Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Cancer
Published in: BMC Cancer 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research article

Disparities in race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status: risk of mortality of breast cancer patients in the California Cancer Registry, 2000–2010

Authors: Carol A Parise, Vincent Caggiano

Published in: BMC Cancer | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Racial disparities in breast cancer survival have been well documented. This study examines the association of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) on breast cancer-specific mortality in a large population of women with invasive breast cancer.

Methods

We identified 179,143 cases of stages 1–3 first primary female invasive breast cancer from the California Cancer Registry from January, 2000 through December, 2010. Cox regression, adjusted for age, year of diagnosis, grade, and ER/PR/HER2 subtype, was used to assess the association of race/ethnicity on breast cancer-specific mortality within strata of stage and SES. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were reported.

Results

Stage 1: There was no increased risk of mortality for any race/ethnicity when compared with whites within all SES strata. Stage 2: Hispanics (HR = 0.85; 0.75, 0.97) in the lowest SES category had a reduced risk of mortality.. Blacks had the same risk of mortality as whites in the lowest SES category but an increased risk of mortality in the intermediate (HR = 1.66; 1.34, 2.06) and highest (HR = 1.41; 1.15, 1.73) SES categories. Stage 3: Hispanics (HR = 0.74; 0.64, 0.85) and APIs (HR = 0.64; 0.50, 0.82) in the lowest SES category had a reduced risk while blacks had similar mortality as whites. Blacks had an increased risk of mortality in the intermediate (HR = 1.52; 1.20, 1.92) and highest (HR = 1.53; 1.22, 1.92) SES categories.

Conclusions

When analysis of breast cancer-specific mortality is adjusted for age and year of diagnosis, ER/PR/HER2 subtype, and tumor grade and cases compared within stage and SES strata, much of the black/white disparity disappears. SES plays a prominent role in breast cancer-specific mortality but it does not fully explain the racial/ethnic disparities and continued research in genetic, societal, and lifestyle factors is warranted.
Literature
1.
American Cancer Society: California Department of Public Health, California Cancer Registry. California Cancer Facts and Figures 2012. 2011, Oakland, CA: American Cancer Society, California Division
2.
Campleman S, Curtis R: Demographic aspects of breast cancer incidence and mortality in California, 1988–1999. Breast Cancer in California, 2003. Volume July. Edited by: Morris C, Kwong SL. 2004, Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services, Cancer Surveillance Section
3.
Hofer BM, Kwong SL, Allen M, Bates JH, McCusker ME, Snipes KP: Cancer in California, 2008, Special Highlight on Cancer by Race and Ethnicity. 2008, Sacramento, CA: California Department of Public Health Cancer Surveillance Section
4.
Ries L, Eisner M, Kosary M: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2000. 2003, Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute
5.
Eley JW, Hill HA, Chen VW, Austin DF, Wesley MN, Muss HB, Greenberg RS, Coates RJ, Correa P, Redmond CK, et al: Racial differences in survival from breast cancer. Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. Jama. 1994, 272 (12): 947-954. 10.1001/jama.1994.03520120057031.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Swanson GM, Lin CS: Survival patterns among younger women with breast cancer: the effects of age, race, stage, and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1994, 16: 69-77.PubMed
7.
Joslyn SA, West MM: Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer. 2000, 88 (1): 114-123. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000101)88:1<114::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-J.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Shavers VL, Brown ML: Racial and ethnic disparities in the receipt of cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002, 94 (5): 334-357. 10.1093/jnci/94.5.334.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Shavers VL, Harlan LC, Stevens JL: Racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival among breast cancer patients under age 35. Cancer. 2003, 97 (1): 134-147. 10.1002/cncr.11051.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Smedley R, Stith A, Nelson : Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. 2003, Washington DC: National Academies Press
11.
Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Anderson GL, Rohan T, Aragaki A, Lane D, Dolan NC, Paskett ED, McTiernan A, Hubbell FA, et al: Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005, 97 (6): 439-448. 10.1093/jnci/dji064.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Hershman D, McBride R, Jacobson JS, Lamerato L, Roberts K, Grann VR, Neugut AI: Racial disparities in treatment and survival among women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23 (27): 6639-6646. 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.633.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Bigby J, Holmes MD: Disparities across the breast cancer continuum. Cancer Causes Control. 2005, 16 (1): 35-44. 10.1007/s10552-004-1263-1.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Barr DA: Health Disparities in the United States: Social Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Health. 2008, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press
15.
Deshpande AD, Jeffe DB, Gnerlich J, Iqbal AZ, Thummalakunta A, Margenthaler JA: Racial disparities in breast cancer survival: an analysis by age and stage. J Surg Res. 2009, 153 (1): 105-113. 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.020.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Menashe I, Anderson WF, Jatoi I, Rosenberg PS: Underlying causes of the black-white racial disparity in breast cancer mortality: a population-based analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009, 101 (14): 993-1000. 10.1093/jnci/djp176.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Ademuyiwa FO, Edge SB, Erwin DO, Orom H, Ambrosone CB, Underwood W: Breast cancer racial disparities: unanswered questions. Cancer Res. 2011, 71 (3): 640-644. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3021.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Raghavan D: Slow progress in cancer care disparities: HIPAA, PPACA, and CHEWBACCA… but were still not there!. Oncologist. 2011, 16 (7): 917-919. 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0233.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Gapstur SM, Dupuis J, Gann P, Collila S, Winchester DP: Hormone receptor status of breast tumors in black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women. An analysis of 13,239 cases. Cancer. 1996, 77 (8): 1465-1471. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960415)77:8<1465::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-B.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Joslyn SA: Hormone receptors in breast cancer: racial differences in distribution and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 73 (1): 45-59. 10.1023/A:1015220420400.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Ademuyiwa FO, Olopade OI: Racial differences in genetic factors associated with breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003, 22 (1): 47-53. 10.1023/A:1022259901319.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V: Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry. Cancer. 2007, 109 (9): 1721-1728. 10.1002/cncr.22618.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Parise CA, Bauer KR, Caggiano V: Variation in breast cancer subtypes with age and race/ethnicity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010, 76 (1): 44-52. 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.09.002.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Linden G: The influence of social class in the survival of cancer patients. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1969, 59 (2): 267-274. 10.2105/AJPH.59.2.267.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Fritz AG: International classification of diseases for oncology : ICD-O. 2000, Geneva: World Health Organization, Geneva, 239-vi, 3
26.
Cancer reporting in California: Abstracting and coding procedures for hospitals. California cancer reporting system standards, Volume I. 2008, Sacramento, CA: California Department of Public, Cancer Surveillance and Research Branch
27.
Yost K, Perkins C, Cohen R, Morris C, Wright W: Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes Control. 2001, 12 (8): 703-711. 10.1023/A:1011240019516.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Liu L, Deapen D, Bernstein L: Socioeconomic status and cancers of the female breast and reproductive organs: a comparison across racial/ethnic populations in Los Angeles County, California (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1998, 9 (4): 369-380. 10.1023/A:1008811432436.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Clarke CA, Glaser SL, Keegan TH, Stroup A: Neighborhood socioeconomic status and Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence in California. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14 (6): 1441-1447. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0567.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Parikh-Patel A, Bates JH, Campleman S: Colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis by socioeconomic and urban/rural status in California, 1988–2000. Cancer. 2006, 107 (5 Suppl): 1189-1195.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zell JA, Rhee JM, Ziogas A, Lipkin SM, Anton-Culver H: Race, socioeconomic status, treatment, and survival time among pancreatic cancer cases in California. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16 (3): 546-552. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0893.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Brown M, Tsodikov A, Bauer KR, Parise CA, Caggiano V: The role of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in the survival of women with estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative, invasive breast cancer: The California Cancer Registry, 1999–2004. Cancer. 2008, 112 (4): 737-747. 10.1002/cncr.23243.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Ou SH, Zell JA, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H: Low socioeconomic status is a poor prognostic factor for survival in stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer and is independent of surgical treatment, race, and marital status. Cancer. 2008, 112 (9): 2011-2020. 10.1002/cncr.23397.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Yin D, Morris C, Allen M, Cress R, Bates J, Liu L: Does socioeconomic disparity in cancer incidence vary across racial/ethnic groups?. Cancer Causes Control. 2010, 21 (10): 1721-1730. 10.1007/s10552-010-9601-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Parise CA, Bauer KR, Brown MM, Caggiano V: Breast cancer subtypes as defined by the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) among women with invasive breast cancer in California, 1999–2004. Breast J. 2009, 15 (6): 593-602. 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00822.x.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Bauer K, Parise C, Caggiano V: Use of ER/PR/HER2 subtypes in conjunction with the 2007 St Gallen Consensus Statement for early breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2010, 10: 228-10.1186/1471-2407-10-228.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Demicheli R, Retsky MW, Hrushesky WJ, Baum M, Gukas ID, Jatoi I: Racial disparities in breast cancer outcome: insights into host-tumor interactions. Cancer. 2007, 110 (9): 1880-1888. 10.1002/cncr.22998.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Gross CP, Smith BD, Wolf E, Andersen M: Racial disparities in cancer therapy: did the gap narrow between 1992 and 2002?. Cancer. 2008, 112 (4): 900-908. 10.1002/cncr.23228.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Bach PB, Guadagnoli E, Schrag D, Schussler N, Warren JL: Patient demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in the SEER-Medicare database applications and limitations. Med Care. 2002, 40 (8 Suppl): IV-19-IV-25.
40.
Amirikia KC, Mills P, Bush J, Newman LA: Higher population-based incidence rates of triple-negative breast cancer among young African-American women: Implications for breast cancer screening recommendations. Cancer. 2011, 117 (12): 2747-2753. 10.1002/cncr.25862.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Bradley CJ, Given CW, Roberts C: Race, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer treatment and survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002, 94 (7): 490-496. 10.1093/jnci/94.7.490.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Dragun AE, Huang B, Tucker TC, Spanos WJ: Disparities in the application of adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer: impact on overall survival. Cancer. 2011, 117 (12): 2590-2598. 10.1002/cncr.25821.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Bickell NA, Wang JJ, Oluwole S, Schrag D, Godfrey H, Hiotis K, Mendez J, Guth AA: Missed opportunities: racial disparities in adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24 (9): 1357-1362. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5799.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Lund MJ, Brawley OP, Ward KC, Young JL, Gabram SS, Eley JW: Parity and disparity in first course treatment of invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008, 109 (3): 545-557. 10.1007/s10549-007-9675-8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Li CI, Daling JR, Malone KE: Incidence of invasive breast cancer by hormone receptor status from 1992 to 1998. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21 (1): 28-34. 10.1200/JCO.2003.03.088.CrossRefPubMed
46.
van Ravesteyn NT, Schechter CB, Near AM, Heijnsdijk EA, Stoto MA, Draisma G, de Koning HJ, Mandelblatt JS: Race-specific impact of natural history, mammography screening, and adjuvant treatment on breast cancer mortality rates in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011, 20 (1): 112-122. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0944.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Roach M, Cirrincione C, Budman D, Hayes D, Berry D, Younger J, Hart R, Henderson IC: Race and survival from breast cancer: based on Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial 8541. Cancer J Sci Am. 1997, 3 (2): 107-112.PubMed
48.
Curtis E, Quale C, Haggstrom D, Smith-Bindman R: Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival: how much is explained by screening, tumor severity, biology, treatment, comorbidities, and demographics?. Cancer. 2008, 112 (1): 171-180. 10.1002/cncr.23131.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Du XL, Fang S, Meyer TE: Impact of treatment and socioeconomic status on racial disparities in survival among older women with breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008, 31 (2): 125-132. 10.1097/COC.0b013e3181587890.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Chu QD, Smith MH, Williams M, Panu L, Johnson LW, Shi R, Li BD, Glass J: Race/Ethnicity has no effect on outcome for breast cancer patients treated at an academic center with a public hospital. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18 (8): 2157-2161. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0232.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Vona-Davis L, Rose DP: The influence of socioeconomic disparities on breast cancer tumor biology and prognosis: a review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009, 18 (6): 883-893. 10.1089/jwh.2008.1127.CrossRef
52.
Komenaka IK, Martinez ME, Pennington RE, Hsu CH, Clare SE, Thompson PA, Murphy C, Zork NM, Goulet RJ: Race and ethnicity and breast cancer outcomes in an underinsured population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010, 102 (15): 1178-1187. 10.1093/jnci/djq215.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Byers TE, Wolf HJ, Bauer KR, Bolick-Aldrich S, Chen VW, Finch JL, Fulton JP, Schymura MJ, Shen T, Van Heest S, et al: The impact of socioeconomic status on survival after cancer in the United States: findings from the National Program of Cancer Registries Patterns of Care Study. Cancer. 2008, 113 (3): 582-591. 10.1002/cncr.23567.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Gangnon RE, Ramchandani R, Hampton JM, Robert SA, Remington PL, Newcomb PA: Socioeconomic status and survival after an invasive breast cancer diagnosis. Cancer. 2011, 117 (7): 1542-1551. 10.1002/cncr.25589.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Newman LA, Griffith KA, Jatoi I, Simon MS, Crowe JP, Colditz GA: Meta-analysis of survival in African American and white American patients with breast cancer: ethnicity compared with socioeconomic status. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24 (9): 1342-1349. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.3472.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Albain KS, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA, Hershman DL: Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials patients of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009, 101 (14): 984-992. 10.1093/jnci/djp175.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Huo D, Ikpatt F, Khramtsov A, Dangou JM, Nanda R, Dignam J, Zhang B, Grushko T, Zhang C, Oluwasola O, et al: Population differences in breast cancer: survey in indigenous African women reveals over-representation of triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (27): 4515-4521. 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6873.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Stark A, Kleer CG, Martin I, Awuah B, Nsiah-Asare A, Takyi V, Braman M, Quayson SE, Zarbo R, Wicha M, et al: African ancestry and higher prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer: findings from an international study. Cancer. 2010, 116 (21): 4926-4932. 10.1002/cncr.25276.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Henderson BE, Lee NH, Seewaldt V, Shen H: The influence of race and ethnicity on the biology of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012, 12 (9): 648-653. 10.1038/nrc3341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Jones BA, Patterson EA, Calvocoressi L: Mammography screening in African American women: evaluating the research. Cancer. 2003, 97 (1 Suppl): 258-272.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, Fryback DG, Clarke L, Zelen M, Mandelblatt JS, Yakovlev AY, Habbema JD, Feuer EJ: Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353 (17): 1784-1792. 10.1056/NEJMoa050518.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Whitman S, Ansell D, Orsi J, Francois T: The racial disparity in breast cancer mortality. J Community Health. 2011, 36 (4): 588-596. 10.1007/s10900-010-9346-2.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Turra CM, Goldman N: Socioeconomic differences in mortality among U.S. adults: insights into the Hispanic paradox. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007, 62 (3): S184-S192. 10.1093/geronb/62.3.S184.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Patel TA, Colon-Otero G, Bueno Hume C, Copland JA, Perez EA: Breast cancer in Latinas: gene expression, differential response to treatments, and differential toxicities in Latinas compared with other population groups. Oncologist. 2010, 15 (5): 466-475. 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
O’Donnell PH, Dolan ME: Cancer pharmacoethnicity: ethnic differences in susceptibility to the effects of chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15 (15): 4806-4814. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0344.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Reding KW, Chen C, Lowe K, Doody DR, Carlson CS, Chen CT, Houck J, Weiss LK, Marchbanks PA, Bernstein L, et al: Estrogen-related genes and their contribution to racial differences in breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2012, 23 (5): 671-681. 10.1007/s10552-012-9925-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Brawley OW: Is race really a negative prognostic factor for cancer?. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009, 101 (14): 970-971. 10.1093/jnci/djp185.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Shavers VL, Fagan P, Jones D, Klein WM, Boyington J, Moten C, Rorie E: The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. Am J Public Health. 2012, 102 (5): 953-966. 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Wallace TA, Martin DN, Ambs S: Interactions among genes, tumor biology and the environment in cancer health disparities: examining the evidence on a national and global scale. Carcinogenesis. 2011, 32 (8): 1107-1121. 10.1093/carcin/bgr066.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Bauer KR, Brown M, Creech C, Schlag NC, Caggiano V: Data quality assessment of HER2 in the Sacramento Region of the California Cancer Registry. J Reg Manage. 2007, 34 (1): 4-7.
71.
Dunnwald LK, Rossing MA, Li CI: Hormone receptor status, tumor characteristics, and prognosis: a prospective cohort of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2007, 9 (1): R6-10.1186/bcr1639.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Grann VR, Troxel AB, Zojwalla NJ, Jacobson JS, Hershman D, Neugut AI: Hormone receptor status and survival in a population-based cohort of patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005, 103 (11): 2241-2251. 10.1002/cncr.21030.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Muss HB, Hunter CP, Wesley M, Correa P, Chen VW, Greenberg RS, Eley JW, Austin DF, Kurman R, Edwards BK: Treatment plans for black and white women with stage II node-positive breast cancer. The National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study experience. Cancer. 1992, 70 (10): 2460-2467. 10.1002/1097-0142(19921115)70:10<2460::AID-CNCR2820701012>3.0.CO;2-A.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Harlan LC, Abrams J, Warren JL, Clegg L, Stevens J, Ballard-Barbash R: Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: practice patterns of community physicians. J Clin Oncol. 2002, 20 (7): 1809-1817. 10.1200/JCO.2002.07.052.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Griggs JJ: Role of nonclinical factors in the receipt of high-quality systemic adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2012, 30 (2): 121-124. 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.4270.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Rizzo M, Lund MJ, Mosunjac M, Bumpers H, Holmes L, O’Regan R, Brawley OW, Gabram S: Characteristics and treatment modalities for African American women diagnosed with stage III breast cancer. Cancer. 2009, 115 (13): 3009-3015. 10.1002/cncr.24334.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Sail K, Franzini L, Lairson D, Du X: Differences in treatment and survival among African-American and Caucasian women with early stage operable breast cancer. Ethn Health. 2012, 17 (3): 309-323. 10.1080/13557858.2011.628011.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Krieger N: Overcoming the absence of socioeconomic data in medical records: validation and application of a census-based methodology. Am J Public Health. 1992, 82 (5): 703-710. 10.2105/AJPH.82.5.703.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Shavers VL: Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007, 99 (9): 1013-1023.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Bernstein L, Teal CR, Joslyn S, Wilson J: Ethnicity-related variation in breast cancer risk factors. Cancer. 2003, 97 (1 Suppl): 222-229.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Chen WY, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE: Risk factors for breast cancer according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004, 96 (3): 218-228. 10.1093/jnci/djh025.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Ursin G, Bernstein L, Lord SJ, Karim R, Deapen D, Press MF, Daling JR, Norman SA, Liff JM, Marchbanks PA, et al: Reproductive factors and subtypes of breast cancer defined by hormone receptor and histology. Br J Cancer. 2005, 93 (3): 364-371. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602712.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Ursin G: Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Res. 2006, 8 (4): R43-10.1186/bcr1525.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
84.
Gerend MA, Pai M: Social determinants of Black-White disparities in breast cancer mortality: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17 (11): 2913-2923. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0633.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Shinde SS, Forman MR, Kuerer HM, Yan K, Peintinger F, Hunt KK, Hortobagyi GN, Pusztai L, Symmans WF: Higher parity and shorter breastfeeding duration: association with triple-negative phenotype of breast cancer. Cancer. 2010, 116 (21): 4933-4943. 10.1002/cncr.25443.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Harris HR, Willett WC, Terry KL, Michels KB: Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011, 103 (3): 273-278. 10.1093/jnci/djq500.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Stefanick ML, Vitolins M, et al: Reproductive history and oral contraceptive use in relation to risk of triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011, 103 (6): 470-477. 10.1093/jnci/djr030.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
88.
Bernstein L, Lacey JV: Receptors, associations, and risk factor differences by breast cancer subtypes: positive or negative?. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011, 103 (6): 451-453. 10.1093/jnci/djr046.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Montoya MJ, Kent EE: Re: Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010, 102 (4): 277-278. 10.1093/jnci/djp507.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Trivers KF, Messer LC, Kaufman JS: Re: Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010, 102 (4): 278-279. 10.1093/jnci/djp508.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Disparities in race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status: risk of mortality of breast cancer patients in the California Cancer Registry, 2000–2010
Authors
Carol A Parise
Vincent Caggiano
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Cancer / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-449

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Cancer 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research article

Plasma S-adenosylmethionine, DNMTpolymorphisms, and peripheral blood LINE-1 methylation among healthy Chinese adults in Singapore

Research article

Pancreatic cancer clusters and arsenic-contaminated drinking water wells in Florida

Study protocol

A randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness intervention for men with advanced prostate cancer

Research article

Increased expression of system large amino acid transporter (LAT)-1 mRNA is associated with invasive potential and unfavorable prognosis of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Research article

Sister chromatid cohesion defects are associated with chromosome instability in Hodgkin lymphoma cells

Research article

Impacts of clinicopathologic and operative factors on short-term and long-term survival in renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus extension: a multi-institutional retrospective study in Japan
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits