Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Schizophrenia | Research

Adult abuse and poor prognosis in Taiwan, 2000–2015: a cohort study

Authors: Pi-Ching Yu, Ya-Hsuan Chiang, Shi-Hao Huang, Ren-Jei Chung, Iau-Jin Lin, Bing-Long Wang, Chia-Peng Yu, Yu-Ching Chou, Chien-An Sun, Shih-En Tang, Yao-Ching Huang, Wu-Chien Chien, Chun-Hsien Chiang

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2022

Abstract

Background

To investigate the risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, self-inflicted injury, and mortality after adult violence from 2000 to 2015 in Taiwan.

Methods

This study used data from National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) on outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits for two million people enrolled in the National Health Insurance (NHI) from 2000 to 2015. The case study defined ICD-9 diagnosis code N code 995.8 (abused adult) or E code E960-E969 (homicide and intentional injury of another). It analyzed first-time violence in adults aged 18–64 years (study group). 1:4 ratio was matched with injury and non-violent patients (control group). The paired variables were sex, age (± 1 year), pre-exposure to the Charlson comorbidity index, and year of medical treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 and Cox regression for data analysis.

Results

In total, 8,726 individuals experienced violence (case group) while34,904 did not experienced violence (control group) over 15 years. The prevalence of poor prognosis among victims of violence was 25.4/10⁴, 31.3/10⁴, 10.5/10,⁴ and 104.6/10⁴ for schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide or self-inflicted injury and mortality, respectively. Among adults, the risks of suicide or self-inflicted injury, schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, and mortality after exposure to violence (average 9 years) were 6.87-, 5.63-, 4.10-, and 2.50-times (p < 0.01), respectively, compared with those without violence. Among males, the risks were 5.66-, 3.85-, 3.59- and 2.51-times higher, respectively, than those without violence (p < 0.01), and they were 21.93-, 5.57-, 4.60- and 2.46-times higher than those without violence (p < 0.01) among females.

Conclusion

The risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, or self-inflicted injury and mortality after adult violence was higher than in those who have not experienced a violent injury. Adults at the highest risk for violent suicide or self-inflicted injuries due to exposure to violent injuries —males were at risk for schizophrenia and females were at risk for suicide or self-inflicted injuries. Therefore, it is necessary for social workers and medical personnel to pay attention to the psychological status of victims of violence.

Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Violence Prevention Initiative. 2022 Retrieved from https://www.gov.nl.ca/vpi/about/defining-violence-and-abuse/.

Mathews B, Pacella R, Dunne MP, Simunovic M, Marston C. Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: a systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies. PLoS One. 2020;15(1, article e0227884) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227884.

Dye HL. Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse? J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2019;13(4):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00292-y.CrossRef

Alsawalqa RO, Sa’deh YAR, Alrawashdeh MN. Jordanian men’s experience of emotional abuse in Marital Relationships: the role of marriage length and motivation. Front Psychol. 2021;12:689235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689235.CrossRef

Stockman JK, Hayashi H, Campbell JC. Intimate Partner Violence and its Health Impact on Ethnic Minority Women [corrected]. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(1):62–79. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4879. Epub 2014 Dec 31. Erratum in: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(3):256.

Strathearn L, Giannotti M, Mills R, Kisely S, Najman J, Abajobir A. Long-term cognitive, psychological, and health outcomes associated with child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics. 2020;146:e20200438. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0438.CrossRef

Fann LY, Lin IJ, Huang SH, Wang BL, Huang YC, Yu CP, Cheng CC, Sun CA, Hsu CW, Chien WC, Lu CH. Adults suffering from violence are at risk of poor prognosis in Taiwan, 2000–2015. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(8):1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081470.

Rich SL, Wilson JK, Robertson AA. The impact of abuse trauma on Alcohol and Drug Use: a study of high-risk incarcerated girls. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2016;25(3):194–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2015.1007197. Epub 2016 Feb 19.CrossRef

Brown S, Seals J. Intimate partner problems and suicide: are we missing the violence? J Inj Violence Res. 2019;(1):53–64. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i1.997. Epub 2019 Jan 13.

10.

World Health Organisation. 2018. https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/. Accessed 19 Oct 2022.

11.

Karch DL, Dahlberg LL, Patel N. Surveillance for violent deaths–National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010;59(4):1–50.

12.

Karch DL, Dahlberg LL, Patel N, Davis TW, Logan JE, Hill HA, et al. Surveillance for violent deaths–national violent death reporting system, 16 States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58(1):1–44.

13.

Caine ED. Forging an agenda for suicide prevention in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):822–9.CrossRef

14.

Gold KJ, Singh V, Marcus Sh M, Palladino Ch L. Mental health, substance use, and intimate partner problems among pregnant and postpartum suicide victims in the National Violent Death Reporting System. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(2):139–45.CrossRef

15.

Knox KL, Conwell Y, Caine ED. If suicide is a Public Health Problem, what are we doing to prevent it? Am J Public Health. 2004;94(1):37–45.CrossRef

16.

Logan J, Hall J, Karch D. Suicide categories by patterns of known risk factors: a latent class analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(9):935–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].CrossRef

17.

World Health Organization. Suicide Prevention (SUPRE). 2013, https://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/en/. Accessed 12 Oct 2017.

18.

Ortega LA, Karch D. Precipitating circumstances of suicide among women of reproductive age in 16 U.S. States, 2003–2007. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(1):5–7.CrossRef

19.

Crosby AE, Han B, Ortega LA, Parks SE, Gfroerer J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥ 18 years–United States, 2008–2009. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(13):1–22.

20.

Campbell J, Matoff-Stepp S, Velez ML, Cox HH, Laughon K. Pregnancy-Associated deaths from Homicide, suicide, and drug overdose: review of Research and the intersection with intimate Partner violence. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(2):236–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8875. Epub 2020 Dec 8.CrossRef

21.

Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(6):613–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(92)90133-8.CrossRef

22.

Lin YJ, Tian WH, Chen CC. Urbanization and the utilization of outpatient services under National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Health Policy. 2011;103(2–3):236–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.08.007.CrossRef

23.

Zalsman G, Stanley B, Szanto K, Clarke DE, Carli V, Mehlum L. Suicide in the Time of COVID-19: review and recommendations. Arch Suicide Res. 2020;24(4):477–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1830242.CrossRef

24.

Cogo E, Murray M, Villanueva G, Hamel C, Garner P, Senior SL, Henschke N. Suicide rates and suicidal behaviour in displaced people: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(3):e0263797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263797.CrossRef

25.

Ochoa S, Usall J, Cobo J, Labad X, Kulkarni J. Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive literature review. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2012;2012:916198. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/916198. Epub 2012 Apr 8.CrossRef

26.

Li R, Ma X, Wang G, Yang J, Wang C. Why sex differences in schizophrenia? J Transl Neurosci (Beijing). 2016;1(1):37–42.

27.

Potter LC, Morris R, Hegarty K, García-Moreno C, Feder G. Categories and health impacts of intimate partner violence in the World Health Organization multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(2):652–62.CrossRef

28.

Pooley AE, Benjamin RC, Sreedhar S, Eagle AL, Robison AJ, Mazei-Robison MS, Breedlove SM, Jordan CL. Sex differences in the traumatic stress response: PTSD symptoms in women recapitulated in female rats. Biol Sex Differences. 2018;9(1):1–1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018-0191-9.CrossRef

29.

Devries K, Watts C, Yoshihama M, Kiss L, Schraiber LB, Deyessa N, Heise L, Durand J, Mbwambo J, Jansen H, Berhane Y. Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(1):79–86.CrossRef

30.

Simonelli A, Pasquali CE, De Palo F. Intimate partner violence and drug-addicted women: from explicative models to gender-oriented treatments. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014;5. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.24496.

31.

Haw C, Hawton K, Houston K, Townsend E. Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178(1):48–54.CrossRef

32.

Harris C, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173(1):11–53.CrossRef

33.

Olff M. Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8(sup4):1351204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204.CrossRef

34.

van der Meer CA, Bakker A, Smit AS, van Buschbach S, den Dekker M, Westerveld GJ, Hutter RC, Gersons BP, Olff M. Gender and age differences in trauma and PTSD among dutch treatment-seeking police officers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2017;205(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000562.CrossRef

35.

World Health Organization. 2013. Background. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174254/. Accessed 15 Oct 2022.

36.

Joiner TE Jr, Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Wingate LR, Brown JS, Anestis MD, Selby EA. Childhood physical and sexual abuse and lifetime number of suicide attempts: a persistent and theoretically important relationship. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(3):539–47.CrossRef

37.

Rahman T, Lauriello J. Schizophrenia. An overview. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2016;14(3):300–307. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20160006. Epub 2016 Jul 8.

38.

Buckley PF, Foster A. Schizophrenia: current concepts and approaches to patient care. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2008;1(4):13–22.

39.

Mitjans M, Seidel J, Begemann M, Bockhop F, Moya-Higueras J, Bansal V, Wesolowski J, Seelbach A, Ibáñez MI, Kovacevic F, Duvar O, Fañanás L, Wolf HU, Ortet G, Zwanzger P, Klein V, Lange I, Tänzer A, Dudeck M, Penke L, van Elst LT, Bittner RA, Schmidmeier R, Freese R, Müller-Isberner R, Wiltfang J, Bliesener T, Bonn S, Poustka L, Müller JL, Arias B, Ehrenreich H. Violent aggression predicted by multiple pre-adult environmental hits. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(10):1549–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0043-3. Epub 2018 May 24.CrossRef

40.

Popovic D, Schmitt A, Kaurani L, Senner F, Papiol S, Malchow B, Fischer A, Schulze TG, Koutsouleris N, Falkai P. Childhood trauma in Schizophrenia: current findings and research perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00274.CrossRef

41.

Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M. Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8):e1000120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120.CrossRef

42.

Sariaslan A, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Fazel S. Triggers for violent criminality in patients with psychotic disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:796–803. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1349.CrossRef

43.

Rueve ME, Welton RS. Violence and mental illness. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008;5(5):34–48.

44.

Bhavsar V, Dean K, Hatch SL, MacCabe JH, Hotopf M. Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimization: a population-based study from Southeast London. Epidemiol psychiatric Sci. 2019;(2):168–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000537.

45.

Fischer KR, Bakes KM, Corbin TJ, Fein JA, Harris EJ, James TL, Melzer-Lange MD. Trauma-informed care for violently injured patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(2):193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.10.018.CrossRef

46.

Dean K, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Webb RT, Mortensen PB, Agerbo E. Risk of being subjected to crime, including violent crime, after onset of mental illness: a danish National Registry study using police data. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(7):689–96. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0534.CrossRef

47.

Kamperman AM, Henrichs J, Bogaerts S, Lesaffre EM, Wierdsma AI, Ghauharali RR, et al. Criminal victimization in people with severe mental illness: a multi-site prevalence and incidence survey in the Netherlands. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091029.

48.

Khalifeh H, Moran P, Borschmann R, Dean K, Hart C, Hogg J, et al. Domestic and sexual violence against patients with severe mental illness. Psychol Med. 2015;45(4):875–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001962.CrossRef

49.

Latalova K, Kamaradova D, Prasko J. Violent victimization of adult patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1925. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S68321.

50.

Maniglio R. Severe mental illness and criminal victimization: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119(3):180–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01300.x.CrossRef

51.

World Health Organization. World report on violence and health. 2022 Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615. Accessed 12 Oct 2022.

52.

Stenbacka M, Moberg T, Romelsjö A, et al. Mortality and causes of death among violent offenders and victims-a swedish population based longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1–0. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-38.CrossRef

53.

Fisher CA, Galbraith G, Hocking A, May A, O’Brien E, Willis K. Family violence screening and disclosure in a large metropolitan hospital: a health service users’ survey. Womens Health (Lond). 2020;16:1745506520952285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506520952285.CrossRef

54.

Sabri B, Greene C, Lucas GM. A systematic review of comprehensive interventions for substance abuse: focus on victimization. Aggress Violent Behav. 2019;48:46–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.08.006. Epub 2019 Aug 18.CrossRef

55.

Wang DS, Chung CH, Chang HA, Kao YC, Chu DM, Wang CC, Chen SJ, Tzeng NS, Chien WC. Association between child abuse exposure and the risk of psychiatric disorders: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;101:104362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104362.CrossRef

Title: Adult abuse and poor prognosis in Taiwan, 2000–2015: a cohort study
Authors: Pi-Ching Yu
Ya-Hsuan Chiang
Shi-Hao Huang
Ren-Jei Chung
Iau-Jin Lin
Bing-Long Wang
Chia-Peng Yu
Yu-Ching Chou
Chien-An Sun
Shih-En Tang
Yao-Ching Huang
Wu-Chien Chien
Chun-Hsien Chiang
Publication date: 01-12-2022
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Schizophrenia
Suicide
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Suicide
Published in: BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14663-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Adult abuse and poor prognosis in Taiwan, 2000–2015: a cohort study

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2022

Knowledge of fermentation and health benefits among general population in North-eastern Slovenia

The COV-ED Survey: exploring the impact of learning and teaching from home on parent/carers’ and teachers’ mental health and wellbeing during COVID-19 lockdown

A mixed methods investigation of the relationship between blood donor policy, interest in donation, and willingness to donate among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Ontario, Canada

Validation of physician certified verbal autopsy using conventional autopsy: a large study of adult non-external causes of death in a metropolitan area in Brazil

The association between self-reported mobile phone usage with blood pressure and heart rate: evidence from a cross-sectional study

Cognitive complaints mediate the influence of sleep disturbance and state anxiety on subjective well-being and ill-being in adult community volunteers: a cross sectional study