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Translational Neurodegeneration
Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Alzheimer's Disease | Review

Early life adversity as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Authors: Zhihai Huang, J. Dedrick Jordan, Quanguang Zhang

Published in: Translational Neurodegeneration | Issue 1/2023

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Abstract

Neurological conditions, including cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), impose a huge burden on society, affecting millions of people globally. In addition to genetic factors, recent studies indicate that environmental and experiential factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Early life adversity (ELA) has a profound impact on brain function and health later in life. In rodent models, exposure to ELA results in specific cognitive deficits and aggravated AD pathology. Extensive concerns have been raised regarding the higher risk of developing cognitive impairments in people with a history of ELA. In this review, we scrutinize findings from human and animal studies focusing on the connection of ELA with cognitive impairment and AD. These discoveries suggest that ELA, especially at early postnatal stages, increases susceptibility to cognitive impairment and AD later in life. In terms of mechanisms, ELA could lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, altered gut microbiome, persistent inflammation, oligodendrocyte dysfunction, hypomyelination, and aberrant adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Crosstalks among these events may synergistically contribute to cognitive impairment later in life. Additionally, we discuss several interventions that may alleviate adverse consequences of ELA. Further investigation into this crucial area will help improve ELA management and reduce the burden of related neurological conditions.
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Metadata
Title
Early life adversity as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors
Zhihai Huang
J. Dedrick Jordan
Quanguang Zhang
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Translational Neurodegeneration / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 2047-9158
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-023-00355-z

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