Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

Pediatric emergency medicine point-of-care ultrasound: summary of the evidence

Authors: Jennifer R. Marin, Alyssa M. Abo, Alexander C. Arroyo, Stephanie J. Doniger, Jason W. Fischer, Rachel Rempell, Brandi Gary, James F. Holmes, David O. Kessler, Samuel H. F. Lam, Marla C. Levine, Jason A. Levy, Alice Murray, Lorraine Ng, Vicki E. Noble, Daniela Ramirez-Schrempp, David C. Riley, Turandot Saul, Vaishali Shah, Adam B. Sivitz, Ee Tein Tay, David Teng, Lindsey Chaudoin, James W. Tsung, Rebecca L. Vieira, Yaffa M. Vitberg, Resa E. Lewiss

Published in: The Ultrasound Journal | Issue 1/2016

Abstract

The utility of point-of-care ultrasound is well supported by the medical literature. Consequently, pediatric emergency medicine providers have embraced this technology in everyday practice. Recently, the American Academy of Pediatrics published a policy statement endorsing the use of point-of-care ultrasound by pediatric emergency medicine providers. To date, there is no standard guideline for the practice of point-of-care ultrasound for this specialty. This document serves as an initial step in the detailed “how to” and description of individual point-of-care ultrasound examinations. Pediatric emergency medicine providers should refer to this paper as reference for published research, objectives for learners, and standardized reporting guidelines.

Moore CL, Copel JA (2011) Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 364(8):749–757PubMedCrossRef

Gregory S, Kuntz K, Sainfort F, Kharbanda A (2016) Cost-effectiveness of integrating a clinical decision rule and staged imaging protocol for diagnosis of appendicitis. Value Health 19(1):28–35PubMedCrossRef

Becker DM, Tafoya CA, Becker SL, Kruger GH, Tafoya MJ, Becker TK (2016) The use of portable ultrasound devices in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health 21(3):294–311PubMedCrossRef

Kearl YL, Claudius I, Behar S, Cooper J, Dollbaum R, Hardasmalani M, Hardiman K, Rose E, Santillanes G, Berdahl C (2016) Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound for appendicitis in diagnostic and nondiagnostic studies. Acad Emerg Med 23(2):179–185PubMedCrossRef

Zouari M, Jallouli M, Louati H, Kchaou R, Chtourou R, Kotti A, Dhaou MB, Zitouni H, Mhiri R (2016) Predictive value of C-reactive protein, ultrasound and Alvarado score in acute appendicitis: a prospective pediatric cohort. Am J Emerg Med 34(2):189–192PubMedCrossRef

Basile V, Di Mauro A, Scalini E, Comes P, Lofù I, Mostert M, Tafuri S, Manzionna MM (2015) Lung ultrasound: a useful tool in diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. BMC Pediatr 15:63PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Chen L, Kim Y, Moore CL (2007) Diagnosis and guided reduction of forearm fractures in children using bedside ultrasound. Pediatr Emerg Care 23(8):528–531PubMedCrossRef

Glover CD, Paek JS, Patel N, Manyang P, McKay SD, Watcha M (2015) Postoperative pain and the use of ultrasound-guided regional analgesia in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B 24(3):178–183PubMedCrossRef

Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, Butler MW, Goergen SK, Byrnes GB, Giles GG, Wallace AB, Anderson PR, Guiver TA, McGale P, Cain TM, Dowty JG, Bickerstaffe AC, Darby SC (2013) Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ 346:f2360PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

10.

American College of Emergency Physicians (2001) American college of emergency physicians emergency ultrasound guidelines. Ann Emerg Med 38(4):470–481CrossRef

11.

Fagley RE, Haney MF, Beraud AS, Comfere T, Kohl BA, Merkel MJ, Pustavoitau A, von Homeyer P, Wagner CE, Wall MH (2015) Critical care basic ultrasound learning goals for american anesthesiology critical care trainees: recommendations from an expert group. Anesth Analg 120(5):1041–1053PubMedCrossRef

12.

Lewiss RE, Pearl M, Nomura JT, Baty G, Bengiamin R, Duprey K, Stone M, Theodoro D, Akhtar S (2013) CORD-AEUS: consensus document for the emergency ultrasound milestone project. Acad Emerg Med 20(7):740–745PubMedCrossRef

13.

Marin JR, Lewiss RE, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Academy of Emergency Ultrasound, American College of Emergency Physicians Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee, World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound (2015) Policy statement: point-of-care ultrasonography by pediatric emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 65(4):472–478PubMedCrossRef

14.

Marin JR, Lewiss RE, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Academy of Emergency Ultrasound, American College of Emergency Physicians Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee, World Interactive Network Focused on Critical Ultrasound (2015) Technical report: point-of-care ultrasonography by pediatric emergency medicine physicians. Pediatrics 135(4):e113–e122CrossRef

15.

Doria AS, Moineddin R, Kellenberger CJ, Epelman M, Beyene J, Schuh S, Babyn PS, Dick PT (2006) US or CT for diagnosis of appendicitis in children and adults? A meta-analysis. Radiology 241:83–94PubMedCrossRef

16.

Rosen MP, Ding A, Blake MA, Baker ME, Cash BD, Fidler JL, Grant TH, Greene FL, Jones B, Katz DS, Lalani T, Miller FH, Small WC, Spottswood S, Sudakoff GS, Tulchinsky M, Warshauer DM, Yee J, Coley BD (2011) ACR appropriateness criteria (R) right lower quadrant pain-suspected appendicitis. J Am Coll Radiol: JACR 8:749–755PubMedCrossRef

17.

Chen SC, Wang HP, Hsu HY, Huang PM, Lin FY (2000) Accuracy of ED sonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med 18:449–452PubMedCrossRef

18.

Fox JC, Solley M, Anderson CL, Zlidenny A, Lahham S, Maasumi K (2008) Prospective evaluation of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound to detect acute appendicitis. Eur J Emerg Med 15:80–85PubMedCrossRef

19.

Mallin M, Craven P, Ockerse P, Steenblik J, Forbes B, Boehm K, Youngquist S (2015) Diagnosis of appendicitis by bedside ultrasound in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 33:430–432PubMedCrossRef

20.

Taylor GA (2004) Suspected appendicitis in children: in search of the single best diagnostic test. Radiology 231:293–295PubMedCrossRef

21.

Bachur RG, Dayan PS, Bajaj L, Macias CG, Mittal MK, Stevenson MD, Dudley NC, Sinclair K, Bennett J, Monuteaux MC, Kharbanda AB (2012) The effect of abdominal pain duration on the accuracy of diagnostic imaging for pediatric appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med 60:582–590PubMedCrossRef

22.

Frei SP, Bond WF, Bazuro RK, Richardson DM, Sierzega GM, Reed JF (2008) Appendicitis outcomes with increasing computed tomographic scanning. Am J Emerg Med 26:39–44PubMedCrossRef

23.

Martin AE, Vollman D, Adler B, Caniano DA (2004) CT scans may not reduce the negative appendectomy rate in children. J Pediatr Surg 39:886–890 (discussion 886–890) PubMedCrossRef

24.

Krishnamoorthi R, Ramarajan N, Wang NE, Newman B, Rubesova E, Mueller CM, Barth RA (2011) Effectiveness of a staged US and CT protocol for the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis: reducing radiation exposure in the age of ALARA. Radiology 259:231–239PubMedCrossRef

25.

Ramarajan N, Krishnamoorthi R, Barth R, Ghanouni P, Mueller C, Dannenburg B, Wang NE (2009) An interdisciplinary initiative to reduce radiation exposure: evaluation of appendicitis in a pediatric emergency department with clinical assessment supported by a staged ultrasound and computed tomography pathway. Acad Emerg Med 16:1258–1265PubMedCrossRef

26.

Garcia Pena BM, Cook EF, Mandl KD (2004) Selective imaging strategies for the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatrics 113(1 Pt 1):24–28PubMedCrossRef

27.

Wan MJ, Krahn M, Ungar WJ, Caku E, Sung L, Medina LS, Doria AS (2009) Acute appendicitis in young children: cost-effectiveness of US versus CT in diagnosis—a Markov decision analytic model. Radiology 250:378–386PubMedCrossRef

28.

Sivitz A, Cohen S, Tejani C (2014) Evaluation of acute appendicitis by pediatric emergency physician sonography. Ann Emerg Med 64(358–364):e4

29.

Elikashvili I, Tay ET, Tsung JW (2014) The effect of point-of-care ultrasonography on emergency department length of stay and computed tomography utilization in children with suspected appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 21:163–170PubMedCrossRef

30.

Kim C, Kang BS, Choi HJ, Lim TH, Oh J, Chee Y (2015) Clinical application of real-time tele-ultrasonography in diagnosing pediatric acute appendicitis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 33:1354–1359PubMedCrossRef

31.

Rettenbacher T, Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, Rettenbacher L, Tomaselli F, Schneider B, Gritzmann N (2001) Outer diameter of the vermiform appendix as a sign of acute appendicitis: evaluation at US. Radiology 218:757–762PubMedCrossRef

32.

Goldin AB, Khanna P, Thapa M, McBroom JA, Garrison MM, Parisi MT (2011) Revised ultrasound criteria for appendicitis in children improve diagnostic accuracy. Pediatr Radiol 41:993–999PubMedCrossRef

33.

Sulowski C, Doria AS, Langer JC, Man C, Stephens D, Schuh S (2011) Clinical outcomes in obese and normal-weight children undergoing ultrasound for suspected appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 18:167–173PubMedCrossRef

34.

Sivit CJ (1993) Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children: spectrum of sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 161:147–152PubMedCrossRef

35.

Quillin SP, Siegel MJ, Coffin CM (1992) Acute appendicitis in children: value of sonography in detecting perforation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:1265–1268PubMedCrossRef

36.

Tulin-Silver S, Babb J, Pinkney L, Strubel N, Lala S, Milla SS, Tomita S, Fefferman NR (2015) The challenging ultrasound diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in children: constellations of sonographic findings improve specificity. Pediatr Radiol 45:820–830PubMedCrossRef

37.

Puylaert JB (1986) Acute appendicitis: US evaluation using graded compression. Radiology 158:355–360PubMedCrossRef

38.

Rettenbacher T, Hollerweer A, Macheiner P, Gritzmann N, Daniaux M, Schwamberger K, Ulmer H, zur Nedden D (2003) Ovoid shape of the vermiform appendix: a criterion to exclude acute appendicitis–evaluation with US. Radiology 226:95–100PubMedCrossRef

39.

Kaneko K, Tsuda M (2004) Ultrasound-based decision making in the treatment of acute appendicitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 39:1316–1320PubMedCrossRef

40.

Bailet PV, Connors RH, Tracy TF, Sotelo-Avila C, Lewis JE, Weber TR (1989) Changing spectrum of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in infants and children. Am J Surg 158:585–588CrossRef

41.

CDC Division of Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/. Accessed 20 Sept 2011

42.

van Rijn RR, Nievelstein RA (2014) Paediatric ultrasonography of the liver, hepatobiliary tract and pancreas. Eur J Radiol 83:1570–1581PubMedCrossRef

43.

Kendall JL, Shimp RJ (2001) Performance and interpretation of limited right upper quadrant ultrasound by emergency physicians. J Emerg Med 21:7–13PubMedCrossRef

44.

Miller AH, Pepe PE, Brockman CR, Delaney KA (2006) ED ultrasound in hepatobiliary disease. J Emerg Med 30:69–74PubMedCrossRef

45.

Blaivas M, Harwood RA, Lambert MJ (1999) Decreasing length of stay with emergency ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Acad Emerg Med 6:1020–1023PubMedCrossRef

46.

Conway D (2011) Emergency Department patients evaluated by bedside biliary ultrasonography: does radiology ultrasonography alter disposition? Ann Emerg Med 58:S195CrossRef

47.

Roy S (2002) Hepatobiliary. In: Ma OJ, Mateer JE (eds) Emergency ultrasound. McGraw Hill, Columbus

48.

Gaspari RJ, Dickman E, Blehar D (2009) Learning curve of bedside ultrasound of the gallbladder. J Emerg Med 37:51–56PubMedCrossRef

49.

Bloch A (2010) Patient satisfaction with bedside ultrasonography in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 56:S117CrossRef

50.

Tsung JW, Raio CC, Ramirez-Shrempp D, Blaivas M (2010) Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of pediatric cholecystitis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 28:338–342PubMedCrossRef

51.

Jang TB (2010) The learning curve of resident physicians using emergency ultrasonography for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Acad Emerg Med 17:1247–1252PubMedCrossRef

52.

Wheeler J, O’Riordan M, Allareddy V, Speicher D (2015) Would the use of bedside bladder ultrasound decrease the necessity of invasive bladder catheterization in the pediatric intensive care unit? Clin Pediatr 54:800–802CrossRef

53.

Selius BA, Subedi R (2008) Urinary retention in adults: diagnosis and initial management. Am Fam Physician 77:643–650PubMed

54.

Chan H (1993) Noninvasive bladder volume measurement. J Neurosci Nurs 25:309–312PubMedCrossRef

55.

Milling TJ Jr, Van Amerongen R, Melville Santiago L, Gaeta T, Birkhahn R, Melniker L (2005) Use of ultrasonography to identify infants for whom urinary catheterization will be unsuccessful because of insufficient urine volume: validation of the urinary bladder index. Ann Emerg Med 45:510–513PubMedCrossRef

56.

Chen L, Hsiao AL, Moore CL, Dziura JD, Santucci KA (2005) Utility of bedside bladder ultrasound before urethral catheterization in young children. Pediatrics 115:108–111PubMedCrossRef

57.

Witt M, Baumann BM, McCans K (2005) Bladder ultrasound increases catheterization success in pediatric patients. Acad Emerg Med 12:371–374PubMedCrossRef

58.

Price DP, Peterson MA (2003) Pediatric applications. In: Ma OJ, Mateer JR (eds) Emergency ultrasound. McGraw-Hill Companies, Columbus

59.

Hiraoka M, Tsukahara H, Tsuchida S, Hori C, Sudo M (1993) Ultrasonographic evaluation of bladder volume in children. Pediatr Nephrol 7:533–535PubMedCrossRef

60.

Burnside PR, Brown MD, Kline JA (2008) Systematic review of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography for lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Acad Emerg Med 15:493–498PubMedCrossRef

61.

Theodoro D, Blaivas M, Duggal S, Snyder G, Lucas M (2004) Real-time B-mode ultrasound in the ED saves time the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Am J Emerg Med 22:197–200PubMedCrossRef

62.

Magazzini S, Vanni S, Toccafondi S, Paladini B, Zanobetti M, Giannazzo G, Federico R, Grifoni S (2007) Duplex ultrasound in the emergency department for the diagnostic management of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Acad Emerg Med 14:216–220PubMedCrossRef

63.

Jolly BT, Massarin E, Pigman EC (1997) Color Doppler ultrasonography by emergency physicians for the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis. Acad Emerg Med 4:129–132PubMedCrossRef

64.

Bernardi E, Camporese G, Büller HR, Siragusa S, Imberti D, Berchio A, Ghirarduzzi A, Verlato F, Anastasio R, Prati C, Piccioli A, Pesavento R, Bova C, Maltempi P, Zanatta N, Cogo A, Cappelli R, Bucherini E, Cuppini S, Noventa F, Prandoni P, Erasmus Study Group (2008) Serial 2-point ultrasonography plus D-dimer vs whole-leg color-coded Doppler ultrasonography for diagnosing suspected symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 300:1653–1659PubMedCrossRef

65.

Tay ET, Stone MB, Tsung JW (2012) Emergency ultrasound diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 28:90–95PubMedCrossRef

66.

Dean AJ, Ku BS (2008) Deep vein thrombosis In: Sonoguide. http://www.sonoguide/dvt.html. Accessed 1 Aug 2010

67.

Blaivas M (2000) Bedside emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular pathology. Acad Emerg Med 7:947–950PubMedCrossRef

68.

Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR (2002) A study of bedside ocular ultrasonography in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 9:791–799PubMedCrossRef

69.

Vrablik ME, Snead GR, Minnigan HJ, Kirschner JM, Emmett TW, Seupaul RA (2015) The diagnostic accuracy of bedside ocular ultrasonography for the diagnosis of retinal detachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 65(199–203):e1

70.

Geeraerts T, Merceron S, Benhamou D, Vigué B, Duranteau J (2008) Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure using ocular sonography in neurocritical care patients. Intensive Care Med 34(11):2062–2067PubMedCrossRef

71.

Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, Foster T, Saunders T, Blaivas M (2007) Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med 49:508–514PubMedCrossRef

72.

Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR (2003) Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med 10:376–381PubMedCrossRef

73.

Major R, Girling S, Boyle A (2011) Ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with a clinical suspicion of raised intracranial pressure. Emerg Med J 28:679–681PubMedCrossRef

74.

Buzzard AK, Linklater DR (2009) Pediatric retinal detachment due to Coats’ disease diagnosed with bedside emergency department ultrasound. J Emerg Med 37:390–392PubMedCrossRef

75.

Braun A, Doniger SJ (2014) Point-of-care ultrasonography for the identification of 2 children with optic disc drusen mimicking papilledema. Pediatr Emerg Care 30:505–507PubMedCrossRef

76.

Presley BC, Flannigan MJ (2013) Emergency department bedside ultrasound diagnosis of retinoblastoma in a child. Pediatr Emerg Care 29:1128–1131PubMedCrossRef

77.

Riggs BJ, Trimboli-Heidler C, Spaeder MC, Miller M, Dean NP, Cohen JS (2015) The use of ophthalmic ultrasonography to identify retinal injuries associated with abusive head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 67(5):620–624PubMedCrossRef

78.

Korber F, Scharf M, Moritz J, Dralle D, Alzen G (2005) Sonography of the optical nerve—experience in 483 children. Rofo 177:229–235PubMedCrossRef

79.

Driessen C, Bannink N, Lequin M, van Veelen ML, Naus NC, Joosten KF, Mathijssen IM (2011) Are ultrasonography measurements of optic nerve sheath diameter an alternative to funduscopy in children with syndromic craniosynostosis? J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:329–334PubMedCrossRef

80.

Ballantyne J, Hollman AS, Hamilton R, Bradnam MS, Carachi R, Young DG, Dutton GN (1999) Transorbital optic nerve sheath ultrasonography in normal children. Clin Radiol 54:740–742PubMedCrossRef

81.

Newman WD, Hollman AS, Dutton GN, Carachi R (2002) Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Br J Ophthalmol 86:1109–1113PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

82.

Malayeri AA, Bavarian S, Mehdizadeh M (2005) Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve diameter in children with raised intracranial pressure. J Ultrasound Med 24:143–147PubMedCrossRef

83.

Le A, Hoehn ME, Smith ME, Spentzas T, Schlappy D, Pershad J (2009) Bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter as a predictor of increased intracranial pressure in children. Ann Emerg Med 53:785–791PubMedCrossRef

84.

Tsung JW, Blaivas M, Cooper A, Levick NR (2005) A rapid noninvasive method of detecting elevated intracranial pressure using bedside ocular ultrasound: application to 3 cases of head trauma in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 21:94–98PubMedCrossRef

85.

Hall MK, Spiro DM, Sabbaj A, Moore CL, Hopkins KL, Meckler GD (2013) Bedside optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound for the evaluation of suspected pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in the emergency department. Childs Nerv Sys 29:2275–2280CrossRef

86.

McAuley D, Paterson A, Sweeney L (2009) Optic nerve sheath ultrasound in the assessment of paediatric hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 25:87–90PubMedCrossRef

87.

Yoonessi R, Hussain A, Jang TB (2010) Bedside ocular ultrasound for the detection of retinal detachment in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 17:913–917PubMedCrossRef

88.

Berg C, Doniger SJ, Zaia B, Williams SR (2015) Change in intraocular pressure during point-of-care ultrasound. Wes J Emerg Meds 16:263–268CrossRef

89.

Stengel D, Rademacher G, Ekkernkamp A, Güthoff C, Mutze S (2015) Emergency ultrasound-based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD004446

90.

Melniker LA, Leibner E, McKenney MG, Lopez P, Briggs WM, Mancuso CA (2006) Randomized controlled clinical trial of point-of-care, limited ultrasonography for trauma in the emergency department: the first sonography outcomes assessment program trial. Ann Emerg Med 48(3):227–235PubMedCrossRef

91.

Rose JS, Levitt MA, Porter J, Hutson A, Greenholtz J, Nobay F, Hilty W (2001) Does the presence of ultrasound really affect computed tomographic scan use? A prospective randomized trial of ultrasound in trauma. J Trauma 51(3):545–550PubMed

92.

Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Ogata M, Kefer MP, Wittmann D, Aprahamian C (1995) Prospective analysis of a rapid trauma ultrasound examination performed by emergency physicians. J Trauma 38(6):879–885PubMedCrossRef

93.

Rozycki GS, Ballard RB, Feliciano DV, Schmidt JA, Pennington SD (1998) Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients. Ann Surg 228(4):557–567PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

94.

Rozycki GS, Ochsner MG, Jaffin JH, Champion HR (1993) Prospective evaluation of surgeons’ use of ultrasound in the evaluation of trauma patients. J Trauma 34(4):516–526 (discussion 526–517) PubMedCrossRef

95.

Kern SJ, Smith RS, Fry WR, Helmer SD, Reed JA, Chang FC (1997) Sonographic examination of abdominal trauma by senior surgical residents. Am Surg 63(8):669–674PubMed

96.

Shackford SR, Rogers FB, Osler TM, Trabulsy ME, Clauss DW, Vane DW (1999) Focused abdominal sonogram for trauma: the learning curve of nonradiologist clinicians in detecting hemoperitoneum. J Trauma 46(4):553–562 (discussion 562–554) PubMedCrossRef

97.

Smith RS, Kern SJ, Fry WR, Helmer SD (1998) Institutional learning curve of surgeon-performed trauma ultrasound. Arch Surg 133(5):530–535 (discussion 535–536) PubMedCrossRef

98.

Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, Lichtenstein DA, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick AW, Melniker L, Gargani L, Noble VE, Via G et al (2012) International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med 38(4):577–591PubMedCrossRef

99.

Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Blaivas M (2008) Emergency ultrasound, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Professional, Columbus, pp 77–108

100.

Fox JC, Boysen M, Gharahbaghian L, Cusick S, Ahmed SS, Anderson CL, Lekawa M, Langdorf MI (2011) Test characteristics of focused assessment of sonography for trauma for clinically significant abdominal free fluid in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Acad Emerg Med 18(5):477–482PubMedCrossRef

101.

Holmes JF, Gladman A, Chang CH (2007) Performance of abdominal ultrasonography in pediatric blunt trauma patients: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg 42(9):1588–1594PubMedCrossRef

102.

Holmes JF, Brant WE, Bond WF, Sokolove PE, Kuppermann N (2001) Emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of hypotensive and normotensive children with blunt abdominal trauma. J Pediatr Surg 36(7):968–973PubMedCrossRef

103.

Scaife ER, Rollins MD, Barnhart DC, Downey EC, Black RE, Meyers RL, Stevens MH, Gordon S, Prince JS, Battaglia D et al (2013) The role of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) in pediatric trauma evaluation. J Pediatr Surg 48(6):1377–1383PubMedCrossRef

104.

Sola JE, Cheung MC, Yang R, Koslow S, Lanuti E, Seaver C, Neville HL, Schulman CI (2009) Pediatric FAST and elevated liver transaminases: an effective screening tool in blunt abdominal trauma. J Surg Res 157(1):103–107PubMedCrossRef

105.

Menaker J, Blumberg S, Wisner DH, Dayan PS, Tunik M, Garcia M, Mahajan P, Page K, Monroe D, Borgialli D et al (2014) Use of the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination and its impact on abdominal computed tomography use in hemodynamically stable children with blunt torso trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77(3):427–432PubMedCrossRef

106.

Ng C, Tsung JW (2014) Point-of-care ultrasound for assisting in needle aspiration of spontaneous pneumothorax in the pediatric ED: a case series. Am J Emerg Med 32(5):488 (e483–e488) PubMedCrossRef

107.

Holmes JF, Lillis K, Monroe D, Borgialli D, Kerrey BT, Mahajan P, Adelgais K, Ellison AM, Yen K, Atabaki S et al (2013) Identifying children at very low risk of clinically important blunt abdominal injuries. Ann Emerg Med 62(2):107–116 (e102) PubMedCrossRef

108.

Rozycki GS, Ochsner MG, Feliciano DV, Thomas B, Boulanger BR, Davis FE, Falcone RE, Schmidt JA (1998) Early detection of hemoperitoneum by ultrasound examination of the right upper quadrant: a multicenter study. J Trauma 45(5):878–883PubMedCrossRef

109.

Nance ML, Mahboubi S, Wickstrom M, Prendergast F, Stafford PW (2002) Pattern of abdominal free fluid following isolated blunt spleen or liver injury in the pediatric patient. J Trauma 52(1):85–87PubMed

110.

Via G, Hussain A, Wells M, Reardon R, ElBarbary M, Noble VE, Tsung JW, Neskovic AN, Price S, Oren-Grinberg A, Liteplo A, International Conference of Focused Cardiac UltraSound (IC-FoCUS) (2014) International evidence-based recommendations for focused cardiac ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27:683-e1 (e33) CrossRef

111.

Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Goldstein SA, Jones R, Kort S, Porter TR, Spencer KT, Tayal VS, Wei K (2010) Focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent setting: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:1225–1230PubMedCrossRef

112.

Lai WW, Geva T, Shirali GS, Frommelt PC, Humes RA, Brook MM, Pignatelli RH, Rychik J, Committee Writing (2006) Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the task force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19:1413–1430PubMedCrossRef

113.

Mertens L, Seri I, Marek J, Arlettaz R, Barker P, McNamara P, Moon-Grady AJ, Coon PD, Noori S, Simpson J, Lai WW (2011) Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training. Writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in collaboration with the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) and the Association for European Pediatric Cardiologists (AEPC). J Am Soc Echocardgr 24:1057–1078CrossRef

114.

Joseph MX, Disney PJ, Da Costa R, Hutchison SJ (2004) Transthoracic echocardiography to identify or exclude cardiac cause of shock. Chest 126:1592–1597PubMedCrossRef

115.

Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV, Ochsner MG, Knudson MM, Hoyt DB, Davis F, Hammerman D, Figueredo V, Harviel JD, Han DC, Schmidt JA (1999) The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multicenter study. J Trauma 46:543–552PubMedCrossRef

116.

Plummer D, Brunette D, Asinger R, Ruiz E (1992) Emergency department echocardiography improves outcome in penetrating cardiac injury. Ann Emerg Med 21:709–712PubMedCrossRef

117.

Schiavone WA, Ghumrawi BK, Catalano DR, Haver DW, Pipitone AJ, L’Hommedieu RH, Keyser PH, Tsai AR (1991) The use of echocardiography in the emergency management of nonpenetrating traumatic cardiac rupture. Ann Emerg Med 20:1248–1250PubMedCrossRef

118.

Baxa MD (1991) Cardiac rupture secondary to blunt trauma: a rapidly diagnosable entity with two-dimensional echocardiography. Ann Emerg Med 20:902–904PubMedCrossRef

119.

Mandavia DP, Hoffner RJ, Mahaney K, Henderson SO (2001) Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 38:377–382PubMedCrossRef

120.

Mayron R, Gaudio FE, Plummer D, Asinger R, Elsperger J (1988) Echocardiography performed by emergency physicians: impact on diagnosis and therapy. Ann Emerg Med 17:150–154PubMedCrossRef

121.

Kleinman ME, de Caen AR, Chameides L, Atkins DL, Berg RA, Berg MD, Bhanji F, Biarent D, Bingham R, Coovadia AH, Hazinski MF (2010) Part 10: pediatric basic and advanced life support. Focused echocardiogram to detect reversible causes of cardiac arrest section. Circulation 122:466–515CrossRef

122.

Moore CL, Rose GA, Tayal VS, Sullivan DM, Arrowood JA, Kline JA (2002) Determination of left ventricular function by emergency physician echocardiography of hypotensive patients. Acad Emerg Med 9:186–193PubMedCrossRef

123.

Randazzo MR, Snoey ER, Levitt MA et al (2003) Accuracy of emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and central venous pressure using echocardiography. Acad Emerg Med 10:973–977PubMedCrossRef

124.

Salen P, O’Connor R, Sierzenski P, Passarello B, Pancu D, Melanson S, Arcona S, Reed J, Heller M (2001) Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 8:610–615PubMedCrossRef

125.

Blaivas M, Fox JC (2001) Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 8:616–621PubMedCrossRef

126.

Breitkreutz RF, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:150–161CrossRef

127.

Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV, Seeger FH, Ilper H, Ackermann H, Rudolph M, Uddin S, Weigand MA, Müller E, Walcher F (2010) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation 81:1527–1533PubMedCrossRef

128.

Tsung JW, Blaivas M (2008) Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. Resuscitation 77:264–269PubMedCrossRef

129.

Akilli B, Bayir A, Kara F, Ak A, Cander B (2010) Inferior vena cava diameter as a marker of early hemorrhagic shock: a comparative study. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 16:113–138PubMed

130.

Gunst M, Ghaemmaghami V, Sperry J, Robinson M, O’Keeffe T, Friese R, Frankel H (2008) Accuracy of cardiac function and volume status estimates using the bedside echocardiographic assessment in trauma/critical care. J Trauma 65:509–516PubMedCrossRef

131.

Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Tan WD, Heidendal GA, Peeters LL (1994) Measurement of anterior–posterior diameter of inferior vena cava by ultrasonography: a new non-invasive method to assess acute changes in vascular filling state. Cardiovasc Res 28:1269–1272PubMedCrossRef

132.

Yanagawa Y, Nishi K, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2005) Early diagnosis of hypovolemic shock by sonographic measurement of inferior vena cava in trauma patients. J Trauma 58:825–829PubMedCrossRef

133.

Lee Christopher WC, Kory Pierre D, Arntfield Robert T (2016) Development of a fluid resuscitation protocol using inferior vena cava and lung ultrasound. J Crit Care 31:96–100PubMedCrossRef

134.

Fields JM, Lee PA, Jenq KY, Mark DG, Panebianco NL, Dean AJ (2011) The interrater reliability of inferior vena cava ultrasound by bedside clinician sonographers in emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med 18:96–101CrossRef

135.

Chamberlain MC, Reid SR, Madhok M (2011) Utilization of emergency ultrasound in pediatric emergency departments. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:628–632PubMedCrossRef

136.

Milner D, Losek JD, Schiff J, Sicoli R (2003) Pediatric pericardial tamponade presenting as altered mental status. Pediatr Emerg Care 19:35–37PubMedCrossRef

137.

Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Müller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14 year old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless ecectrical activity because of cardiac tamponade. Eur J Emerg Med 16:103–105PubMedCrossRef

138.

Pershad J, Chin T (2003) Early detection of cardiac disease masquerading as acute bronchospasm: the role of bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician. Pediatr Emerg Care 19:e1–e3PubMedCrossRef

139.

Bramante RM, Cirilli A, Raio CC (2010) Point-of-care sonography in the emergency department diagnosis of acute H1N1 influenza myocarditis. J Ultrasound Med 29:1361–1364PubMedCrossRef

140.

Sivitz A, Nagdev A (2012) Heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy: a role for emergency bedside ultrasonography. Pediatr Emerg Care 28:163–166PubMedCrossRef

141.

Cheng AB, Levine DA, Tsung JW, Phoon CK (2012) Emergency physician diagnosis of pediatric infective endocarditis by point-of-care echocardiography. Am J Emerg Med 30:386-e1

142.

Spurney CF, Sable CA, Berger JT, Martin GR (2005) Use of a hand carried ultrasound device by critical care physicians for the diagnosis of pericardial effusions, decreased cardiac function, and left ventricular enlargement in pediatric patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:313–319PubMedCrossRef

143.

Gaspar HA, Morhy SS, Lianza AC, de Carvalho WB, Andrade JL, do Prado RR, Schvartsman C, Delgado AF (2014) Focused cardiac ultrasound: a training course for pediatric intensivists and emergency physicians. BMC Med Educ 14:1CrossRef

144.

Pershad J, Myers S, Plouman C, Rosson C, Elam K, Wan J, Chin T (2004) Bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician is accurate during evaluation of the critically ill patient. Pediatrics 114:e667–e671PubMedCrossRef

145.

Longjohn M, Wan J, Joshi V, Pershad J (2011) Point of care echocardiography by pediatric emergency physicians. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:693–696PubMedCrossRef

146.

Levine AC, Shah SP, Umulisa I, Munyaneza M, Richard B, Dushimiyimana JM, Stegmann K, Musavuli J, Ngabitsinze P, Stulac S, Epino HM (2010) Ultrasound assessment of severe dehydration in children with diarrhea and vomiting. Acad Emerg Med 17:1035–1041PubMedCrossRef

147.

Chen L, Hsiao A, Langhan M, Riera A, Santucci KA (2010) Use of bedside ultrasound to assess degree of dehydration in children with gastroenteritis. Acad Emerg Med 17:1042–1047PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

148.

Chen L, Kim Y, Santucci KA (2007) Use of ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter as an objective tool in the assessment of children with clinical dehydration. Acad Emerg Med 14:841–845PubMedCrossRef

149.

Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D (2010) The RUSH exam: rapid ultrasound in shock in evaluation of the critically III. Emerg Med Clin N Am 28:29–56CrossRef

150.

Otto CA, Shemenski R, Drudi L (2012) Real-time tele-echocardiography: diagnosis and management of a pericardial effusion secondary to pericarditis at an Antarctic Research Station. Telemed J E Health 18:521–524PubMedCrossRef

151.

Barbier P, Dalla Vecchia L, Mirra G, Di Marco S, Cavoretto D (2012) Near real-time echocardiography teleconsultation using low bandwidth and MPEG-4 compression: feasibility, image adequacy and clinical implications. J Telemed Telecare 18:204–210PubMedCrossRef

152.

Liteplo AS, Noble VE, Attwood B (2010) Real-time video transmission of ultrasound images to an iPhone. Crit Ultrasound J 1(3):105–110CrossRef

153.

Levitov A, Marik PE (2012) Echocardiographic assessment of preload responsiveness in critically ill patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2012:819696PubMed

154.

Lin E, Chen AE, Panebianco N, Conlon T, Ju NR, Carlson D, Kopenitz J, Nishisaki A (2016) Effect of inhalational anesthetics and positive-pressure ventilation on ultrasound assessment of the great vessels: a prospective study at a Children’s hospital. Anesthesiology 124(4):870–877PubMedCrossRef

155.

Nagdev A, Stone MB (2011) Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of pericardial effusions: does this patient have cardiac tamponade? Resuscitation 82:671–673PubMedCrossRef

156.

Cross KP, Santucci KA (2006) Transitional medicine: will emergency medicine physicians be ready for the growing population of adults with congenital heart disease? Pediatr Emerg Care 22:775–781PubMedCrossRef

157.

Dean AJ, Lafferty K, Villanueva TC (2003) Emergency medicine bedside ultrasound diagnosis of intussusception in a patient with chronic abdominal pain and unrecognized Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. J Emerg Med 24:203–210PubMedCrossRef

158.

Burke LF, Clark E (1977) Ileocolic intussusception—a case report. J Clin Ultrasound 5:346–347PubMedCrossRef

159.

Ko HS, Schenk JP, Troger J, Rohrschneider WK (2007) Current radiological management of intussusception in children. Eur Radiol 17:2411–2421PubMedCrossRef

160.

Applegate KE (2009) Intussusception in children: evidence-based diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Radiol 39(Suppl 2):S140–S143PubMedCrossRef

161.

Verschelden P, Filiatrault D, Garel L, Grignon A, Perreault G, Boisvert J, Dubois J (1992) Intussusception in children: reliability of US in diagnosis—a prospective study. Radiology 184:741–744PubMedCrossRef

162.

Daneman A, Navarro O (2004) Intussusception. Part 2: an update on the evolution of management. Pediatr Radiol 34:97–108 (quiz 187) PubMedCrossRef

163.

Navarro O, Daneman A (2004) Intussusception. Part 3: diagnosis and management of those with an identifiable or predisposing cause and those that reduce spontaneously. Pediatr Radiol 34:305–312 (quiz 369) PubMedCrossRef

164.

Eshed I, Gorenstein A, Serour F, Witzling M (2004) Intussusception in children: can we rely on screening sonography performed by junior residents? Pediatr Radiol 34:134–137PubMedCrossRef

165.

Riera A, Hsiao AL, Langhan ML et al (2012) Diagnosis of intussusception by physician novice sonographers in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 60(3):264–268PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

166.

Swischuk LE, John SD, Swischuk PN (1994) Spontaneous reduction of intussusception: verification with US. Radiology 192:269–271PubMedCrossRef

167.

del-Pozo G, Gonzalez-Spinola J, Gomez-Anson B, Serrano C, Miralles M, Gonzales-delOrbe G, Cano I, Martinez A (1996) Intussusception: trapped peritoneal fluid detected with US–relationship to reducibility and ischemia. Radiology 201:379–383PubMedCrossRef

168.

Hryhorczuk AL, Strouse PJ (2009) Validation of US as a first-line diagnostic test for assessment of pediatric ileocolic intussusception. Pediatr Radiol 39:1075–1079PubMedCrossRef

169.

Swischuk LE, Stansberry SD (1991) Ultrasonographic detection of free peritoneal fluid in uncomplicated intussusception. Pediatr Radiol 21:350–351PubMedCrossRef

170.

Kong MS, Wong HF, Lin SL, Chung JL, Li JN (1997) Factors related to detection of blood flow by color Doppler ultrasonography in intussusception. J Ultrasound Med 16:141–144PubMedCrossRef

171.

Weihmiller SN, Buonomo C, Bachur R (2011) Risk stratification of children being evaluated for intussusception. Pediatrics 127:e296–e303PubMedCrossRef

172.

Kuppermann N, O’Dea T, Pinckney L, Hoecker C (2000) Predictors of intussusception in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:250–255PubMedCrossRef

173.

Saxton V, Katz M, Phelan E, Beasley SW (1994) Intussusception: a repeat delayed gas enema increases the nonoperative reduction rate. J Pediatr Surgy 29:588–589CrossRef

174.

Gorenstein A, Raucher A, Serour F, Witzling M, Katz R (1998) Intussusception in children: reduction with repeated, delayed air enema. Radiology 206:721–724PubMedCrossRef

175.

Friedman L, Tsung JW (2011) Extending the focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination in children. Clin Ped Emerg Med 12(1):2–17CrossRef

176.

Lichtenstein DA (2009) Ultrasound examination of the lungs in the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10(6):693–698PubMedCrossRef

177.

Blaivas M, Lyon M, Duggal S (2005) A prospective comparison of supine chest radiography and bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax. Acad Emerg Med 12(9):844–849PubMedCrossRef

178.

Lichtenstein D, Maziere G, Biderman P, Gepner A (1999) The comet-tail artifact, an ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med 25:383–388PubMedCrossRef

179.

Kirkpatrick AW, Sirois M, Laupland KB, Liu D, Rowan K, Ball CG, Hameed SM, Brown R, Simons R, Dulchavsky SA, Hamilton DR, Nicolaou S (2004) Hand-held thoracic sonography for detecting post-traumatic pneumothoraces: the extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST). J Trauma 57(2):288–295PubMedCrossRef

180.

Zhang M, Liu ZH, Yang JX, Gan JX, Xu SW, You D, Jiang GY (2006) Rapid detection of pneumothorax by ultrasonography in patients with multiple traumas. Crit Care 10(4):R112PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

181.

Lichtenstein DA, Meziere G, Lascolis N, Biderman P, Courret JP, Gepner A, Goldstein I, Tenoudji-Cohen M (2005) Ultrasound diagnosis of occult pneumothorax. Crit Care Med 33(6):1231–1238PubMedCrossRef

182.

Lichtenstein D, Hulot JS, Rabiller A, Tostivint I, Meziere G (1999) Feasibility and safety of ultrasound-aided thoracentesis in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 25:955–958PubMedCrossRef

183.

Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, Cluzel P, Grenier P, Rouby JJ (2004) Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in ARDS. Anesthesiology 100:9–15PubMedCrossRef

184.

Lichtenstein D, Lasols N, Meziere G, Gepner A (2004) Ultrasound diagnosis of alverolar consolidation in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 30:276–281PubMedCrossRef

185.

Parlamento S, Copetti R, Bartolomeo SD (2009) Evaluation of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 27:379–384PubMedCrossRef

186.

Copetti R, Cattarossi L (2008) Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Radiol Med 113(2):190–198PubMedCrossRef

187.

Iuri D, De Candia A, Bazzocchi M (2009) Evaluation of the lung in children with suspected pneumonia: usefulness of ultrasonography. Radiol Med 14(2):321–330CrossRef

188.

Caulio VA, Gargani L, Caiulo S, Fisiciaro A, Moramarco F, Latini G, Picano E, Mele G (2013) Lung ultrasound characteristics of community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatr Pulmonol 48(3):280–287CrossRef

189.

Shah VP, Tunik MG, Tsung JW (2013) Prospective evaluation of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children and young adults. JAMA Pediatr 167(2):119–125PubMedCrossRef

190.

Reali F, Sferrazza Papa GF, Carlucci P, Fracasso P, Di Marco F, Mandelli M, Soldi S, Riva E, Centanni S (2014) Can lung ultrasound replace chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in hospitalized children? Respiration 88(2):112–115PubMedCrossRef

191.

Pereda MA, Chavez MA, Hooper-Miele CC, Gilman RH, Steinhoff MC, Ellington LE, Gross M, Price C, Tielsch JM, Checkley W (2015) Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children, a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 135(4):714–722PubMedCrossRef

192.

Daswani DD, Shah VP, Avner JR, Manwani DG, Kurian J, Rabiner JE (2016) Accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography for diagnosis of acute chest syndrome in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease and fever. Acad Emerg Med 23(8):932–940PubMedCrossRef

193.

Jones BP, Tay ET, Eliskashvili E, Sanders JE, Paul AZ, Nelson BP, Spina LA, Tsung JW (2016) Feasibility and safety of substituting lung ultrasonography for chest radiography when diagnosing pneumonia in children: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 150(1):131–138PubMedCrossRef

194.

Chavez MA, Naithani N, Gilman RH, Tielsch JM, Khatry S, Ellington LE, Miranda JJ, Gurung G, Rodrigeuz S, Checkley W (2015) Agreement between the World Health Organization algorithm and lung consolidation identified by point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of childhood pneumonia by general practitioners. Lung 193(4):531–583PubMedCrossRef

195.

Caiulo VA, Gargani L, Caiulo S, Fisicaro A, Moramarco F, Latini G, Picano E (2011) Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis-comparison with chest x-ray. Eur J Pediatr 11:1427–1433CrossRef

196.

Tsung JW, Kessler DO, Shah VP (2012) Prospective application of clinician-performed lung ultrasonography during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic: distinguishing viral from bacterial pneumonia. Crit Ultrasound J 4:16–25PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

197.

Hajalioghli P, Nemati M, Dinprast Saleh L, Fouladi DF (2016) Can chest computed tomography be replaced by lung ultrasonography with or wihtout plain chest radiography in pediatric pneumonia? J Thorac Imaging 31(4):247–252PubMedCrossRef

198.

Catarossi L, Copetti R, Brusa G (2016) Pintaldi S. Lung ultrasound diagnostic accuracy in neonatal pneumothorax. Can Respir J 2016:6515069CrossRef

199.

Raimondi F, Rodriguez Fanjul J, Aversa S, Chirico G, Yousef N, De Luca D, Corsini I, Dani C, Grappone L, Orfeo L, Migliario F, Vallone G, Capasso L (2016) Lung ultrasound for diagnosing pneumothorax in the critically ill neonate. J Pediatr 175(74–78):e1

200.

Migliaro F, Sodano A, Capasso L, Raimondi F (2014) Lung ultrasound-guided emergency pneumothorax needle aspiration in a very preterm infant. BMJ Case Rep 14:2014

201.

Lichtenstein D, Meziere G, Biderman P, Gepner A (1998) The “lung point”: an ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med 24(12):1331–1334PubMedCrossRef

202.

Vergine M, Copetti R, Brusa G, Cattarossi L (2014) Lung ultrasound accuracy in respiratory distress syndrome and tranisent tachypnea of the newborn. Neonatalogy 106(2):87–93

203.

Stone M, Secko M (2009) Bedside Ultrasound Diagnosis of pulmonary contusion. Pediatric Emerg Care 25(12):854–855CrossRef

204.

Vazquez M, Paul AZ, Tay ET, Tsung JW (2016) Evaluation and monitoring of a child with hydrocarbon pneumonitis using point-of-care lung ultrasound in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 32(9):642–644PubMedCrossRef

205.

Varshney T, Mok E, Shapiro AJ, Li P, Dubrovsky AS (2016) Point-of-care lung ultrasound in young children with respiratory tract infctions and wheeze. Emerg Med J. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205302 PubMed

206.

Marshburn TH, Legome E, Sargsyan A, Li SM, Noble VA, Dulchavsky SA, Sims C, Robinson D (2004) Goal-directed ultrasound in the detection of long-bone fractures. J Trauma 57:329–332PubMedCrossRef

207.

Hurley ME, Keye GD, Hamilton S (2004) Is ultrasound really helpful in the detection of rib fractures? Injury 35:562–566PubMedCrossRef

208.

Griffith JF, Rainer TH, Ching AS, Law KL, Cocks RA, Metreweli C (1999) Sonography compared with radiography in revealing acute rib fracture. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1603–1609PubMedCrossRef

209.

Platon A, Poletti PA, Van Aaken J, Fusetti C, Della Santa D, Beaulieu JY, Becker CD (2011) Occult fractures of the scaphoid: the role of ultrasonography in the emergency department. Skeletal Radiol 40:869–875PubMedCrossRef

210.

Smith SW (1999) Emergency physician-performed ultrasonography-guided hip arthrocentesis. Acad Emerg Med 1999:84–86CrossRef

211.

Tsung JW, Blaivas M (2008) Emergency department diagnosis of pediatric hip effusion and guided arthrocentesis using point-of-care ultrasound. J Emerg Med 35:393–399PubMedCrossRef

212.

Roy S, Dewitz A, Paul I (1999) Ultrasound-assisted ankle arthrocentesis. Am J Emerg Med 17:300–301PubMedCrossRef

213.

Freeman K, Dewitz A, Baker WE (2007) Ultrasound-guided hip arthrocentesis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 25:80–86PubMedCrossRef

214.

Tezel O, Kaldirim U, Bilgic S, Deniz S, Eyi YE, Ozyurek S, Durusu M, Tezel N (2014) A comparison of suprascapular nerve block and procedural sedation analgesia in shoulder dislocation reduction. Am J Emerg Med 32:549–552PubMedCrossRef

215.

Graf D (2008) Ultrasound-guided interscalene block for shoulder dislocation reduction in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 26:1061PubMedCrossRef

216.

LaRocco BG, Zlupko G, Sierzenski P (2008) Ultrasound diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture. J Emerg Med 35:293–295PubMedCrossRef

217.

Nesselroade RD, Nickels LC (2010) Ultrasound diagnosis of bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture after statin use. West J Emerg Med 11(4):306–309PubMedPubMedCentral

218.

Phillips K, Costantino TG (2014) Diagnosis of patellar tendon rupture by emergency ultrasound. J Emerg Med 47:204–206PubMedCrossRef

219.

Berg K, Peck J, Boulger C, Bahner DP (2013) Patellar tendon rupture: an ultrasound case report. BMJ Case Rep 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-008189

220.

Sisson C, Nagdev A, Tirado A, Murphy M, Suner S (2011) Ultrasound diagnosis of traumatic partial triceps tendon tear in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 40:436–438PubMedCrossRef

221.

Blaivas M, Lyon M, Brannam L, Duggal S, Sierzenski P (2004) Water bath evaluation technique for emergency ultrasound of painful superficial structures. Am J Emerg Med 22:589–593PubMedCrossRef

222.

Adhikari S, Marx J, Crum T (2012) Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of acute Achilles tendon rupture in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 30(634):e3–e4

223.

Hübner U, Schlicht W, Outzen S, Barthel M, Halsband H (2000) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82(8):1170–1173PubMedCrossRef

224.

Williamson D, Watura R, Cobby M (2000) Ultrasound imaging of forearm fractures in children: a viable alternative? J Accid Emerg Med 17:22–24PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

225.

Lewis D, Logan P (2000) Sonographic diagnosis of toddler’s fracture in the emergency department. J Clin Ultrasound 34:190–194CrossRef

226.

Weinberg ER, Tunik MG, Tsung JW (2010) Accuracy of clinician-performed point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of fractures in children and young adults. Injury 41:862–868PubMedCrossRef

227.

Barata I, Spencer R, Suppiah A, Raio C, Ward MF, Sama A (2012) Emergency ultrasound in the detection of pediatric long-bone fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care 28:1154–1157PubMedCrossRef

228.

Durston W, Swartzentruber R (2000) Ultrasound guided reduction of pediatric forearm fractures in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 18:72–77PubMedCrossRef

229.

Patel DD, Blumberg SM, Crain EF (2009) The utility of bedside ultrasonography in identifying fractures and guiding fracture reduction in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 25:221–225PubMedCrossRef

230.

Chen L, Kim Y, Moore CL (2007) Diagnosis and guided reduction of forearm fractures in children using bedside ultrasound. Pediatr Emerg Care 23:528–531PubMedCrossRef

231.

Dubrovsky AS, Kempinska A, Bank I, Mok E (2015) Accuracy of ultrasonography for determining successful realignment of pediatric forearm fractures. Ann Emerg Med 65:260–265PubMedCrossRef

232.

Rabiner JE, Khine H, Avner JR, Friedman LM, Tsung JW (2013) Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosis of elbow fractures in children. Ann Emerg Med 61:9–217PubMedCrossRef

233.

Cross KP, Warkentine FH, Kim IK, Gracely E, Paul RI (2010) Bedside ultrasound diagnosis of clavicle fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 17:687–693PubMedCrossRef

234.

Chien M, Bulloch B, Garcia-Filion P, Youssfi M, Shrader MW, Segal LS (2011) Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric clavicle fractures. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:1038–1041PubMedCrossRef

235.

Chaar-Alvarez FM, Warkentine F, Cross K, Herr S, Paul RI (2011) Bedside ultrasound diagnosis of nonangulated distal forearm fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:1027–1032PubMedCrossRef

236.

Tessaro MO, McGovern TR, Dickman E, Haines LE (2015) Point-of-care ultrasound detection of acute scaphoid fracture. Pediatr Emerg Care 31:222–224PubMedCrossRef

237.

Ramirez-Schrempp D, Vinci RJ, Liteplo AS (2011) Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of skull fractures in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:312–314PubMedCrossRef

238.

Rabiner JE, Friedman LM, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW (2013) Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of skull fractures in children. Pediatrics 131:e1757–e1764PubMedCrossRef

239.

Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, Mannelli F, Sforzi I, Schiavone R, Ban KM (2013) Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric skull fractures: a prospective, observational study. J Emerg Med 44:135–141PubMedCrossRef

240.

Shavit I, Eidelman M, Galbraith R (2006) Sonography of the hip-joint by the emergency physician: its role in the evaluation of children presenting with acute limp. Pediatr Emerg Care 22:570–573PubMedCrossRef

241.

Vieira RL, Levy JA (2010) Bedside ultrasonography to identify hip effusions in pediatric patients. Ann Emerg Med 55:284–289PubMedCrossRef

242.

Rabiner JE, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW (2015) Ultrasound findings of the elbow posterior fat pad in children with radial head subluxation. Pediatr Emerg Care 31:327–330PubMedCrossRef

243.

Dohi D (2013) Confirmed specific ultrasonographic findings of pulled elbow. J Pediatr Orthop 33:829–831PubMedCrossRef

244.

Breslin K, Boniface K, Cohen J (2014) Ultrasound-guided intra-articular lidocaine block for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 30:217–220PubMedCrossRef

245.

Carr JC, Hanly S, Griffin J, Gibney R (2001) Sonography of the patellar tendon and adjacent structures in pediatric and adult patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:1535–1539PubMedCrossRef

246.

Bialik V, Farhoud F, Eidelman M, Katzman A, Bialik GM (2007) Achilles tendon length in children evaluated sonographically. J Pediatr Orthop B 16:281–286PubMedCrossRef

247.

Goldenstein C, McCauley R, Troy M, Schaller JG, Szer IS (1989) Ultrasonography in the evaluation of wrist swelling in children. J Rheumatol 16:1079–1987PubMed

248.

Hashimoto BE, Kramer DJ, Wiitala L (1999) Applications of musculoskeletal sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 27:293–318PubMedCrossRef

249.

Yabunaka K, Ohue M, Morimoto N, Kitano N, Shinohara K, Takamura M, Gotanda T, Sanada S (2012) Sonographic measurement of transient synovitis in children: diagnostic value of joint effusion. Radiol Phys Technol 5:15–19PubMedCrossRef

250.

Tayal VS, Crean CA, Norton HJ, Schulz CJ, Bacalis KN, Bliss S (2008) Prospective comparative trial of endovaginal sonographic bimanual examination versus traditional digital bimanual examination in nonpregnant women with lower abdominal pain with regard to body mass index classification. J Ultrasound Med 27:1171–1177PubMedCrossRef

251.

Adhikari S, Blaivas M, Lyon M (2008) Role of bedside transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 34:429–433PubMedCrossRef

252.

Zeger W, Holt K (2003) Gynecologic infections. Emerg Med Clin North Am 21:631–648PubMedCrossRef

253.

Lee DC, Swaminathan AK (2011) Sensitivity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess: a case report and literature review. J Emerg Med 40:170–175PubMedCrossRef

254.

Morton MJ, Masterson M, Hoffman B (2013) Case report: ovarian torsion in pregnancy—diagnosis and management. J Emerg Med 45:348–351PubMedCrossRef

255.

Johnson S, Fox JC, Koenig KL (2006) Diagnosis of ovarian torsion in a hemodynamically unstable pediatric patient by bedside ultrasound in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 24(4):496–497PubMedCrossRef

256.

Vijayaraghavan SB (2004) Sonographic whirlpool sign in ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med 23:1643–1649 (quiz 1650–1651) PubMedCrossRef

257.

Peña JE, Ufberg D, Cooney N, Denis AL (2000) Usefulness of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Fertil Steril 73:1047–1050PubMedCrossRef

258.

Semlali S, Atmane M, Chellaoui M, Chat L, Achaaban F, Alami D, Najid A, Etteybi F, Dafiri R (2004) Emergency ultrasound diagnosis of ovarian torsion in children: nine case reports. Arch Pediatr 11(4):304–307PubMedCrossRef

259.

Jang TB, Ruggeri W, Dyne P, Kaji AH (2010) Learning curve of emergency physicians using emergency bedside sonography for symptomatic first-trimester pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 29:1423–1428PubMedCrossRef

260.

McRae A, Edmonds M, Murray H (2009) Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of emergency department targeted ultrasonography in the evaluation of first-trimester pelvic pain and bleeding: a systematic review. CJEM 11:355–364PubMedCrossRef

261.

Blaivas M, Sierzenski P, Plecque D, Lambert M (2000) Do emergency physicians save time when locating a live intrauterine pregnancy with bedside ultrasonography? Acad Emerg Med 7:988–993PubMedCrossRef

262.

Panebianco NL, Shofer F, Fields JM, Anderson K, Mangili A, Matsuura A, Dean AJ (2015) The utility of transvaginal ultrasound in the ED evaluation of complications of first trimester pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med 30:743–748CrossRef

263.

Stein JC, Wang R, Adler N, Boscardin J, Jacoby VL, Won G, Goldstein R, Kohn MA (2010) Emergency physician ultrasonography for evaluating patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 56:674–683PubMedCrossRef

264.

Moore C, Todd WM, O’Brien E, Lin H (2007) Free fluid in morison’s pouch on bedside ultrasound predicts need for operative intervention in suspected ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med 13:755–758CrossRef

265.

Tayal VS, Cohen H, Norton HJ (2004) Outcome of patients with an indeterminate emergency department first-trimester pelvic ultrasound to rule out ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med 11:912–917PubMedCrossRef

266.

Bloch AJ, Bloch SA, Lyon M (2013) Correlation of β-human chorionic gonadotropin with ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 31:876–877PubMedCrossRef

267.

Counselman FL, Shaar GS, Heller RA et al (1998) Quantitative b-hCG levels less than 1000 mIU/mL in patients with ectopic pregnancy: pelvic ultrasound still useful. J Emerg Med 16:699PubMedCrossRef

268.

Dart RG, Kaplan B, Cox C (1997) Transvaginal ultrasound in patients with low beta-human chorionic gonadotropin values: how often is the study diagnostic? Ann Emerg Med 30:135PubMedCrossRef

269.

Dimarchi JN, Kosasa TS, Hale RW (1989) What is the significance of human gonadotropin value in ectopic pregnancy? Obstet Gynecol 74:851PubMed

270.

Avitabile NC, Kaban NL, Siadecki SD, Lewiss RE, Saul T (2015) Two cases of heterotopic pregnancy: review of the literature and sonographic diagnosis in the emergency department. J Ultrasound Med 34:527–530PubMedCrossRef

271.

Adhikari S, Blaivis M, Lyon M (2007) Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy using bedside transvaginal ultrasonography in the ED: a 2-year experience. Am J Emerg Med 25:591–596PubMedCrossRef

272.

Lewiss RE, Shaukat NM, Saul T (2014) The endomyometrial thickness measurement for abnormal implantation evaluation by pelvic sonography. J Ultrasound Med 33:1143–1146PubMedCrossRef

273.

Durston WE, Carl ML, Guerra W, Easton A, Ackerson LM (2000) Ultrasound availability in the evaluation of ectopic pregnancy in the ED: comparison of quality and cost-effectiveness with different approaches. Am J Emerg Med 18:408–417PubMedCrossRef

274.

Thamburaj R, Sivitz A (2013) Does the Use of bedside pelvic ultrasound decrease length of stay in the emergency department? Pediatr Emerg Care 29:67–70PubMedCrossRef

275.

Chen EA, Luks FI, Gilchrist BF, Wesselhoeft CW Jr, DeLuca FG (1996) Pyloric stenosis in the age of ultrasonography: fading skills, better patients? J Pediatr Surg 31:829–830PubMedCrossRef

276.

Macdessi J, Oates RK (1993) Clinical diagnosis of pyloric stenosis: a declining art. BMJ 306:553–555PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

277.

Glatstein M, Carbell G, Boddu SK, Bernardini A, Scolnik D (2011) The changing clinical presentation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the experience of a large, tertiary care pediatric hospital. Clin Pediatr 50:192–195CrossRef

278.

Hulka F, Campbell TJ, Campbell JR, Harrison MW (1997) Evolution in the recognition of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics 100:E9PubMedCrossRef

279.

Papadakis K, Chen EA, Luks FI, Lessin MS, Wesselhoeft CW Jr, DeLuca FG (1999) The changing presentation of pyloric stenosis. Am J Emerg Med 17:67–69PubMedCrossRef

280.

Teele RL, Smith EH (1977) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. N Engl J Med 296:1149–1150PubMedCrossRef

281.

Malcom GE 3rd, Raio CC, Del Rios M, Blaivas M, Tsung JW (2009) Feasibility of emergency physician diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis using point-of-care ultrasound: a multi-center case series. J Emerg Med 37:283–286PubMedCrossRef

282.

Copeland DR, Cosper GH, McMahon LE, Boneti C, Little DC, Dassinger MS, Kokoska ER, Jackson RJ, Smith SD (2009) Return of the surgeon in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 44:1189–1192PubMedCrossRef

283.

McVay MR, Copeland DR, McMahon LE, Cosper GH, McCallie TG, Kokoska ER, Jackson RJ, Smith SD (2009) Surgeon-performed ultrasound for diagnosis of pyloric stenosis is accurate, reproducible, and clinically valuable. J Pediatr Surg 44:169–171PubMedCrossRef

284.

Sivitz A, Tejani C, Cohen S (2013) Evaluation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by pediatric emergency physician sonography. Acad Emerg Med 20:646–651PubMedCrossRef

285.

Leaphart CL, Borland K, Kane TD, Hackam DJ (2008) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in newborns younger than 21 days: remodeling the path of surgical intervention. J Pediatr Surg 43:998–1001PubMedCrossRef

286.

Hernanz-Schulman M (2003) Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Radiology 227:319–331PubMedCrossRef

287.

Houben CH, Rudolf O, Misra D (1999) Diagnosing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: does size matter? Eur J Pediatr Surg 9:373–375PubMedCrossRef

288.

Strauss S, Itzchak Y, Manor A, Heyman Z, Graif M (1981) Sonography of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. AJR 136:1057–1058PubMedCrossRef

289.

O’Keeffe FN, Stansberry SD, Swischuk LE, Hayden CK Jr (1991) Antropyloric muscle thickness at US in infants: what is normal? Radiology 178:827–830PubMedCrossRef

290.

Rohrschneider WK, Mittnacht H, Darge K, Tröger J (1998) Pyloric muscle in asymptomatic infants: sonographic evaluation and discrimination from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol 28:429–434PubMedCrossRef

291.

Demian M, Nguyen S, Emil S (2009) Early pyloric stenosis: a case control study. Pediatr Surg Int 25:1053–1057PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

292.

Mollitt DL, Golladay ES, Williamson S, Seibert JJ, Sutterfield SL (1987) Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis. South Med J 80:47–50PubMedCrossRef

293.

Lund Kofoed PE, Høst A, Elle B, Larsen C (1988) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: determination of muscle dimensions by ultrasound. BJR 61:19–20CrossRef

294.

Neilson D, Hollman AS (1994) The ultrasonic diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: technique and accuracy. Clin Radiol 49:246–247PubMedCrossRef

295.

Squire BT, Fox JC, Anderson C (2005) ABSCESS: applied bedside sonography for convenient evaluation of superficial soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med 2(7):601–606CrossRef

296.

Berger T, Garrido F, Green J, Lema PC, Gupta J (2012) Bedside ultrasound performed by novices for the detection of abscess in ED patients with soft tissue infections. Am J Emerg Med 30(8):1569–1573PubMedCrossRef

297.

Tayal VS, Hasan N, Norton HJ, Tomaszewski CA (2006) The effect of soft-tissue ultrasound on the management of cellulitis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 13(4):384–388PubMedCrossRef

298.

Gaspari RJ, Blehar D, Polan D, Montoya A, Alsulaibikh A, Liteplo A (2014) The Massachusetts abscess rule: a clinical decision rule using ultrasound to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in skin abscesses. Acad Emerg Med 21(5):558–567PubMedCrossRef

299.

Nienaber A, Harvey M, Cave G (2010) Accuracy of bedside ultrasound for the detection of soft tissue foreign bodies by emergency doctors. Emerg Med Australas 22(1):30–34PubMedCrossRef

300.

Orlinsky M, Knittel P, Feit T, Chan L, Mandavia D (2000) The comparative accuracy of radiolucent foreign body detection using ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med 18(4):401–403PubMedCrossRef

301.

Schlager D, Sanders AB, Wiggins D, Boren W (1991) Ultrasound for the detection of foreign bodies. Ann Emerg Med 20(2):189–191PubMedCrossRef

302.

Gilbert FJ, Campbell RS, Bayliss AP (1990) The role of ultrasound in the detection of non-radiopaque foreign bodies. Clin Radiol 41(2):109–112PubMedCrossRef

303.

Banerjee B, Das RK (1991) Sonographic detection of foreign bodies of the extremities. Br J Radiol 64(758):107–112PubMedCrossRef

304.

Mohammadi A, Ghasemi-Rad M, Khodabakhsh M (2011) Non-opaque soft tissue foreign body: sonographic findings. BMC Med Imaging 11:9PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

305.

Budhram GR, Schmunk JC (2014) Bedside ultrasound AIDS identification and removal of cutaneous foreign bodies: a case series. J Emerg Med 47(2):e43–e48PubMedCrossRef

306.

Marin JR, Bilker W, Lautenbach E, Alpern ER (2010) Reliability of clinical examinations for pediatric skin and soft-tissue infections. Pediatrics 126(5):925–930PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

307.

Giovanni JE, Dowd MD, Kennedy C, Michael JG (2011) Interexaminer agreement in physical examination for children with suspected soft tissue abscesses. Pediatr Emerg Care 27(6):475–478PubMedCrossRef

308.

Sivitz AB, Lam SH, Ramirez-Schrempp D, Valente JH, Nagdev AD (2010) Effect of bedside ultrasound on management of pediatric soft-tissue infection. J Emerg Med 39(5):637–643PubMedCrossRef

309.

Iverson K, Haritos D, Thomas R, Kannikeswaran N (2011) The effect of bedside ultrasound on diagnosis and management of soft tissue infections in a pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med 30(8):1347–1351PubMedCrossRef

310.

Marin JR, Dean AJ, Bilker WB, Panebianco NL, Brown NJ, Alpern ER (2013) Emergency ultrasound-assisted examination of skin and soft tissue infections in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 20(6):545–553PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

311.

Marin JR, Alpern ER, Panebianco NL, Dean AJ (2011) Assessment of a training curriculum for emergency ultrasound for pediatric soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med 18(2):174–182PubMedCrossRef

312.

Friedman DI, Forti RJ, Wall SP, Crain EF (2005) The utility of bedside ultrasound and patient perception in detecting soft tissue foreign bodies in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 21(8):487–492PubMedCrossRef

313.

Teng M, Doniger SJ (2012) Subungual wooden splinter visualized with bedside sonography. Pediatr Emerg Care 28(4):392–394PubMedCrossRef

314.

Mossa-Basha M, van Holsbeeck M (2007) Musculoskeletal infection. Ultrasound Clin 2(4):639–651CrossRef

315.

Ma O, Mateer JR, Blaivas M (2008) Emergency ultrasound, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York

316.

Blaivas M, Sierzenski P, Lambert M (2001) Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography. Acad Emerg Med 8(1):90–93PubMedCrossRef

317.

Cannis M, Mailhot T, Perera P (2013) Bedside ultrasound in a case of blunt scrotal trauma. West J Emerg Med 14(2):127–129PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

318.

Bomann JS, Moore C (2009) Bedside ultrasound of a painful testicle: before and after manual detorsion by an emergency physician. Acad Emerg Med 16(4):366PubMedCrossRef

319.

Blaivas M, Batts M, Lambert M (2000) Ultrasonographic diagnosis of testicular torsion by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 18(2):198–200PubMedCrossRef

320.

Thimann D, Badawy M (2014) 7-month-old male with scrotal swelling. Emerg Med J 31(6):521–522PubMedCrossRef

321.

Matzek BA, Linklater DR (2013) Traumatic testicular dislocation after minor trauma in a pediatric patient. J Emerg Med 45(4):537–540PubMedCrossRef

322.

Gaspari RJ, Horst K (2005) Emergency ultrasound and urinalysis in the evaluation of flank pain. Acad Emerg Med 12:1180–1184PubMedCrossRef

323.

Watkins S, Bowra J, Sharma P, Holdgate A, Giles A, Campbell L (2007) Validation of emergency physician ultrasound in diagnosing hydronephrosis in ureteric colic. Emerg Med Australas 19:188–195PubMedCrossRef

324.

Moak J, Lyons MS, Lindsell CJ (2012) Bedside renal ultrasound in the evaluation of suspected ureterolithiasis. Am J Emerg Med 30:218–221PubMedCrossRef

325.

Dalziel PJ, Noble VE (2013) Bedside ultrasound and the assessment of renal colic: a review. Emerg Med J 30:3–8PubMedCrossRef

326.

Goertz JK, Lotterman S (2010) Can the degree of hydronephrosis on ultrasound predict kidney stone size? Am J Emerg Med 28:813–816PubMedCrossRef

327.

Ray AA, Ghiculete D, Pace KT, Honey RJ (2010) Limitations to ultrasound in the detection and measurement of urinary tract calculi. Urology 76:295–300PubMedCrossRef

328.

Sheafor DH, Hertzberg BS, Carroll BA, Keogan MT, Paulspn EK, DeLong DM, Nelson RD (2000) Nonenhanced helical CT and US in the emergency evaluation of patients with renal colic: prospective comparison. Radiology 217:792–797PubMedCrossRef

329.

Ulusan S, Koc Z, Tokmak N (2007) Accuracy of sonography for detecting renal stone: comparison with CT. J Clin Ultrasound 35:256–261PubMedCrossRef

330.

Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, Bengiamin RN, Camargo CA Jr, Corbo J, Dean AJ, Goldstein RB, Griffey RT, Jay GD, Kang TL, Kriesel DR, Ma OJ, Mallin M, Manson W, Melnikow J, Miglioretti DL, Miller SK, Mills LD, Miner JR, Moghadassi M, Noble VE, Press GM, Stoller ML, Valencia VE, Wang J, Wang RC, Cummings SR (2014) Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med 371:1100–1110PubMedCrossRef

331.

Chen KC, Hung SW, Seow VK, Chong CF, Wang TL, Li YC, Chang H (2011) The role of emergency ultrasound for evaluating acute pyelonephritis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 29:721–724PubMedCrossRef

332.

Weber TM (2006) Sonography of benign renal cystic disease. Radiol Clin North Am 44:777–786PubMedCrossRef

333.

Bisceglia M, Galliani CA, Senger C, Stallone C, Sessa A (2006) Renal cystic disease. Adv Anat Pathol 13:26–56PubMedCrossRef

334.

Routh JC, Graham DA, Nelson CP (2010) Epidemiological trends in pediatric urolithiasis at United States freestanding pediatric hospitals. J Urol 184:1816–1822PubMedCrossRef

335.

Corbin Bush N, Xu L, Brown BJ, Holzer Gingrich A, Schuler B, Tong L, Baker LA (2010) Hospitalizations for pediatric stone disease in United States, 2002–2007. J Urol 183:1151–1156CrossRef

336.

Kairam N, Allegra JR, Eskin B (2013) Rise in emergency department visits of pediatric patients for renal colic from 1999 to 2008. Pediatr Emerg Care 29:462–464PubMedCrossRef

337.

Palmer JS, Donaher ER, O’Riordan MA, Dell KM (2005) Diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis: role of ultrasound and computerized tomography. J Urol 174:1413–1416PubMedCrossRef

338.

Saadeh SA, Mattoo TK (2001) Managing urinary tract infections. Pediatr Nephrol 26:1967–1976CrossRef

339.

Finnell SME, Carroll AE, Downs SM, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection (2011) Technical report—diagnosis and management of an initial UTI in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 128:e749–e770PubMedCrossRef

340.

Kawashima A, LeRoy AJ (2003) Radiologic evaluation of patients with renal infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am 17:433–456CrossRef

341.

Guedj R, Escoda S, Blakime P, Patteau G, Brunelle F, Cheron G (2015) The accuracy of renal point of care ultrasound to detect hydronephrosis in children with a urinary tract infection. Eur J Emerg Med 22:135–138PubMedCrossRef

342.

Wippermann CF, Schofer O, Beetz R, Schumacher R, Schweden F, Riedmiller H, Buttner J (1991) Renal abscess in childhood: diagnostic and therapeutic progress. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:446–450PubMedCrossRef

343.

Bjerklund Johansen TE (2002) Diagnosis and imaging in urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Urol 2:39–43CrossRef

344.

Vester U, Kranz B, Hoyer PF (2010) The diagnostic value of ultrasound in cystic kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 25:231–240PubMedCrossRef

345.

Reed B, Nobakht E, Dadgar S, Bekheirnia MR, Masoumi A, Belibi F, Yan XD, Cadnapaphornchai M, Schrier RW (2010) Renal ultrasonographic evaluation in children at risk of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 56:50–56PubMedCrossRef

346.

Sweeney WE, Avner ED (2011) Diagnosis and management of childhood polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 26:675–692PubMedCrossRef

347.

Smith SW (1999) Emergency physician-performed ultrasonography-guided hip arthrocentesis. Acad Emerg Med 6:84–88PubMedCrossRef

348.

Minardi JJ, Lander OM (2012) Septic hip arthritis: diagnosis and arthrocentesis using bedside ultrasound. J Emerg Med 43:316–318PubMedCrossRef

349.

Minardi J, Denne N, Miller M, Larrabee H, Lander O (2013) Acute arthritis of the hip—case series describing emergency physician performed ultrasound guided hip arthrocentesis. W V Med J 109:22–24PubMed

350.

Wiler JL, Costantino TG, Filippone L, Satz W (2010) Comparison of ultrasound-guided and standard landmark techniques for knee arthrocentesis. J Emerg Med 39:76–82PubMedCrossRef

351.

Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock RD (2003) Ultrasonography is superior to clinical examination in the detection and localization of knee joint effusion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 30:966–971PubMed

352.

Moak JH, Vaughan AJ, Silverberg B (2012) Ultrasound-guided hip arthrocentesis in a child with hip pain and fever. West J Emerg Med 13:316–319PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

353.

Lewiss RE, Saul T, Shah KH (2012) Essential emergency imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 50–51

354.

Cavalier R, Herman M, Pizzutillo P, Geller E (2003) Ultrasound–guided aspiration of the hip in children: a new technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res (415):244–247

355.

Tirado A, Wu T, Noble VE, Huang C, Lewiss RE, Martin JA, Murphy MC, Sivitz A, Cohen SG (2013) Ultrasound-guided procedures in the emergency department-diagnostic and therapeutic asset. Emerg Med Clin North Am 31:129–134

356.

Valley VT, Stahmer SA (2001) Targeted musculoskeletal sonography in the detection of joint effusions. Acad Emerg Med 8:361–367PubMedCrossRef

357.

Miralles M, Gonzalez G, Pulpeiro JR, Millan JM, Gordillo I, Serrano C, Olcoz F, Martinez A (1989) Sonography of the painful hip in children: 500 consecutive cases. AJR 152:579–582PubMedCrossRef

358.

Shiver S, Blaivas M, Lyon M (2006) A prospective comparison of ultrasound-guided and blindly placed radial arterial catheters. Acad Emerg Med 13:1275–1279PubMedCrossRef

359.

Ishii S, Shime N, Shibasaki M, Sawa T (2013) Ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization in infants and small children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 14(5):471–473PubMedCrossRef

360.

Ganesh A, Kaye R, Cahill AM, Stern W, Pachikara R, Gallagher PR, Watcha M (2009) Evaluation of ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:45–48PubMedCrossRef

361.

Brzezinski M, Luisetti T, London M (2009) Radial artery cannulation: a comprehensive review of recent anatomic and physiologic investgations. Anesth Analg 106:1763–1781CrossRef

362.

Hopkins JW, Warkentine FH, Gracely E, Kim IK (2009) The anatomic relationship between the common femoral artery and common femoral vein in frog leg position versus straight leg position in pediatric patients. Acad Emerg Med 16:579–584PubMedCrossRef

363.

Warkentine FH, Clyde Pierce M, Lorenz D, Kim IK (2008) The anatomic relationship of femoral vein to femoral artery in euvolemic pediatric patients by ultrasonography: implications for pediatric femoral cental venous access. Acad Emerg Med 15:426–430PubMedCrossRef

364.

Blaivas M, Adhikari S (2011) Unexpected findings on point-of-care superficial ultrasound imaging before incision and drainage. J Ultrasound Med 30:1425–1430PubMedCrossRef

365.

Gaspari RJ, Resop D, Mendoza M, Kant T, Blehar D (2011) A randomized controlled trial of incision and drainage versus ultrasonographically guided needle aspiration for skin abscesses and the effect of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Emerg Med 57:483–491PubMedCrossRef

366.

Pysyk CL, Persaud D, Bryson GL, Lui A (2010) Ultrasound assessment of the vertebral level of the palpated intercristal (Tuffier’s) line. Can J Anaesth 57:46–49PubMedCrossRef

367.

Ferre RM, Sweeney TW (2007) Emergency physicians can easily obtain ultrasound images of anatomical landmarks relevant to lumbar puncture. Am J Emerg Med 25:291–296PubMedCrossRef

368.

Stiffler KA, Jwayyed S, Wilber ST, Robinson A (2007) The use of ultrasound to identify pertinent landmarks for lumbar puncture. Am J Emerg Med 25:331–334PubMedCrossRef

369.

Ferre RM, Sweeney TW, Strout TD (2009) Ultrasound identification of landmarks preceding lumbar puncture: a pilot study. Emerg Med J 26:276–277PubMedCrossRef

370.

Nomura JT, Leech SJ, Shenbagamurthi S (2007) A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture. J Ultrasound Med 26:1341–1348PubMedCrossRef

371.

Mofidi M, Mohammadi M, Saidi H, Kianmehr N, Ghasemi A, Hafezimoghadam P, Rezai M (2013) Ultrasound guided lumbar puncture in emergency department: time saving and less complications. J Res Med Sci 18:303–307PubMedPubMedCentral

372.

Abo A, Chen L, Johnston P, Santucci K (2010) Positioning for lumbar puncture in children evaluated by bedside ultrasound. Pediatrics 125:e1149–e1153PubMedCrossRef

373.

Cadigan BA, Cydulka RK, Werner SL, Jones RA (2011) Evaluating infant positioning for lumbar puncture using sonographic measurements. Acad Emerg Med 18:215–218PubMed

374.

Bruccoleri RE, Chen L (2011) Needle-entry angle for lumbar puncture in children as determined by using ultrasonography. Pediatrics 127:e921–e926PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

375.

Kesler H, Dias MS, Kalapos P (2007) Termination of the normal conus medullaris in children: a whole- spine magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosurg Focus 23:E7PubMedCrossRef

376.

Sahin F, Selcuki M, Ecin N et al (1997) Level of conus medullaris in term and preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 77:F67–F69PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

377.

Coley BD, Shiels WE 2nd, Hogan MJ (2001) Diagnostic and interventional ultrasonography in neonatal and infant lumbar puncture. Pediatr Radiol 31:399–402PubMedCrossRef

378.

Kim S, Adler DK (2014) Ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture in pediatric emergency medicine. J Emerg Med 47:59–64PubMedCrossRef

379.

Lam SH, Lambert MJ (2015) In reply: ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture in pediatric patients. J Emerg Med 48:611–612PubMedCrossRef

380.

Nazeer SR, Dewbre H, Miller A (2005) Ultrasound assisted paracentesis performed by emergency physicians vs the traditional technique: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Emerg Med 23:363–367PubMedCrossRef

381.

Patel PA, Ernst FR, Gunnarsson CL (2012) Evaluation of hospital complications and costs associated with using ultrasound guidance during abdominal paracentesis procedures. J Med Econ 15(1):1–7PubMedCrossRef

382.

Mercaldi CJ, Lanes S (2013) Ultrasound guidance decreases complications and improves the cost of care among patients undergoing thoracentesis and paracentesis. Chest 143:532–538PubMedCrossRef

383.

Blaivas M (2005) Emergency diagnostic paracentesis to determine intraperitoneal fluid identity discovered on bedside ultrasound of unstable patients. J Emerg Med 29(4):461–465PubMedCrossRef

384.

Tsang TS, Freeman WK, Sinak LJ, Seward JB (1998) Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: evolution and state-of-the-art technique. Mayo Clin Proc 73:647–652PubMedCrossRef

385.

Garth AP, Hwang JQ, Schuur JD, Rosborough S (2009) Ultrasound guided pericardiocentesis of cardiac tamponade. Acad Emerg Med 16(8):811PubMedCrossRef

386.

Fields JM, Paziana K, Vuljaj N, Fischer J, Ku BS (2012) Emergency ultrasound guided pericardiocentesis using a high-frequency linear array transducer to improve needle tip visualization. Acad Emerg Med 19(5):e16CrossRef

387.

Ainsworth CD, Salehian O (2011) Echo guided pericardiocentesis: let the bubbles show the way. Circulation 123:e210–e211PubMedCrossRef

388.

Nagdev A, Mantuani D (2013) A novel in-plane technique for ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis. Am J Emerg Med 31(9):1424 (e5–9) PubMedCrossRef

389.

Cosby KS, Kendall JL (2006) Practical guide to emergency ultrasound. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

390.

Liebmann O, Price D, Mills C, Gardner R, Wang R, Wilson S, Gray A (2006) Feasibility of forearm ultrasonography-guided nerve blocks of the radial, ulnar, and median nerves for hand procedures in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 48(5):558–562PubMedCrossRef

391.

Stone MB, Wang R, Price DD (2008) Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus nerve block vs procedural sedation for the treatment of upper extremity emergencies. Am J Emerg Med 26:706–710PubMedCrossRef

392.

Amiri HR, Espandar R (2010) Upper extremity surgery in younger children under ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a case series. J Child Orthop 4(4):315–319PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

393.

Ivani G, Mossetti V (2009) Pediatric regional anesthesia. Minerva Anestesiol 75:1–6

394.

van Geffen GJ, Pirotte T, Gielen MJ, Scheffer G, Bruhn J (2010) Ultrasound-guided proximal and distal sciatic nerve blocks in children. J Clin Anesth 22(4):241–245PubMedCrossRef

395.

Turner AL, Stevenson MD, Cross KP (2014) Impact of ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 30(4):227–229PubMedCrossRef

396.

Frenkel O, Liebmann O, Fischer JW (2015) Ultrasound-guided forearm nerve blocks in kids: a novel method for pain control in the treatment of hand-injured pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 31(4):255–259PubMedCrossRef

397.

Saccharow L, Pryles C (1969) Further experience with the use of percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the urinary bladder. Bacteriologic studies in 654 infants and children. Pediatrics 43(6):1018–1024PubMed

398.

O’Callaghan C, McDougall P (1987) Successful suprapubic aspiration of urine. Arch Dis Child 62(10):1072–1073PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

399.

Gochman R, Karasic R, Heller M (1991) Use of portable ultrasound to assist urine collection by suprapubic aspiration. Ann Emerg Med 20(6):631–635PubMedCrossRef

400.

Kiernan S, Pinckert T, Keszler M (1993) Ultrasound guidance of suprapubic bladder aspiration in neonates. J Pediatr 123(5):789–791PubMedCrossRef

401.

Buntsma D, Stock A, Bevan C, Babi FE (2012) Success rate of BladderScan-assisted suprapubic aspiration. Emerg Med Australas 24(6):647–651PubMedCrossRef

402.

Feller-Kopman D (2006) Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis. Chest 129:1709PubMedCrossRef

403.

Barnes TW, Morgenthaler TI, Olsen EJ et al (2005) Hesley sonographically guided thoracentesis and rate of pneumothorax. J Clin Ultrasound 33:442PubMedCrossRef

404.

Jones PW, Moyers JP, Rogers JT, Rodriguez RM, Lee YC, Light RW (2003) Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method? Chest 123:418PubMedCrossRef

405.

Duncan DR, Morgenthaler TI, Ryu JH, Daniels CE (2009) Reducing iatrogenic risk in thoracentesis: establishing best practice via experiential training in a zero-risk environment. Chest 135:1315PubMedCrossRef

406.

Cavanna L, Mordenti P, Berte R, Palladino MA, Biasini C, Anselmi E, Seghini P, Vecchia S, Civardi G, Di Nunzio C (2014) Ultrasound guidance reduces pneumothorax rate and improves safety of thoracentesis in malignant pleural effusion: report on 445 consecutive patients with advanced cancer. World J Surg Oncol 12:139PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

407.

Patel PA, Ernst FR, Gunnarsson CL (2012) Ultrasonography guidance reduces complications and costs associated with thoracentesis procedures. J Clin Ultrasound 40:135PubMedCrossRef

408.

Diacon AH, Brutsche MH, Solèr M (2003) Accuracy of pleural puncture sites: a prospective comparison of clinical examination with ultrasound. Chest 123:436PubMedCrossRef

409.

Lamperti M, Bodenhaum AR, Pittiruti AR, Blaivas M, Augoustides JG, Elbarbary M, Pirotte T, Karakitsos D, Ledonne J, Doniger S, Scoppettuolo G, Feller-Kopman D, Schummer W, Biffi R, Desruennes E, Melniker LA, Verhese ST (2012) International evidence-based recommendations on ultrasound-guided vascular access. Intensive Care Med 38(7):1105–1117PubMedCrossRef

410.

Hind D, Calvert N, McWilliams R, McWilliams Richard, Davidson Andrew, Paisley Suzy, Beverley Catherine, Thomas Steven (2003) Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis. BMJ 327:361–367PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

411.

Randolph A, Cook D, Gonzales C, Pribble C (1996) Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 24(12):2053–2058PubMedCrossRef

412.

Miller A, Roth B, Mills T, Woody J, Longmoor C, Foster B (2002) Ultrasound guidance versus the landmark technique for the placement of central venous catheters in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 9(8):800–805PubMedCrossRef

413.

Milling TJ, Rose J, Briggs WM, Birkhahn R, Gaeta T, Bove JJ, Melniker LA (2005) Randomized, controlled clinical trial of point-of-care limited ultrasonography assistance of central venous cannulation: the third sonography outcomes assessment program (SOAP-3) trial. Crit Care Med 33(8):1764–1769PubMedCrossRef

414.

Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, Schick G, Smith AF (2015) Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD006962PubMed

415.

Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, Schick G, Smith AF (2015) Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for suclavian or femoral vein catheterization (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD011447PubMed

416.

Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (2000) To err is human: building a safer health system. National Academy Press, Institute of Medicine, Washington

417.

Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM, Markowitz AJ (2001) Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evid Rep Technol Asess (Summ) (43):i-x, 1–668

418.

Keyes L, Frazee B, Snoey E, Simon B, Christy D (1999) Ultrasound- guided brachial and basilic vein cannulation in emergency department patients with difficult intravenous access. Ann Emerg Med 34:711–714PubMedCrossRef

419.

Brannam L, Blaivas M, Lyon M, Flake M (2004) Emergency nurses’ utilization of ultrasound guidance for placement of peripheral intravenous lines in difficult- access patients. Acad Emerg Med 11:1361–1363PubMedCrossRef

420.

Shokoohi H, Boniface K, McCarthy M, Al-tiae TK, Sattarian M, Ding R, Liu YT, Pourmand A, Schoenfeld E, Scott J, Shesser R, Yadav K (2013) Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access program is associated with a marked reduction in central venous catheter use in noncritically ill emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 61(2):198–203PubMedCrossRef

421.

Stone MB, Teismann NA, Wang R (2007) Ultrasonographic confirmation of intraosseous needle placement in an adult unembalmed cadaver model. Ann Emerg Med 49(4):515–519PubMedCrossRef

422.

Leyvi G, Taylor D, Reith E, Wasnick J (2005) Utility of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in pediatric surgical patients: a clinical series. Pediatr Anesth 15(11):953CrossRef

423.

Bruzoni M, Slater BJ, Wall J, St Peter SD, Dutta S (2013) A prospective randomized trial of ultrasound- vs landmark-guided central venous access in the pediatric population. J Am Coll Surg 216(5):939–943PubMedCrossRef

424.

Warkentine F, Pierce M, Lorenz D, Kim I (2008) The anatomic relationship of femoral vein to femoral artery in euvolemic pediatric patients by ultrasonography: implications for pediatric femoral central venous access. Acad Emerg Med 15(5):426–430PubMedCrossRef

425.

Horowitz R, Gossett JG, Balitz J, Wax D, Pierce MC (2014) The FLUSH study–flush the line and ultrasound of the heart: ultrasonographic confirmation of central femoral venous line placement. Ann Emerg Med 63:678–683PubMedCrossRef

426.

Doniger S, Ishimine P, Fox J, Kanegaye J (2009) Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 25(3):154–159PubMedCrossRef

427.

Tsung JW, Blaivas M, Stone MB (2009) Feasibility of point-of-care Doppler ultrasound confirmation of intraosseous needle placement during resuscitation. Resuscitation 80(6):665–668PubMedCrossRef

428.

Panebianco NL, Fredette JM, Szyld D, Sagalyn EB, Pines JM, Dean AJ (2009) What you see (sonographically) is what you get: vein and patient characteristics associated with successful ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous placement in patients with difficult access. Acad Emerg Med 16(12):1298–1303PubMedCrossRef

Title: Pediatric emergency medicine point-of-care ultrasound: summary of the evidence
Authors: Jennifer R. Marin
Alyssa M. Abo
Alexander C. Arroyo
Stephanie J. Doniger
Jason W. Fischer
Rachel Rempell
Brandi Gary
James F. Holmes
David O. Kessler
Samuel H. F. Lam
Marla C. Levine
Jason A. Levy
Alice Murray
Lorraine Ng
Vicki E. Noble
Daniela Ramirez-Schrempp
David C. Riley
Turandot Saul
Vaishali Shah
Adam B. Sivitz
Ee Tein Tay
David Teng
Lindsey Chaudoin
James W. Tsung
Rebecca L. Vieira
Yaffa M. Vitberg
Resa E. Lewiss
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: Springer Milan
Published in: The Ultrasound Journal / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 2524-8987
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-016-0049-5

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Social media to supplement point-of-care ultrasound courses: the “sandwich e-learning” approach. A randomized trial

Ultrasonography for the assessment of lung recruitment maneuvers

Focused cardiopulmonary ultrasound for assessment of dyspnea in a resource-limited setting

Erratum to: 12th WINFOCUS world congress on ultrasound in emergency and critical care

The Sierra Leone Ultrasound Rainbow4Africa Project (SLURP): an observational study of ultrasound effectiveness in developing countries

A workflow task force affects emergency physician compliance for point-of-care ultrasound documentation and billing

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage