG: Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment. Psychological Medicine. 2004, 34: 1-10. 10.1017/S0033291703001351.CrossRef
93.
Narrow WE, Rae DS, Robins LN, Regier DA: Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002, 59: 115-123. 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.115.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Metadata
Title
Reconciling disparate prevalence rates of PTSD in large samples of US male Vietnam veterans and their controls
Authors
William W Thompson
Irving I Gottesman
Christine Zalewski
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-19

Other articles of this Issue 1/2006

BMC Psychiatry 1/2006 Go to the issue

Correspondence

Even more suicide attempts in clinical trials with paroxetine randomised against placebo

Research article

Predicting inpatient violence using an extended version of the Brøset-Violence-Checklist: instrument development and clinical application

Research article

Insomnia in school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism

Research article

Anxiety and stress in the postpartum: Is there more to postnatal distress than depression?

Research article

Impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on the outcome of substance abusers: a six year prospective follow-up in two Norwegian counties

Research article

Post-traumatic stress disorder following patient assaults among staff members of mental health hospitals: a prospective longitudinal study