Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Debate

A debate on current eating disorder diagnoses in light of neurobiological findings: is it time for a spectrum model?

Authors: Samantha Jane Brooks, Mathias Rask-Andersen, Christian Benedict, Helgi Birgir Schiöth

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Sixty percent of eating disorders do not meet criteria for anorexia- or bulimia nervosa, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 4 (DSM-IV). Instead they are diagnosed as ‘eating disorders not otherwise specified’ (EDNOS). Discrepancies between criteria and clinical reality currently hampering eating disorder diagnoses in the DSM-IV will be addressed by the forthcoming DSM-V. However, future diagnoses for eating disorders will rely on current advances in the fields of neuroimaging and genetics for classification of symptoms that will ultimately improve treatment.

Discussion

Here we debate the classification issues, and discuss how brain imaging and genetic discoveries might be interwoven into a model of eating disorders to provide better classification and treatment. The debate concerns: a) current issues in the classification of eating disorders in the DSM-IV, b) changes proposed for DSM-V, c) neuroimaging eating disorder research and d) genetic eating disorder research.

Summary

We outline a novel evidence-based ‘impulse control’ spectrum model of eating disorders. A model of eating disorders is proposed that will aid future diagnosis of symptoms, coinciding with contemporary suggestions by clinicians and the proposed changes due to be published in the DSM-V.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Fairburn CG, Bohn K: Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): an example of the troublesome “not otherwise specified” (NOS) category in DSM-IV. Behav Res Ther. 2005, 43 (6): 691-701. 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Bohn K, O’Connor ME, Doll HA, Palmer RL: The severity and status of eating disorder NOS: implications for DSM-V. Behav Res Ther. 2007, 45 (8): 1705-1715. 10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
4.
DSM-5 Development. American Psychiatric Association. http://​www.​dsm5.​org (24/09/2010
5.
In Distribution of eating disorders. Edited by: Hoek HW. 2002, Guilford, New York
6.
Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Tozzi F, Furberg H, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL: Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006, 63 (3): 305-312. 10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.305.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Hildebrandt T, Bacow T, Markella M, Loeb KL: Anxiety in anorexia nervosa and its management using family-based treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012, 20 (1): e1-e16. 10.1002/erv.1071.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Becker AE, Eddy KT, Perloe A: Clarifying criteria for cognitive signs and symptoms for eating disorders in DSM-V. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (7): 611-619. 10.1002/eat.20723.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Bravender T, Bryant-Waugh R, Herzog D, Katzman D, Kreipe RD, Lask B, Le Grange D, Lock J, Loeb K, Madden S, et al: Classification of child and adolescent eating disturbances. Workgroup for Classification of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (WCEDCA). Int J Eat Disord. 2007, 40 (Suppl): S117-S122.PubMed
10.
Attia E, Roberto CA: Should amenorrhea be a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa?. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (7): 581-589. 10.1002/eat.20720.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Peat C, Mitchell JE, Hoek HW, Wonderlich SA: Validity and utility of subtyping anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (7): 590-594. 10.1002/eat.20717.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Fassino S, Piero A, Gramaglia C, Daga GA, Gandione M, Rovera GG, Bartocci G: Clinical, psychological, and personality correlates of asceticism in anorexia nervosa: from saint anorexia to pathologic perfectionism. Transcult Psychiatry. 2006, 43 (4): 600-614. 10.1177/1363461506070785.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Friederich HC, Herzog W: Cognitive-behavioral flexibility in anorexia nervosa. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2011, 6: 111-123.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Fairburn C, Harrison PJ: Eating Disorders. Lancet. 2003, 361: 407-416. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12378-1.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Jacobi C, Hayward C, de Zwaan M, Kraemer HC, Agras WS: Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychol Bull. 2004, 130 (1): 19-65.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Wilson GT, Sysko R: Frequency of binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: Diagnostic considerations. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (7): 603-610. 10.1002/eat.20726.CrossRefPubMed
17.
van Hoeken D, Veling W, Sinke S, Mitchell JE, Hoek HW: The validity and utility of subtyping bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (7): 595-602. 10.1002/eat.20724.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Wonderlich SA, Gordon KH, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Engel SG: The validity and clinical utility of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2009, 42 (8): 687-705. 10.1002/eat.20719.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Couturier J, Lock J: What is recovery in adolescent anorexia nervosa?. Int J Eat Disord. 2006, 39 (7): 550-555. 10.1002/eat.20309.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Keel PK, Holm-Denoma JM, Crosby RD: Clinical significance and distinctiveness of purging disorder and binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2011, 44 (4): 311-316. 10.1002/eat.20821.CrossRefPubMed
21.
van Kuyck K, Gerard N, Van Laere K, Casteels C, Pieters G, Gabriels L, Nuttin B: Towards a neurocircuitry in anorexia nervosa: evidence from functional neuroimaging studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2009, 43 (14): 1133-1145. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.005.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Kaye WH, Fudge JL, Paulus M: New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009, 10 (8): 573-584. 10.1038/nrn2682.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Van den Eynde F, Treasure J: Neuroimaging in eating disorders and obesity: implications for research. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009, 18 (1): 95-115. 10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.016.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Kaye WH, Wagner A, Fudge JL, Paulus M: Neurocircuitry of eating disorders. Current Topics in Behavioural. Neuroscience. 2011, 6: 37-57.
25.
Pietrini F, Castellini G, Ricca V, Polito C, Pupi A, Faravelli C: Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: a clinical approach. Eur Psychiatry. 2011, 26 (3): 176-182. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.011.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Brooks SJ, O’Daly OG, Uher R, Friederich HC, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SC, Schioth HB, Treasure J, Campbell IC: Differential neural responses to food images in women with bulimia versus anorexia nervosa. PLoS One. 2011, 6 (7): e22259-10.1371/journal.pone.0022259.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Brooks SJ, O’Daly O, Uher R, Friederich HC, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SC, Schioth HB, Treasure J, Campbell IC: Thinking about Eating Food Activates Visual Cortex with Reduced Bilateral Cerebellar Activation in Females with Anorexia Nervosa: An fMRI Study. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (3): e34000-10.1371/journal.pone.0034000.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Hollmann M, Hellrung L, Pleger B, Schlogl H, Kabisch S, Stumvoll M, Villringer A, Horstmann A: Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011, 36 (5): 648-655.CrossRef
29.
Zanto TP, Rubens MT, Thangavel A, Gazzaley A: Causal role of the prefrontal cortex in top-down modulation of visual processing and working memory. Nat Neurosci. 2011, 14 (5): 656-661. 10.1038/nn.2773.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Burger KS, Stice E: Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures. NeuroImage. 2011, 55 (1): 233-239. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.009.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Brooks SJ, O’Daly OG, Uher R, Schioth HB, Treasure J, Campbell IC: Subliminal food images compromise superior working memory performance in women with restricting anorexia nervosa. Conscious Cogn. 2012, 21 (2): 751-763. 10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.006.CrossRefPubMed
32.
El-Hage W, Phillips ML, Radua J, Gohier B, Zelaya FO, Collier DA, Surguladze SA: Genetic modulation of neural response during working memory in healthy individuals: interaction of glucocorticoid receptor and dopaminergic genes. Mol Psychiatry. 2012, 2011. Epub ahead of print
33.
Brooks SJ ODO, Uher R, Friederich HC, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SCR, Schiöth HB, Treasure J, Campbell IC: Differential neural responses to food images in women with bulimia versus anorexia nervosa. PLoS One. 2011, 6 (7): e22259-10.1371/journal.pone.0022259.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Bohon C, Stice E: Reward abnormalities among women with full and subthreshold bulimia nervosa: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Eat Disord. 2011, 44 (7): 585-595. 10.1002/eat.20869.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Veldhuizen MG, Small DM: Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated food intake to obesity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008, 117 (4): 924-935.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
37.
Van den Eynde F, Claudino AM, Mogg A, Horrell L, Stahl D, Ribeiro W, Uher R, Campbell I, Schmidt U: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cue-induced food craving in bulimic disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 67 (8): 793-795. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.023.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Craig AD: How do you feel–now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009, 10 (1): 59-70. 10.1038/nrn2555.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Joos AA, Saum B, van Elst LT, Perlov E, Glauche V, Hartmann A, Freyer T, Tuscher O, Zeeck A: Amygdala hyperreactivity in restrictive anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 191 (3): 189-195. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.008.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Will MJ, Franzblau EB, Kelley AE: The amygdala is critical for opioid-mediated binge eating of fat. Neuroreport. 2004, 15 (12): 1857-1860. 10.1097/00001756-200408260-00004.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Sperduti M, Delaveau P, Fossati P, Nadel J: Different brain structures related to self- and external-agency attribution: a brief review and meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct. 2011, 216 (2): 151-157. 10.1007/s00429-010-0298-1.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Bruch H: Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med. 1962, 24: 187-194.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Hambrook D, Oldershaw A, Rimes K, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Richards S, Chalder T: Emotional expression, self-silencing, and distress tolerance in anorexia nervosa and chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Clin Psychol. 2010, 50 (3): 310-325.CrossRef
44.
Oldershaw A, Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U: Emotional theory of mind and emotional awareness in recovered anorexia nervosa patients. Psychosom Med. 2010, 72 (1): 73-79. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c6c7ca.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Nunn K, Frampton I, Fuglset TS, Torzsok-Sonnevend M, Lask B: Anorexia nervosa and the insula. Med Hypotheses. 2011, 76 (3): 353-357. 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.038.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Carnell S, Gibson C, Benson L, Ochner CN, Geliebter A: Neuroimaging and obesity: current knowledge and future directions. Obes Rev. 2011, 13 (1): 43-56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Frankort A, Roefs A, Siep N, Roebroeck A, Havermans R, Jansen A: Reward activity in satiated overweight women is decreased during unbiased viewing but increased when imagining taste: an event-related fMRI study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011, 36 (5): 627-37.CrossRef
48.
Goldner E: Treatment refusal in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1989, 8 (3): 297-306. 10.1002/1098-108X(198905)8:3<297::AID-EAT2260080305>3.0.CO;2-H.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Wonderlich SA, Lilenfeld LR, Riso LP, Engel S, Mitchell JE: Personality and anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005, 37 (Suppl): S68-71. discussion S87-69CrossRefPubMed
50.
Campbell IC, Mill J, Uher R, Schmidt U: Eating disorders, gene-environment interactions and epigenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011, 35 (3): 784-793. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.012.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Herman CP, Polivy J: Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. J Abnorm Psychol. 1975, 84 (6): 66-72.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Eysenck SPPEGAJ: Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults. Pers Indiv Differ. 1985, 6: 613-10.1016/0191-8869(85)90011-X.CrossRef
53.
Fladung AK, Gron G, Grammer K, Herrnberger B, Schilly E, Grasteit S, Wolf RC, Walter H, von Wietersheim J: A neural signature of anorexia nervosa in the ventral striatal reward system. Am J Psychiatry. 2010, 167 (2): 206-212. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010071.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Keating C, Tilbrook AJ, Rossell SL, Enticott PG, Fitzgerald PB: Reward processing in anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychologia. 2012, 50 (5): 567-575. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.036.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Vocks S, Schulte D, Busch M, Gronemeyer D, Herpertz S, Suchan B: Changes in neuronal correlates of body image processing by means of cognitive-behavioural body image therapy for eating disorders: a randomized controlled fMRI study. Psychol Med. 2011, 41 (8): 1651-1663. 10.1017/S0033291710002382.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Vocks S, Busch M, Gronemeyer D, Schulte D, Herpertz S, Suchan B: Neural correlates of viewing photographs of one’s own body and another woman’s body in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010, 35 (3): 163-176. 10.1503/jpn.090048.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Friederich HC, Brooks S, Uher R, Campbell IC, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SC, Herzog W, Treasure J: Neural correlates of body dissatisfaction in anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychologia. 2010, 48 (10): 2878-2885. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.036.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Alcaro A, Panksepp J: The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011, 35 (9): 1805-1820. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Smith KS, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW: Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and learning signals in brain reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011, 108 (27): E255-E264. 10.1073/pnas.1101920108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Grice DE, Halmi KA, Fichter MM, Strober M, Woodside DB, Treasure JT, Kaplan AS, Magistretti PJ, Goldman D, Bulik CM, et al: Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet. 2002, 70 (3): 787-792. 10.1086/339250.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Bergen AW, van den Bree MB, Yeager M, Welch R, Ganjei JK, Haque K, Bacanu S, Berrettini WH, Grice DE, Goldman D, et al: Candidate genes for anorexia nervosa in the 1p33-36 linkage region: serotonin 1D and delta opioid receptor loci exhibit significant association to anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry. 2003, 8 (4): 397-406. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001318.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Brown KM, Bujac SR, Mann ET, Campbell DA, Stubbins MJ, Blundell JE: Further evidence of association of OPRD1 & HTR1D polymorphisms with susceptibility to anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 61 (3): 367-373. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.007.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Rask-Andersen M, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, Schioth HB: Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake. Brain Res Rev. 2010, 62 (2): 147-164. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.007.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Ribases M, Gratacos M, Armengol L, de Cid R, Badia A, Jimenez L, Solano R, Vallejo J, Fernandez F, Estivill X: Met66 in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) precursor is associated with anorexia nervosa restrictive type. Mol Psychiatry. 2003, 8 (8): 745-751. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001281.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Ribases M, Gratacos M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Bellodi L, Boni C, Anderluh M, Cavallini MC, Cellini E, Di Bella D, Erzegovesi S, et al: Association of BDNF with anorexia, bulimia and age of onset of weight loss in six European populations. Hum Mol Genet. 2004, 13 (12): 1205-1212. 10.1093/hmg/ddh137.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Ribases M, Gratacos M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Bellodi L, Boni C, Anderluh M, Cristina Cavallini M, Cellini E, Di Bella D, Erzegovesi S, et al: Association of BDNF with restricting anorexia nervosa and minimum body mass index: a family-based association study of eight European populations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005, 13 (4): 428-434. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201351.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Ribases M, Gratacos M, Badia A, Jimenez L, Solano R, Vallejo J, Fernandez-Aranda F, Estivill X: Contribution of NTRK2 to the genetic susceptibility to anorexia nervosa, harm avoidance and minimum body mass index. Mol Psychiatry. 2005, 10 (9): 851-860. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001670.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Dardennes RM, Zizzari P, Tolle V, Foulon C, Kipman A, Romo L, Iancu-Gontard D, Boni C, Sinet PM, Therese Bluet M, et al: Family trios analysis of common polymorphisms in the obestatin/ghrelin, BDNF and AGRP genes in patients with Anorexia nervosa: association with subtype, body-mass index, severity and age of onset. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007, 32 (2): 106-113. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Skibinska M, Slopien A, Szczepankiewicz A, Rybakowski F, Kramer L, Hauser J, Rajewski A: BDNF Met66 allele is associated with anorexia nervosa in the Polish population. Psychiatr Genet. 2007, 17 (4): 245-246. 10.1097/YPG.0b013e3280991229.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Friedel S, Horro FF, Wermter AK, Geller F, Dempfle A, Reichwald K, Smidt J, Bronner G, Konrad K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, et al: Mutation screen of the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF): identification of several genetic variants and association studies in patients with obesity, eating disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005, 132B (1): 96-99. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30090.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Koizumi H, Hashimoto K, Itoh K, Nakazato M, Shimizu E, Ohgake S, Koike K, Okamura N, Matsushita S, Suzuki K, et al: Association between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor 196 G/A polymorphism and eating disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004, 127B (1): 125-127. 10.1002/ajmg.b.20153.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Rybakowski F, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Szczepankiewicz A, Skibinska M, Slopien A, Rajewski A, Hauser J: Brain derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met and -270 C/T polymorphisms and personality traits predisposing to anorexia nervosa. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2007, 28 (2): 153-158.PubMed
73.
de Krom M, Bakker SC, Hendriks J, van Elburg A, Hoogendoorn M, Verduijn W, Sinke R, Kahn R, Adan RA: Polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene are not associated with either anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia in Dutch patients. Psychiatr Genet. 2005, 15 (2): 81-10.1097/00041444-200506000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Frisch A, Laufer N, Danziger Y, Michaelovsky E, Leor S, Carel C, Stein D, Fenig S, Mimouni M, Apter A, et al: Association of anorexia nervosa with the high activity allele of the COMT gene: a family-based study in Israeli patients. Mol Psychiatry. 2001, 6 (2): 243-245. 10.1038/sj.mp.4000830.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Hinney A, Scherag S, Hebebrand J: Genetic findings in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2010, 94: 241-270.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Kaenmaki M, Tammimaki A, Myohanen T, Pakarinen K, Amberg C, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Mannisto PT: Quantitative role of COMT in dopamine clearance in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving mice. J Neurochem. 2010, 114 (6): 1745-1755. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06889.x.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Brandys MK, Slof-Op’t Landt MC, van Elburg AA, Ophoff R, Verduijn W, Meulenbelt I, Middeldorp CM, Boomsma DI, van Furth EF, Slagboom E, et al: Anorexia nervosa and the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene: meta-analysis and new data. Psychiatr Genet. 2012, 22 (3): 130-136. 10.1097/YPG.0b013e328351859e.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Holliday J, Tchanturia K, Landau S, Collier D, Treasure J: Is impaired set-shifting an endophenotype of anorexia nervosa?. Am J Psychiatry. 2005, 162 (12): 2269-2275. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2269.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Kim YR, Kim JE, Kim MH: Impaired Set-Shifting Ability in Patients with Eating Disorders, Which Is Not Moderated by Their Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Genotype. Psychiatry Investig. 2010, 7 (4): 298-301. 10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.298.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Danziger Y, Frisch A, Stein D, Leor S, Laufer N, Carel C, Fennig S, Minoumi M, Apter A, et al: Association between anorexia nervosa and the hsKCa3 gene: a family-based and case control study. Mol Psychiatry. 2002, 7 (1): 82-85. 10.1038/sj.mp.4000931.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Gak E, Stein D, Frisch A, Danziger Y, Leor S, Michaelovsky E, Laufer N, Carel C, Fennig S, et al: CAG repeat polymorphism within the KCNN3 gene is a significant contributor to susceptibility to anorexia nervosa: a case–control study of female patients and several ethnic groups in the Israeli Jewish population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004, 131B (1): 76-80. 10.1002/ajmg.b.20154.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Frisch A, Stein D, Denziger Y, Leor S, Michaelovsky E, Laufer N, Carel C, Fennig S, Mimouni M, et al: Dual contribution of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor and SK3 Ca(2+)-activated K + channel to genetic predisposition to anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2007, 41 (1–2): 160-167.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Vink T, Hinney A, van Elburg AA, van Goozen SH, Sandkuijl LA, Sinke RJ, Herpertz-Dahlmann BM, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H, van Engeland H, et al: Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry. 2001, 6 (3): 325-328. 10.1038/sj.mp.4000854.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Vergoni AV, Bertolini A: Role of melanocortins in the central control of feeding. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000, 405 (1–3): 25-32.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Kaye WH, Ebert MH, Raleigh M, Lake R: Abnormalities in CNS monoamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984, 41 (4): 350-355. 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790150040007.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Collier DA, Arranz MJ, Li T, Mupita D, Brown N, Treasure J: Association between 5-HT2A gene promoter polymorphism and anorexia nervosa. Lancet. 1997, 350 (9075): 9412-CrossRef
87.
Hu X, Giotakis O, Li T, Karwautz A, Treasure J, Collier DA: Association of the 5-HT2c gene with susceptibility and minimum body mass index in anorexia nervosa. Neuroreport. 2003, 14 (6): 781-783. 10.1097/00001756-200305060-00001.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Nacmias B, Ricca V, Tedde A, Mezzani B, Rotella CM, Sorbi S: 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Neurosci Lett. 1999, 277 (2): 134-136. 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00859-9.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Westberg L, Bah J, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Wentz E, Melke J, Hellstrand M, Eriksson E: Association between a polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor and weight loss in teenage girls. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002, 26 (6): 789-793. 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00417-1.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Urwin RE, Bennetts BH, Wilcken B, Lampropoulos B, Beumont PJ, Russell JD, Tanner SL, Nunn KP: Gene-gene interaction between the monoamine oxidase A gene and solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, noradrenalin) member 2 gene in anorexia nervosa (restrictive subtype). Eur J Hum Genet. 2003, 11 (12): 945-950. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201077.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Waller G: A ‘trans-transdiagnostic’ model of the eating disorders: a new way to open the egg?. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008, 16 (3): 165-172. 10.1002/erv.869.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Oldershaw A, Treasure J, Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Schmidt U: Is anorexia nervosa a version of autism spectrum disorders?. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011, 19 (6): 462-474. 10.1002/erv.1069.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F: Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008, 363 (1507): 3191-3200. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0107.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
A debate on current eating disorder diagnoses in light of neurobiological findings: is it time for a spectrum model?
Authors
Samantha Jane Brooks
Mathias Rask-Andersen
Christian Benedict
Helgi Birgir Schiöth
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-76

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

BMC Psychiatry 1/2012 Go to the issue

Research article

The copycat phenomenon after two Finnish school shootings: an adolescent psychiatric perspective

Research article

Mono- and combination drug therapies in hospitalized patients with bipolar depression. Data from the European drug surveillance program AMSP

Research article

The generalizability of psychotherapy efficacy trials in major depressive disorder: an analysis of the influence of patient selection in efficacy trials on symptom outcome in daily practice

Study protocol

A decision aid to assist decisions on disclosure of mental health status to an employer: protocol for the CORAL exploratory randomised controlled trial

Research article

Altered monocyte activation markers in Tourette’s syndrome: a case–control study

Research article

Vitamin D status of psychiatric inpatients in New Zealand’s Waikato region