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BMC Infectious Diseases
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research article

Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports

Authors: Dora Buonfrate, Ana Requena-Mendez, Andrea Angheben, Jose Muñoz, Federico Gobbi, Jef Van Den Ende, Zeno Bisoffi

Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2013

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Abstract

Background

Strongyloidiasis is commonly a clinically unapparent, chronic infection, but immuno suppressed subjects can develop fatal disease. We carried out a review of literature on hyperinfection syndrome (HS) and disseminated strongyloidiasis (DS), in order to describe the most challenging aspects of severe strongyloidiasis.

Methods

We conducted a structured search using PubMed to collect case reports and short case series on HS/DS published from 1991 to 2011. We restricted search to papers in English, Spanish, Italian and French. Case reports were classified as HS/DS according to given definitions.

Results

Records screened were 821, and 311 were excluded through titles and abstract evaluation. Of 510 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 213 were included in qualitative analysis. As some of them were short case series, eventually the number of cases analyzed was 244.
Steroids represented the main trigger predisposing to HS and DS (67% cases): they were mostly administered to treat underlying conditions (e.g. lymphomas, rheumatic diseases). However, sometimes steroids were empirically prescribed to treat signs and symptoms caused by unsuspected/unrecognized strongyloidiasis. Diagnosis was obtained by microscopy examination in 100% cases, while serology was done in a few cases (6.5%). Only in 3/29 cases of solid organ/bone marrow transplantation there is mention of pre-transplant serological screening. Therapeutic regimens were different in terms of drugs selection and combination, administration route and duration. Similar fatality rate was observed between patients with DS (68.5%) and HS (60%).

Conclusions

Proper screening (which must include serology) is mandatory in high - risk patients, for instance candidates to immunosuppressive medications, currently or previously living in endemic countries. In some cases, presumptive treatment might be justified. Ivermectin is the gold standard for treatment, although the optimal dosage is not clearly defined in case of HS/DS.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports
Authors
Dora Buonfrate
Ana Requena-Mendez
Andrea Angheben
Jose Muñoz
Federico Gobbi
Jef Van Den Ende
Zeno Bisoffi
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-78

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