Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Respiratory Research
Published in: Respiratory Research 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Review

Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations

Authors: Maria Tsoumakidou, Nikolaos M Siafakas

Published in: Respiratory Research | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Airway inflammation increases during acute exacerbations of COPD. Extrinsic factors, such as airway infections, increased air pollution, and intrinsic factors, such as increased oxidative stress and altered immunity may contribute to this increase. The evidence for this and the potential mechanisms by which various aetiological agents increase inflammation during COPD exacerbations is reviewed. The pathophysiologic consequences of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations are also discussed. This review aims to establish a cause and effect relationship between etiological factors of increased airway inflammation and COPD exacerbations based on recently published data. Although it can be speculated that reducing inflammation may prevent and/or treat COPD exacerbations, the existing anti-inflammatory treatments are modestly effective.
Literature
1.
2.
Miravitlles M, Ferrer M, Pont A, Zalacain R, Alvarez-Sala JL, Masa F, Verea H, Murio C, Ros F, Vidal R: Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study. Thorax 2004,59(5):387–395.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA: Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998,157(5 Pt 1):1418–1422.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Burrows B, Earle RH: Course and prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease. A prospective study of 200 patients. N Engl J Med 1969,280(8):397–404.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA: Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002,57(10):847–852.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE: Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV(1) decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the lung health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001,164(3):358–364.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P: Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996,153(5):1530–1535.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Celli BR, MacNee W: Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004,23(6):932–946.PubMedCrossRef
9.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003,58(1):73–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Wedzicha JA: Exacerbations: etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Chest 2002,121(5 Suppl):136S-141S.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Murphy TF, Sethi S, Niederman MS: The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD. A constructive view. Chest 2000,118(1):204–209.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Miravitlles M: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: when are bacteria important? Eur Respir J Suppl 2002, 36:9s-19s.PubMedCrossRef
13.
14.
Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, Murphy TF: New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2002,347(7):465–471.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Sethi S, Wrona C, Grant BJ, Murphy TF: Strain-specific immune response to Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004,169(4):448–453.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Chin CL, Manzel LJ, Lehman EE, Humlicek AL, Shi L, Starner TD, Denning GM, Murphy TF, Sethi S, Look DC: Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005,172(1):85–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Kawai T, Akira S: Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2005,17(4):338–344.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Soler N, Ewig S, Torres A, Filella X, Gonzalez J, Zaubet A: Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999,14(5):1015–1022.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Bresser P, Out TA, van Alphen L, Jansen HM, Lutter R: Airway inflammation in nonobstructive and obstructive chronic bronchitis with chronic haemophilus influenzae airway infection. Comparison with noninfected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000,162(3 Pt 1):947–952.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Hill AT, Campbell EJ, Hill SL, Bayley DL, Stockley RA: Association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. Am J Med 2000,109(4):288–295.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Patel IS, Seemungal TA, Wilks M, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA: Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2002,57(9):759–764.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Perera WR, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA: Relationships among bacteria, upper airway, lower airway, and systemic inflammation in COPD. Chest 2005,127(4):1219–1226.PubMed
23.
Sethi S, Muscarella K, Evans N, Klingman KL, Grant BJ, Murphy TF: Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000,118(6):1557–1565.PubMedCrossRef
24.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Bayley DL, Hill SL, O'Brien C, Unsal I, Stockley RA: Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 2003,58(8):680–685.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Hurst JR, Perera WR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA: Systemic, Upper and Lower Airway Inflammation at Exacerbation of COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005.
26.
Crooks SW, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA: Bronchial inflammation in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the role of leukotriene B4. Eur Respir J 2000,15(2):274–280.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA: Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 2001,17(6):1112–1119.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Gump DW, Phillips CA, Forsyth BR, McIntosh K, Lamborn KR, Stouch WH: Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976,113(4):465–474.PubMed
29.
Buscho RO, Saxtan D, Shultz PS, Finch E, Mufson MA: Infections with viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Infect Dis 1978,137(4):377–383.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Smith CB, Golden CA, Kanner RE, Renzetti ADJ: Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980,121(2):225–232.PubMed
31.
Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, Moric I, Sanderson G, Message S, Maccallum P, Meade TW, Jeffries DJ, Johnston SL, Wedzicha JA: Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001,164(9):1618–1623.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I, Kauth M, Bauer TT, Gillissen A, Bufe A, Schultze-Werninghaus G: Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax 2003,58(1):37–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Message SD, Johnston SL: Host defense function of the airway epithelium in health and disease: clinical background. J Leukoc Biol 2004,75(1):5–17.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Gern JE, Busse WW: The role of viral infections in the natural history of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000,106(2):201–212.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Meshi B, Vitalis TZ, Ionescu D, Elliott WM, Liu C, Wang XD, Hayashi S, Hogg JC: Emphysematous lung destruction by cigarette smoke. The effects of latent adenoviral infection on the lung inflammatory response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002,26(1):52–57.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Retamales I, Elliott WM, Meshi B, Coxson HO, Pare PD, Sciurba FC, Rogers RM, Hayashi S, Hogg JC: Amplification of inflammation in emphysema and its association with latent adenoviral infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001,164(3):469–473.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Seemungal TA, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA: Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2000,16(4):677–683.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, Romagnoli M, Casolari P, Caramori G, Fabbri LM, Johnston SL, Fujimoto K, Yasuo M, Urushibata K, Hanaoka M, Koizumi T, Kubo K, Rohde G, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Fransen L, Borg I, Wiethege A, Arinir U, Tavernier J, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Bachert C, Bocchino V, Bertorelli G, Bertrand CP, Ponath PD, Newman W, Franco C, Marruchella A, Merlini S, Del Donno M, Zhuo X, Olivieri D: Infections and Airway Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Severe Exacerbations Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha is increased in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eotaxin and CCR3 are up-regulated in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006,25(4):640–646.
40.
Rohde G, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Fransen L, Borg I, Wiethege A, Arinir U, Tavernier J, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Bachert C: Soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha is increased in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004,135(1):54–61.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Bocchino V, Bertorelli G, Bertrand CP, Ponath PD, Newman W, Franco C, Marruchella A, Merlini S, Del Donno M, Zhuo X, Olivieri D: Eotaxin and CCR3 are up-regulated in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Allergy 2002,57(1):17–22.PubMed
42.
Fujimoto K, Yasuo M, Urushibata K, Hanaoka M, Koizumi T, Kubo K: Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2005,25(4):640–646.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Hargreave FE, Dolovich J, Pizzichini E, Pizzichini M: Airway eosinophilia in chronic bronchitis during exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996,153(5):1726–1727.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Turato G, Mapp CE, Pieno M, Zanguochi G, Del Prete G, Fabbri LM: Airway eosinophilia and expression of interleukin-5 protein in asthma and in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1996,26(7):766–774.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Turato G, Ruggieri MP, Roggeri A, Calcagni P, Mapp CE, Ciaccia A, Fabbri LM: Airway eosinophilia in chronic bronchitis during exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994,150(6 Pt 1):1646–1652.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zhu J, Qiu YS, Majumdar S, Gamble E, Matin D, Turato G, Fabbri LM, Barnes N, Saetta M, Jeffery PK: Exacerbations of Bronchitis: bronchial eosinophilia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001,164(1):109–116.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Sethi S: New developments in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004,17(2):113–119.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Blasi F, Legnani D, Lombardo VM, Negretto GG, Magliano E, Pozzoli R, Chiodo F, Fasoli A, Allegra L: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 1993,6(1):19–22.PubMed
49.
Beaty CD, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Reto CS, Martin TR: Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991,144(6):1408–1410.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Roland M, Bhowmik A, Sapsford RJ, Seemungal TA, Jeffries DJ, Warner TD, Wedzicha JA: Sputum and plasma endothelin-1 levels in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001,56(1):30–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Blasi F, Damato S, Cosentini R, Tarsia P, Raccanelli R, Centanni S, Allegra L: Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment. Thorax 2002,57(8):672–676.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Clementsen P, Permin H, Norn S: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and its role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2002,12(2):73–79.PubMed
53.
Sunyer J, Saez M, Murillo C, Castellsague J, Martinez F, Anto JM: Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year study. Am J Epidemiol 1993,137(7):701–705.PubMed
54.
Ohtoshi T, Takizawa H, Okazaki H, Kawasaki S, Takeuchi N, Ohta K, Ito K: Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998,101(6 Pt 1):778–785.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Rudell B, Blomberg A, Helleday R, Ledin MC, Lundback B, Stjernberg N, Horstedt P, Sandstrom T: Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust. Occup Environ Med 1999,56(8):527–534.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Godden D: Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 1995,345(8943):176–178.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Tao F, Gonzalez-Flecha B, Kobzik L: Reactive oxygen species in pulmonary inflammation by ambient particulates. Free Radic Biol Med 2003,35(4):327–340.PubMedCrossRef
58.
MacNee W, Donaldson K: Exacerbations of COPD: environmental mechanisms. Chest 2000,117(5 Suppl 2):390S-7S.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Rahman I, Morrison D, Donaldson K, MacNee W: Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996,154(4 Pt 1):1055–1060.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Drost EM, Skwarski KM, Sauleda J, Soler N, Roca J, Agusti A, MacNee W: Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2005,60(4):293–300.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Biernacki WA, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ: Increased leukotriene B4 and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate of patients with exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2003,58(4):294–298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Chrysofakis G, Siafakas NM: Nitrosative stress, heme oxygenase-1 expression and airway inflammation during severe exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2005,127(6):1911–1918.PubMedCrossRef
63.
64.
Drost EM, Ritchie HE, Skwarska E, al : NF-kB activation in airway leucocytes in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2001, 16:260s.
65.
Caramori G, Romagnoli M, Casolari P, Bellettato C, Casoni G, Boschetto P, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Ciaccia A, Fabbri LM, Papi A: Nuclear localisation of p65 in sputum macrophages but not in sputum neutrophils during COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2003,58(4):348–351.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Roebuck KA: Oxidant stress regulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 gene expression: differential activation and binding of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB (Review). Int J Mol Med 1999,4(3):223–230.PubMed
67.
Hogg JC: Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2004,364(9435):709–721.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Kyriakou D, Chrysofakis G, Siafakas NM: Inflammatory cell profiles and T-lymphocyte subsets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe persistent asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004,34(2):234–240.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Saetta M, Mariani M, Panina-Bordignon P, Turato G, Buonsanti C, Baraldo S, Bellettato CM, Papi A, Corbetta L, Zuin R, Sinigaglia F, Fabbri LM: Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002,165(10):1404–1409.PubMedCrossRef
70.
O'Shaughnessy TC, Ansari TW, Barnes NC, Jeffery PK: Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: inverse relationship of CD8+ T lymphocytes with FEV1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997,155(3):852–857.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Grumelli S, Corry DB, Song LZ, Song L, Green L, Huh J, Hacken J, Espada R, Bag R, Lewis DE, Kheradmand F: An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. PLoS Med 2004,1(1):e8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Chrysofakis G, Tzanakis N, Kyriakoy D, Tsoumakidou M, Tsiligianni I, Klimathianaki M, Siafakas NM: Perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of sputum CD8+ lymphocytes in patients with COPD. Chest 2004,125(1):71–76.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Chrysofakis G, Kyriakou D, Siafakas NM: Changes in sputum T-lymphocyte subpopulations at the onset of severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2005,99(5):572–579.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Prezzi C, Casciaro MA, Francavilla V, Schiaffella E, Finocchi L, Chircu LV, Bruno G, Sette A, Abrignani S, Barnaba V: Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells with type 1 or type 2 cytokine profile are related to different disease activity in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2001,31(3):894–906.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Wirth S, van den Broek M, Frossard CP, Hugin AW, Leblond I, Pircher H, Hauser C: CD8(+) T cells secreting type 2 lymphokines are defective in protection against viral infection. Cell Immunol 2000,202(1):13–22.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Kemeny DM, Noble A, Holmes BJ, Diaz-Sanchez D: Immune regulation: a new role for the CD8+ T cell. Immunol Today 1994,15(3):107–110.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Seder RA, Le Gros GG: The functional role of CD8+ T helper type 2 cells. J Exp Med 1995,181(1):5–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Bhowmik A, Seemungal TA, Sapsford RJ, Wedzicha JA: Relation of sputum inflammatory markers to symptoms and lung function changes in COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2000,55(2):114–120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Patel IS, Bhowmik A, Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, Maccallum PK, Wedzicha JA: Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest 2005,128(4):1995–2004.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Gompertz S, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA: Relationship between airway inflammation and the frequency of exacerbations in patients with smoking related COPD. Thorax 2001,56(1):36–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Patel IS, Vlahos I, Wilkinson TM, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wilks M, Reznek RH, Wedzicha JA: Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004,170(4):400–407.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Calverley PM: Respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003, 47:26s-30s.PubMedCrossRef
83.
84.
Gompertz S, Stockley RA: Inflammation--role of the neutrophil and the eosinophil. Semin Respir Infect 2000,15(1):14–23.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Jeffery P, Zhu J: Mucin-producing elements and inflammatory cells. Novartis Found Symp 2002, 248:51–68; discussion 68–75, 277–82.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Fryer AD, Adamko DJ, Yost BL, Jacoby DB: Effects of inflammatory cells on neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function in the lung. Life Sci 1999,64(6–7):449–455.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Parker CM, Voduc N, Aaron SD, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE: Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J 2005,26(3):420–428.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Stevenson NJ, Walker PP, Costello RW, Calverley PM: Lung Mechanics and Dyspnea during Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005.
90.
Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement. American Thoracic SocietyAm J Respir Crit Care Med 1999,159(1):321–340.
91.
Barbera JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, Felez MA, Diaz O, Roger N, Rodriguez-Roisin R: Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997,10(6):1285–1291.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Jolliet P, Thorens JB, Nicod L, Pichard C, Kyle U, Chevrolet JC: Relationship between pulmonary oxygen consumption, lung inflammation, and calculated venous admixture in patients with acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 1996,22(4):277–285.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Calverley PM: The role of corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005,26(2):235–245.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Wedzicha JA: Oral corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2000, 55 Suppl 1:S23–7.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PM: Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999,354(9177):456–460.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, Collins D, Gross NJ, Light RW, Anderson P, Morgan NA: Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999,340(25):1941–1947.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Wood-Baker RR, Gibson PG, Hannay M, Walters EH, Walters JA: Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, CD001288.
98.
99.
Brightling CE, Monteiro W, Ward R, Parker D, Morgan MD, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID: Sputum eosinophilia and short-term response to prednisolone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000,356(9240):1480–1485.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Brightling CE, McKenna S, Hargadon B, Birring S, Green R, Siva R, Berry M, Parker D, Monteiro W, Pavord ID, Bradding P: Sputum eosinophilia and the short term response to inhaled mometasone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005,60(3):193–198.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Barnes PJ: Effect of beta-agonists on inflammatory cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999,104(2 Pt 2):S10–7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
Authors
Maria Tsoumakidou
Nikolaos M Siafakas
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Respiratory Research / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1465-993X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-7-80

Other articles of this Issue 1/2006

Respiratory Research 1/2006 Go to the issue

Research

Bronchoscopic assessment of airway retention time of aerosolized xylitol

Research

Upregulated Genes In Sporadic, Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Research

Apoptosis and the activity of ceramide, Bax and Bcl-2 in the lungs of neonatal rats exposed to limited and prolonged hyperoxia

Research

The role of endothelin-1 in hyperoxia-induced lung injury in mice

Review

Role of TNFα in pulmonary pathophysiology

Research

Laminin-332 alters connexin profile, dye coupling and intercellular Ca2+ waves in ciliated tracheal epithelial cells
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits