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European Journal of Medical Research
Published in: European Journal of Medical Research 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Cannabinoid | Review

The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity

Authors: Ayman Alzu’bi, Fatimah Almahasneh, Ramada Khasawneh, Ejlal Abu-El-Rub, Worood Bani Baker, Raed M. Al-Zoubi

Published in: European Journal of Medical Research | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our body systems. The majority of SCs-related side effects are mediated by activating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R). The activation of these receptors can enkindle many downstream signalling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that ultimately can produce deleterious changes in many organs. Besides activating the cannabinoid receptors, SCs can act on non-cannabinoid targets, such as the orphan G protein receptors GPR55 and GPR18, the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), and the Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which are broadly expressed in the brain and the heart and their activation mediates many pharmacological effects of SCs. In this review, we shed light on the multisystem complications found in SCs abusers, particularly discussing their neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects, as well as highlighting the mechanisms that intermediate SCs-related pharmacological and toxicological consequences to provide comprehensive understanding of their short and long-term systemic effects.

Graphical Abstract

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Metadata
Title
The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity
Authors
Ayman Alzu’bi
Fatimah Almahasneh
Ramada Khasawneh
Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
Worood Bani Baker
Raed M. Al-Zoubi
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keyword
Cannabinoid
Published in
European Journal of Medical Research / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 2047-783X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6

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