Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Critical Care 1/2015

01-12-2015 | Review

Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: controversy and consensus

Authors: Claudio Ronco, Zaccaria Ricci, Daniel De Backer, John A Kellum, Fabio S Taccone, Michael Joannidis, Peter Pickkers, Vincenzo Cantaluppi, Franco Turani, Patrick Saudan, Rinaldo Bellomo, Olivier Joannes-Boyau, Massimo Antonelli, Didier Payen, John R Prowle, Jean-Louis Vincent

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Renal replacement therapies (RRTs) represent a cornerstone in the management of severe acute kidney injury. This area of intensive care and nephrology has undergone significant improvement and evolution in recent years. Continuous RRTs have been a major focus of new technological and treatment strategies. RRT is being used increasingly in the intensive care unit, not only for renal indications but also for other organ-supportive strategies. Several aspects related to RRT are now well established, but others remain controversial. In this review, we review the available RRT modalities, covering technical and clinical aspects. We discuss several controversial issues, provide some practical recommendations, and where possible suggest a research agenda for the future.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bellomo R, Ronco C. Continuous renal replacement therapy: hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, editors. Critcal Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p. 1354–8.CrossRef Bellomo R, Ronco C. Continuous renal replacement therapy: hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, editors. Critcal Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p. 1354–8.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.CrossRef Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Ward D. Principles of extracorporeal circulation. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, editors. Critical Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009. p. 1141–5.CrossRef Ward D. Principles of extracorporeal circulation. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, editors. Critical Care Nephrology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009. p. 1141–5.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Baldwin I, Bellomo R, Koch B. Blood flow reductions during continuous renal replacement therapy and circuit life. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2074–9.PubMedCrossRef Baldwin I, Bellomo R, Koch B. Blood flow reductions during continuous renal replacement therapy and circuit life. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2074–9.PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
go back to reference Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Megarbane B, Souweine B, Ouchikhe A, Polito A, et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2413–22.PubMedCrossRef Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Megarbane B, Souweine B, Ouchikhe A, Polito A, et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2413–22.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Parienti JJ, Megarbane B, Fischer MO, Lautrette A, Gazui N, Marin N, et al. Catheter dysfunction and dialysis performance according to vascular access among 736 critically ill adults requiring renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1118–25.PubMedCrossRef Parienti JJ, Megarbane B, Fischer MO, Lautrette A, Gazui N, Marin N, et al. Catheter dysfunction and dialysis performance according to vascular access among 736 critically ill adults requiring renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1118–25.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Morgan D, Ho K, Murray C, Davies H, Louw J. A randomized trial of catheters of different lengths to achieve right atrium versus superior vena cava placement for continuous renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:272–9.PubMedCrossRef Morgan D, Ho K, Murray C, Davies H, Louw J. A randomized trial of catheters of different lengths to achieve right atrium versus superior vena cava placement for continuous renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:272–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Payen D, de Pont AC, Sakr Y, Spies C, Reinhart K, Vincent JL. A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure. Crit Care. 2008;12:R74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Payen D, de Pont AC, Sakr Y, Spies C, Reinhart K, Vincent JL. A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure. Crit Care. 2008;12:R74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
go back to reference House AA, Haapio M, Lentini P, Bobek I, de Cal M, Cruz DN, et al. Volume assessment in mechanically ventilated critical care patients using bioimpedance vectorial analysis, brain natriuretic peptide, and central venous pressure. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:413760. House AA, Haapio M, Lentini P, Bobek I, de Cal M, Cruz DN, et al. Volume assessment in mechanically ventilated critical care patients using bioimpedance vectorial analysis, brain natriuretic peptide, and central venous pressure. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:413760.
12.
go back to reference Ronco C, Kaushik M, Valle R, Aspromonte N, Peacock WF. Diagnosis and management of fluid overload in heart failure and cardio-renal syndrome: the ‘5B’ approach. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:129–41.PubMedCrossRef Ronco C, Kaushik M, Valle R, Aspromonte N, Peacock WF. Diagnosis and management of fluid overload in heart failure and cardio-renal syndrome: the ‘5B’ approach. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:129–41.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hoste EA, Maitland K, Brudney CS, Mehta R, Vincent JL, Yates D, et al. Four phases of intravenous fluid therapy: a conceptual model. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:740–7.PubMedCrossRef Hoste EA, Maitland K, Brudney CS, Mehta R, Vincent JL, Yates D, et al. Four phases of intravenous fluid therapy: a conceptual model. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:740–7.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Srisawat N, Murugan R, Lee M, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia. Kidney Int. 2011;80:545–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Srisawat N, Murugan R, Lee M, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts recovery from acute kidney injury following community-acquired pneumonia. Kidney Int. 2011;80:545–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Srisawat N, Wen X, Lee M, Kong L, Elder M, Carter M, et al. Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1815–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Srisawat N, Wen X, Lee M, Kong L, Elder M, Carter M, et al. Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1815–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chawla LS, Davison DL, Brasha-Mitchell E, Koyner JL, Arthur JM, Shaw AD, et al. Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chawla LS, Davison DL, Brasha-Mitchell E, Koyner JL, Arthur JM, Shaw AD, et al. Development and standardization of a furosemide stress test to predict the severity of acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17:R207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Honore PM, Jamez J, Wauthier M, Lee PA, Dugernier T, Pirenne B, et al. Prospective evaluation of short-term, high-volume isovolemic hemofiltration on the hemodynamic course and outcome in patients with intractable circulatory failure resulting from septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3581–7.PubMedCrossRef Honore PM, Jamez J, Wauthier M, Lee PA, Dugernier T, Pirenne B, et al. Prospective evaluation of short-term, high-volume isovolemic hemofiltration on the hemodynamic course and outcome in patients with intractable circulatory failure resulting from septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3581–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Payen D, Mateo J, Cavaillon JM, Fraisse F, Floriot C, Vicaut E. Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:803–10.PubMedCrossRef Payen D, Mateo J, Cavaillon JM, Fraisse F, Floriot C, Vicaut E. Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:803–10.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Karvellas CJ, Farhat MR, Sajjad I, Mogensen SS, Leung AA, Wald R, et al. A comparison of early versus late initiation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Karvellas CJ, Farhat MR, Sajjad I, Mogensen SS, Leung AA, Wald R, et al. A comparison of early versus late initiation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Leite TT, Macedo E, Pereira SM, Bandeira SR, Pontes PH, Garcia AS, et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation by AKIN classification system. Crit Care. 2013;17:R62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Leite TT, Macedo E, Pereira SM, Bandeira SR, Pontes PH, Garcia AS, et al. Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation by AKIN classification system. Crit Care. 2013;17:R62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Clec’h C, Darmon M, Lautrette A, Chemouni F, Azoulay E, Schwebel C, et al. Efficacy of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a propensity analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16:R236.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Clec’h C, Darmon M, Lautrette A, Chemouni F, Azoulay E, Schwebel C, et al. Efficacy of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a propensity analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16:R236.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lee J, et al. An observational study fluid balance and patient outcomes in the Randomized Evaluation of Normal vs Augmented Level of Replacement Therapy trial. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1753–60.PubMedCrossRef Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lee J, et al. An observational study fluid balance and patient outcomes in the Randomized Evaluation of Normal vs Augmented Level of Replacement Therapy trial. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1753–60.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Wu VC, Ko WJ, Chang HW, Chen YW, Lin YF, Shiao CC, et al. Risk factors of early redialysis after weaning from postoperative acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:101–8.PubMedCrossRef Wu VC, Ko WJ, Chang HW, Chen YW, Lin YF, Shiao CC, et al. Risk factors of early redialysis after weaning from postoperative acute renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:101–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, et al. Discontinuation of continuous renal replacement therapy: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2576–82.PubMedCrossRef Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, et al. Discontinuation of continuous renal replacement therapy: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2576–82.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference van der Voort PH, Boerma E, Pickkers P. The furosemide stress test to predict renal function after continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2014;18:429.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van der Voort PH, Boerma E, Pickkers P. The furosemide stress test to predict renal function after continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2014;18:429.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference van der Voort PH, Boerma EC, Koopmans M, Zandberg M, de Ruiter J, Gerritsen RT, et al. Furosemide does not improve renal recovery after hemofiltration for acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:533–8.PubMedCrossRef van der Voort PH, Boerma EC, Koopmans M, Zandberg M, de Ruiter J, Gerritsen RT, et al. Furosemide does not improve renal recovery after hemofiltration for acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:533–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet. 2005;365:1231–8.PubMedCrossRef Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet. 2005;365:1231–8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference de Geus HR, Betjes MG, Bakker J. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin clearance during veno-venous continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:2156–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Geus HR, Betjes MG, Bakker J. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin clearance during veno-venous continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:2156–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ, Chertow GM, Crowley ST, Choudhury D, et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:7–20.PubMedCrossRef Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ, Chertow GM, Crowley ST, Choudhury D, et al. Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:7–20.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Schneider AG, Bellomo R, Bagshaw SM, Glassford NJ, Lo S, Jun M, et al. Choice of renal replacement therapy modality and dialysis dependence after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:987–97.PubMedCrossRef Schneider AG, Bellomo R, Bagshaw SM, Glassford NJ, Lo S, Jun M, et al. Choice of renal replacement therapy modality and dialysis dependence after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:987–97.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Srisawat N, Lawsin L, Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Cost of acute renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: results from The Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Srisawat N, Lawsin L, Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Cost of acute renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: results from The Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Manns B, Doig CJ, Lee H, Dean S, Tonelli M, Johnson D, et al. Cost of acute renal failure requiring dialysis in the intensive care unit: clinical and resource implications of renal recovery. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:449–55.PubMedCrossRef Manns B, Doig CJ, Lee H, Dean S, Tonelli M, Johnson D, et al. Cost of acute renal failure requiring dialysis in the intensive care unit: clinical and resource implications of renal recovery. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:449–55.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Wald R, Shariff SZ, Adhikari NK, Bagshaw SM, Burns KE, Friedrich JO, et al. The association between renal replacement therapy modality and long-term outcomes among critically ill adults with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:868–77.PubMedCrossRef Wald R, Shariff SZ, Adhikari NK, Bagshaw SM, Burns KE, Friedrich JO, et al. The association between renal replacement therapy modality and long-term outcomes among critically ill adults with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:868–77.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Berbece AN, Richardson RM. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the ICU: cost, anticoagulation, and solute removal. Kidney Int. 2006;70:963–8.PubMedCrossRef Berbece AN, Richardson RM. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the ICU: cost, anticoagulation, and solute removal. Kidney Int. 2006;70:963–8.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kumar VA, Craig M, Depner TA, Yeun JY. Extended daily dialysis: a new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:294–300.PubMedCrossRef Kumar VA, Craig M, Depner TA, Yeun JY. Extended daily dialysis: a new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:294–300.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Wu VC, Wang CH, Wang WJ, Lin YF, Hu FC, Chen YW, et al. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis versus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration for postsurgical acute renal failure. Am J Surg. 2010;199:466–76.PubMedCrossRef Wu VC, Wang CH, Wang WJ, Lin YF, Hu FC, Chen YW, et al. Sustained low-efficiency dialysis versus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration for postsurgical acute renal failure. Am J Surg. 2010;199:466–76.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Kielstein JT, Kretschmer U, Ernst T, Hafer C, Bahr MJ, Haller H, et al. Efficacy and cardiovascular tolerability of extended dialysis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:342–9.PubMedCrossRef Kielstein JT, Kretschmer U, Ernst T, Hafer C, Bahr MJ, Haller H, et al. Efficacy and cardiovascular tolerability of extended dialysis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:342–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Schwenger V, Weigand MA, Hoffmann O, Dikow R, Kihm LP, Seckinger J, et al. Sustained low efficiency dialysis using a single-pass batch system in acute kidney injury - a randomized interventional trial: the REnal Replacement Therapy Study in Intensive Care Unit PatiEnts. Crit Care. 2012;16:R140.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schwenger V, Weigand MA, Hoffmann O, Dikow R, Kihm LP, Seckinger J, et al. Sustained low efficiency dialysis using a single-pass batch system in acute kidney injury - a randomized interventional trial: the REnal Replacement Therapy Study in Intensive Care Unit PatiEnts. Crit Care. 2012;16:R140.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Faulhaber-Walter R, Hafer C, Jahr N, Vahlbruch J, Hoy L, Haller H, et al. The Hannover Dialysis Outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:2179–86.PubMedCrossRef Faulhaber-Walter R, Hafer C, Jahr N, Vahlbruch J, Hoy L, Haller H, et al. The Hannover Dialysis Outcome study: comparison of standard versus intensified extended dialysis for treatment of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:2179–86.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:26–30.PubMedCrossRef Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P, et al. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:26–30.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Legrand M, Darmon M, Joannidis M, Payen D. Management of renal replacement therapy in ICU patients: an international survey. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:101–8.PubMedCrossRef Legrand M, Darmon M, Joannidis M, Payen D. Management of renal replacement therapy in ICU patients: an international survey. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:101–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lo S, et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1627–38.PubMedCrossRef Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lo S, et al. Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1627–38.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Wen X, Murugan R, Kong L, Shan N, Lee MJ, Carter MJ, et al. Differential effects of renal replacement therapy on plasma inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers in acute kidney injury [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:206A. Wen X, Murugan R, Kong L, Shan N, Lee MJ, Carter MJ, et al. Differential effects of renal replacement therapy on plasma inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers in acute kidney injury [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:206A.
45.
go back to reference Murugan R, Wen X, Shah N, Lee M, Kong L, Pike F, et al. Plasma inflammatory and apoptosis markers are associated with dialysis dependence and death among critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1854–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Murugan R, Wen X, Shah N, Lee M, Kong L, Pike F, et al. Plasma inflammatory and apoptosis markers are associated with dialysis dependence and death among critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1854–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Payen D, Lukaszewicz AC, Legrand M, Gayat E, Faivre V, Megarbane B, et al. A multicentre study of acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock: association with inflammatory phenotype and HLA genotype. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35838.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Payen D, Lukaszewicz AC, Legrand M, Gayat E, Faivre V, Megarbane B, et al. A multicentre study of acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock: association with inflammatory phenotype and HLA genotype. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35838.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Btaiche IF, Mohammad RA, Alaniz C, Mueller BA. Amino acid requirements in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28:600–13.PubMedCrossRef Btaiche IF, Mohammad RA, Alaniz C, Mueller BA. Amino acid requirements in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28:600–13.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Geerse DA, Bindels AJ, Kuiper MA, Roos AN, Spronk PE, Schultz MJ. Treatment of hypophosphatemia in the intensive care unit: a review. Crit Care. 2010;14:R147.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Geerse DA, Bindels AJ, Kuiper MA, Roos AN, Spronk PE, Schultz MJ. Treatment of hypophosphatemia in the intensive care unit: a review. Crit Care. 2010;14:R147.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Ricci Z, Salvatori G, Bonello M, Ratanarat R, Andrikos E, Dan M, et al. A new machine for continuous renal replacement therapy: from development to clinical testing. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2005;2:47–55.PubMedCrossRef Ricci Z, Salvatori G, Bonello M, Ratanarat R, Andrikos E, Dan M, et al. A new machine for continuous renal replacement therapy: from development to clinical testing. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2005;2:47–55.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Hiremath S, Slivar S, Magner P. Phosphate balance with continuous renal replacement therapy: a simple solution. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:644.PubMedCrossRef Hiremath S, Slivar S, Magner P. Phosphate balance with continuous renal replacement therapy: a simple solution. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:644.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Chua HR, Schneider AG, Baldwin I, Collins A, Ho L, Bellomo R. Phoxilium vs Hemosol-B0 for continuous renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. J Crit Care. 2013;884:e7–e14. Chua HR, Schneider AG, Baldwin I, Collins A, Ho L, Bellomo R. Phoxilium vs Hemosol-B0 for continuous renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. J Crit Care. 2013;884:e7–e14.
52.
go back to reference Weber CF, Gorlinger K, Meininger D, Herrmann E, Bingold T, Moritz A, et al. Point-of-care testing: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy in coagulopathic cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:531–47.PubMedCrossRef Weber CF, Gorlinger K, Meininger D, Herrmann E, Bingold T, Moritz A, et al. Point-of-care testing: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy in coagulopathic cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:531–47.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Holt AW, Bierer P, Glover P, Plummer JL, Bersten AD. Conventional coagulation and thromboelastograph parameters and longevity of continuous renal replacement circuits. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1649–55.PubMedCrossRef Holt AW, Bierer P, Glover P, Plummer JL, Bersten AD. Conventional coagulation and thromboelastograph parameters and longevity of continuous renal replacement circuits. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1649–55.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Shaughnessy SG, Anand SS, Halperin JL, Raschke R, et al. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 2001;119:64S–94S.PubMedCrossRef Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Shaughnessy SG, Anand SS, Halperin JL, Raschke R, et al. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 2001;119:64S–94S.PubMedCrossRef
55.
56.
go back to reference Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Wester JP, de Pont AC, Schetz MR. Anticoagulation strategies in continuous renal replacement therapy: can the choice be evidence based? Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:188–202.PubMedCrossRef Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Wester JP, de Pont AC, Schetz MR. Anticoagulation strategies in continuous renal replacement therapy: can the choice be evidence based? Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:188–202.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference van de Wetering J, Westendorp RG, van der Hoeven JG, Stolk B, Feuth JD, Chang PC. Heparin use in continuous renal replacement procedures: the struggle between filter coagulation and patient hemorrhage. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:145–50.PubMedCrossRef van de Wetering J, Westendorp RG, van der Hoeven JG, Stolk B, Feuth JD, Chang PC. Heparin use in continuous renal replacement procedures: the struggle between filter coagulation and patient hemorrhage. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:145–50.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference du Cheyron D, Bouchet B, Bruel C, Daubin C, Ramakers M, Charbonneau P. Antithrombin supplementation for anticoagulation during continuous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with septic shock: a case–control study. Crit Care. 2006;10:R45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef du Cheyron D, Bouchet B, Bruel C, Daubin C, Ramakers M, Charbonneau P. Antithrombin supplementation for anticoagulation during continuous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with septic shock: a case–control study. Crit Care. 2006;10:R45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Joannidis M, Kountchev J, Rauchenzauner M, Schusterschitz N, Ulmer H, Mayr A, et al. Enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration: a randomized controlled crossover study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1571–9.PubMedCrossRef Joannidis M, Kountchev J, Rauchenzauner M, Schusterschitz N, Ulmer H, Mayr A, et al. Enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration: a randomized controlled crossover study. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1571–9.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Greaves M. Limitations of the laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy. Scientific and Standardization Committee Communications: on behalf of the Control of Anticoagulation Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:163–4.PubMedCrossRef Greaves M. Limitations of the laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy. Scientific and Standardization Committee Communications: on behalf of the Control of Anticoagulation Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:163–4.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Selleng K, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1165–76.PubMedCrossRef Selleng K, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1165–76.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Kellum JA, Bellomo R. Clinical review: anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy - heparin or citrate? Crit Care. 2011;15:202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Kellum JA, Bellomo R. Clinical review: anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy - heparin or citrate? Crit Care. 2011;15:202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Lanckohr C, Hahnenkamp K, Boschin M. Continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation: do we really know the details? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26:428–37.PubMedCrossRef Lanckohr C, Hahnenkamp K, Boschin M. Continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation: do we really know the details? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26:428–37.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Tolwani A, Wille KM. Advances in continuous renal replacement therapy: citrate anticoagulation update. Blood Purif. 2012;34:88–93.PubMedCrossRef Tolwani A, Wille KM. Advances in continuous renal replacement therapy: citrate anticoagulation update. Blood Purif. 2012;34:88–93.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Hetzel GR, Schmitz M, Wissing H, Ries W, Schott G, Heering PJ, et al. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin for anticoagulation in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:232–9.PubMedCrossRef Hetzel GR, Schmitz M, Wissing H, Ries W, Schott G, Heering PJ, et al. Regional citrate versus systemic heparin for anticoagulation in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemofiltration: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:232–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bosman RJ, Koopmans M, van der Voort PH, Wester JP, van der Spoel JI, et al. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:545–52.PubMedCrossRef Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bosman RJ, Koopmans M, van der Voort PH, Wester JP, van der Spoel JI, et al. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:545–52.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Tritapepe L, Zeppilli L, Polistena F, Strampelli E, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery patients at high risk of bleeding: a continuous veno-venous hemofiltration protocol with a low concentration citrate solution. Crit Care. 2012;16:R111.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Tritapepe L, Zeppilli L, Polistena F, Strampelli E, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery patients at high risk of bleeding: a continuous veno-venous hemofiltration protocol with a low concentration citrate solution. Crit Care. 2012;16:R111.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Gritters M, Grooteman MP, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC, Scheffer PG, et al. Citrate anticoagulation abolishes degranulation of polymorphonuclear cells and platelets and reduces oxidative stress during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:153–9.PubMedCrossRef Gritters M, Grooteman MP, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC, Scheffer PG, et al. Citrate anticoagulation abolishes degranulation of polymorphonuclear cells and platelets and reduces oxidative stress during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:153–9.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Gabutti L, Ferrari N, Mombelli G, Keller F, Marone C. The favorable effect of regional citrate anticoagulation on interleukin-1beta release is dissociated from both coagulation and complement activation. J Nephrol. 2004;17:819–25.PubMed Gabutti L, Ferrari N, Mombelli G, Keller F, Marone C. The favorable effect of regional citrate anticoagulation on interleukin-1beta release is dissociated from both coagulation and complement activation. J Nephrol. 2004;17:819–25.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Bournazos S, Rennie J, Hart SP, Dransfield I. Choice of anticoagulant critically affects measurement of circulating platelet-leukocyte complexes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:e2–3.PubMed Bournazos S, Rennie J, Hart SP, Dransfield I. Choice of anticoagulant critically affects measurement of circulating platelet-leukocyte complexes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:e2–3.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Schilder L, Nurmohamed S, Bosch FH, Purmer IM, den Boer SS, Kleppe CG, et al. Citrate anticoagulation versus systemic heparinisation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-center randomized clinical trial. Crit Care. 2014;18:472.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schilder L, Nurmohamed S, Bosch FH, Purmer IM, den Boer SS, Kleppe CG, et al. Citrate anticoagulation versus systemic heparinisation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-center randomized clinical trial. Crit Care. 2014;18:472.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Lameire N, Kellum JA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and renal support for acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 2). Crit Care. 2013;17:205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lameire N, Kellum JA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and renal support for acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 2). Crit Care. 2013;17:205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Blot S, Lipman J, Roberts DM, Roberts JA. The influence of acute kidney injury on antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients: are dose reductions always necessary? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:77–84.PubMedCrossRef Blot S, Lipman J, Roberts DM, Roberts JA. The influence of acute kidney injury on antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients: are dose reductions always necessary? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:77–84.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Roberts DM, Roberts JA, Roberts MS, Liu X, Nair P, Cole L, et al. Variability of antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicentre pharmacokinetic study. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1523–8.PubMedCrossRef Roberts DM, Roberts JA, Roberts MS, Liu X, Nair P, Cole L, et al. Variability of antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: a multicentre pharmacokinetic study. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1523–8.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Hites M, Dell’Anna AM, Scolletta S, Taccone FS. The challenges of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and extra-corporeal circuits for drug delivery in critically ill patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;77C:21. Hites M, Dell’Anna AM, Scolletta S, Taccone FS. The challenges of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and extra-corporeal circuits for drug delivery in critically ill patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;77C:21.
76.
go back to reference Beumier M, Roberts JA, Kabtouri H, Hites M, Cotton F, Wolff F, et al. A new regimen for continuous infusion of vancomycin during continuous renal replacement therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2859–65.PubMedCrossRef Beumier M, Roberts JA, Kabtouri H, Hites M, Cotton F, Wolff F, et al. A new regimen for continuous infusion of vancomycin during continuous renal replacement therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2859–65.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Taccone FS, De Backer D, Laterre PF, Spapen H, Dugernier T, Delattre I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a loading dose of amikacin in septic patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:531–5.PubMedCrossRef Taccone FS, De Backer D, Laterre PF, Spapen H, Dugernier T, Delattre I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a loading dose of amikacin in septic patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:531–5.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Jamal JA, Udy AA, Lipman J, Roberts JA. The impact of variation in renal replacement therapy settings on piperacillin, meropenem, and vancomycin drug clearance in the critically ill: an analysis of published literature and dosing regimens. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1640–50.PubMedCrossRef Jamal JA, Udy AA, Lipman J, Roberts JA. The impact of variation in renal replacement therapy settings on piperacillin, meropenem, and vancomycin drug clearance in the critically ill: an analysis of published literature and dosing regimens. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1640–50.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Seyler L, Cotton F, Taccone FS, De Backer D, Macours P, Vincent JL, et al. Recommended beta-lactam regimens are inadequate in septic patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2011;15:R137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Seyler L, Cotton F, Taccone FS, De Backer D, Macours P, Vincent JL, et al. Recommended beta-lactam regimens are inadequate in septic patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2011;15:R137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Beumier M, Casu GS, Hites M, Seyler L, Cotton F, Vincent JL, et al. beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations during continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2014;18:R105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Beumier M, Casu GS, Hites M, Seyler L, Cotton F, Vincent JL, et al. beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations during continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care. 2014;18:R105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
82.
go back to reference Joannes-Boyau O, Honore PM, Perez P, Bagshaw SM, Grand H, Canivet JL, et al. High-volume versus standard-volume haemofiltration for septic shock patients with acute kidney injury (IVOIRE study): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1535–46.PubMedCrossRef Joannes-Boyau O, Honore PM, Perez P, Bagshaw SM, Grand H, Canivet JL, et al. High-volume versus standard-volume haemofiltration for septic shock patients with acute kidney injury (IVOIRE study): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1535–46.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Zhang P, Yang Y, Lv R, Zhang Y, Xie W, Chen J. Effect of the intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury: a single-center randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:967–73.PubMedCrossRef Zhang P, Yang Y, Lv R, Zhang Y, Xie W, Chen J. Effect of the intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury: a single-center randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:967–73.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Lehner GF, Wiedermann CJ, Joannidis M. High-volume hemofiltration in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014;80:595–609.PubMed Lehner GF, Wiedermann CJ, Joannidis M. High-volume hemofiltration in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014;80:595–609.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, Weissfeld LA, Yealy DM, Pinsky MR, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1655–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, Weissfeld LA, Yealy DM, Pinsky MR, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1655–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Atan R, Crosbie D, Bellomo R. Techniques of extracorporeal cytokine removal: a systematic review of the literature. Blood Purif. 2012;33:88–100.PubMedCrossRef Atan R, Crosbie D, Bellomo R. Techniques of extracorporeal cytokine removal: a systematic review of the literature. Blood Purif. 2012;33:88–100.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Atan R, Crosbie DC, Bellomo R. Techniques of extracorporeal cytokine removal: a systematic review of human studies. Ren Fail. 2013;35:1061–70.PubMedCrossRef Atan R, Crosbie DC, Bellomo R. Techniques of extracorporeal cytokine removal: a systematic review of human studies. Ren Fail. 2013;35:1061–70.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Haase M, Bellomo R, Morgera S, Baldwin I, Boyce N. High cut-off point membranes in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:1031–41.PubMedCrossRef Haase M, Bellomo R, Morgera S, Baldwin I, Boyce N. High cut-off point membranes in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30:1031–41.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Ronco C, Brendolan A, Lonnemann G, Bellomo R, Piccinni P, Digito A, et al. A pilot study of coupled plasma filtration with adsorption in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1250–5.PubMedCrossRef Ronco C, Brendolan A, Lonnemann G, Bellomo R, Piccinni P, Digito A, et al. A pilot study of coupled plasma filtration with adsorption in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1250–5.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, Ferrari F, Giardino M, Pozzato M, et al. Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e003536.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, Ferrari F, Giardino M, Pozzato M, et al. Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e003536.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Kushi H, Miki T, Sakagami Y, Sato J, Saito T, Tanjoh K. Hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column decreases macrophage and monocyte activity. Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13:515–9.PubMedCrossRef Kushi H, Miki T, Sakagami Y, Sato J, Saito T, Tanjoh K. Hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column decreases macrophage and monocyte activity. Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13:515–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Cantaluppi V, Assenzio B, Pasero D, Romanazzi GM, Pacitti A, Lanfranco G, et al. Polymyxin-B hemoperfusion inactivates circulating proapoptotic factors. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:1638–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cantaluppi V, Assenzio B, Pasero D, Romanazzi GM, Pacitti A, Lanfranco G, et al. Polymyxin-B hemoperfusion inactivates circulating proapoptotic factors. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:1638–45.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, de Cal M, Polanco N, Corradi V, et al. Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2007;11:R47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, de Cal M, Polanco N, Corradi V, et al. Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2007;11:R47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R, Kellum JA. Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:2209–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R, Kellum JA. Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:2209–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Foltran F, Brienza N, Donati A, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:2445–52.PubMedCrossRef Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Foltran F, Brienza N, Donati A, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:2445–52.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:582–8.PubMedCrossRef Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:582–8.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Taylor DO, Starling RC, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:589–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Taylor DO, Starling RC, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:589–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:675–83.PubMedCrossRef Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:675–83.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O’Connor CM, Bull DA, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2296–304.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O’Connor CM, Bull DA, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2296–304.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Patarroyo M, Wehbe E, Hanna M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Demirjian S, et al. Cardiorenal outcomes after slow continuous ultrafiltration therapy in refractory patients with advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1906–12.PubMedCrossRef Patarroyo M, Wehbe E, Hanna M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Demirjian S, et al. Cardiorenal outcomes after slow continuous ultrafiltration therapy in refractory patients with advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1906–12.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Hemmer M, Viquerat CE, Suter PM, Vallotton MB. Urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion during mechanical ventilation and weaning in man. Anesthesiology. 1980;52:395–400.PubMedCrossRef Hemmer M, Viquerat CE, Suter PM, Vallotton MB. Urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion during mechanical ventilation and weaning in man. Anesthesiology. 1980;52:395–400.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Murugan R, Karajala-Subramanyam V, Lee M, Yende S, Kong L, Carter M, et al. Acute kidney injury in non-severe pneumonia is associated with an increased immune response and lower survival. Kidney Int. 2010;77:527–35.PubMedCrossRef Murugan R, Karajala-Subramanyam V, Lee M, Yende S, Kong L, Carter M, et al. Acute kidney injury in non-severe pneumonia is associated with an increased immune response and lower survival. Kidney Int. 2010;77:527–35.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Hoke TS, Douglas IS, Klein CL, He Z, Fang W, Thurman JM, et al. Acute renal failure after bilateral nephrectomy is associated with cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:155–64.PubMedCrossRef Hoke TS, Douglas IS, Klein CL, He Z, Fang W, Thurman JM, et al. Acute renal failure after bilateral nephrectomy is associated with cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:155–64.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:165–228.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:165–228.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Forster C, Schriewer J, John S, Eckardt KU, Willam C. Low-flow CO(2) removal integrated into a renal-replacement circuit can reduce acidosis and decrease vasopressor requirements. Crit Care. 2013;17:R154.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Forster C, Schriewer J, John S, Eckardt KU, Willam C. Low-flow CO(2) removal integrated into a renal-replacement circuit can reduce acidosis and decrease vasopressor requirements. Crit Care. 2013;17:R154.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Burki NK, Mani RK, Herth FJ, Schmidt W, Teschler H, Bonin F, et al. A novel extracorporeal CO(2) removal system: results of a pilot study of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with COPD. Chest. 2013;143:678–86.PubMedCrossRef Burki NK, Mani RK, Herth FJ, Schmidt W, Teschler H, Bonin F, et al. A novel extracorporeal CO(2) removal system: results of a pilot study of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with COPD. Chest. 2013;143:678–86.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Zacharia BE, Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Grobelny BT, Fernandez L, Schmidt JM, et al. Renal dysfunction as an independent predictor of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-center cohort study. Stroke. 2009;40:2375–81.PubMedCrossRef Zacharia BE, Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Grobelny BT, Fernandez L, Schmidt JM, et al. Renal dysfunction as an independent predictor of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-center cohort study. Stroke. 2009;40:2375–81.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Corral L, Javierre CF, Ventura JL, Marcos P, Herrero JI, Manez R. Impact of non-neurological complications in severe traumatic brain injury outcome. Crit Care. 2012;16:R44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Corral L, Javierre CF, Ventura JL, Marcos P, Herrero JI, Manez R. Impact of non-neurological complications in severe traumatic brain injury outcome. Crit Care. 2012;16:R44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1360–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1360–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Ronco C, Bellomo R, Brendolan A, Pinna V, La Greca G. Brain density changes during renal replacement in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Continuous hemofiltration versus intermittent hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 1999;12:173–8.PubMed Ronco C, Bellomo R, Brendolan A, Pinna V, La Greca G. Brain density changes during renal replacement in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Continuous hemofiltration versus intermittent hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 1999;12:173–8.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Early changes in intracranial pressure during haemofiltration treatment in patients with grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy and acute oliguric renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5:192–8.PubMedCrossRef Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Early changes in intracranial pressure during haemofiltration treatment in patients with grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy and acute oliguric renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5:192–8.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Ko SB, Choi HA, Gilmore E, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Lee K, et al. Pearls & Oysters: the effects of renal replacement therapy on cerebral autoregulation. Neurology. 2012;78:e36–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ko SB, Choi HA, Gilmore E, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Lee K, et al. Pearls & Oysters: the effects of renal replacement therapy on cerebral autoregulation. Neurology. 2012;78:e36–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Benz-Worner J, Haberthur C, Kothbauer K. Fluid and electrolyte management of acute traumatic brain injury using hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011;23:266–7.PubMedCrossRef Benz-Worner J, Haberthur C, Kothbauer K. Fluid and electrolyte management of acute traumatic brain injury using hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011;23:266–7.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Kelleher JA, Chan TY, Chan PH, Gregory GA. Protection of astrocytes by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and citrate ameliorates neuronal injury under hypoxic conditions. Brain Res. 1996;726:167–73.PubMedCrossRef Kelleher JA, Chan TY, Chan PH, Gregory GA. Protection of astrocytes by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and citrate ameliorates neuronal injury under hypoxic conditions. Brain Res. 1996;726:167–73.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Lindhoff-Last E, Betz C, Bauersachs R. Use of a low-molecular-weight heparinoid (danaparoid sodium) for continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2001;7:300–4.PubMedCrossRef Lindhoff-Last E, Betz C, Bauersachs R. Use of a low-molecular-weight heparinoid (danaparoid sodium) for continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2001;7:300–4.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference de Pont AC, Hofstra JJ, Pik DR, Meijers JC, Schultz MJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danaparoid during continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a pilot study. Crit Care. 2007;11:R102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef de Pont AC, Hofstra JJ, Pik DR, Meijers JC, Schultz MJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danaparoid during continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a pilot study. Crit Care. 2007;11:R102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Link A, Girndt M, Selejan S, Mathes A, Bohm M, Rensing H. Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:105–10.PubMedCrossRef Link A, Girndt M, Selejan S, Mathes A, Bohm M, Rensing H. Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:105–10.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Kiser TH, MacLaren R, Fish DN, Hassell KL, Teitelbaum I. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of hemofilter occlusion during continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:1117–26.PubMedCrossRef Kiser TH, MacLaren R, Fish DN, Hassell KL, Teitelbaum I. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of hemofilter occlusion during continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:1117–26.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Kiser TH, Fish DN. Evaluation of bivalirudin treatment for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients with hepatic and/or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:452–60.PubMedCrossRef Kiser TH, Fish DN. Evaluation of bivalirudin treatment for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients with hepatic and/or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:452–60.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: controversy and consensus
Authors
Claudio Ronco
Zaccaria Ricci
Daniel De Backer
John A Kellum
Fabio S Taccone
Michael Joannidis
Peter Pickkers
Vincenzo Cantaluppi
Franco Turani
Patrick Saudan
Rinaldo Bellomo
Olivier Joannes-Boyau
Massimo Antonelli
Didier Payen
John R Prowle
Jean-Louis Vincent
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0850-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Critical Care 1/2015 Go to the issue