Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2001 | Review

Growth factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relative roles

Authors: Jeremy T Allen, Monica A Spiteri

Published in: Respiratory Research | Issue 1/2001

Abstract

Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients has evolved very slowly; the fundamental approach of corticosteroids alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents has had little impact on long-term survival. The continued use of corticosteroids is justified because of the lack of a more effective alternative. Current research indicates that the mechanisms driving idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis reflect abnormal, dysregulated wound healing within the lung, involving increased activity and possibly exaggerated responses by a spectrum of profibrogenic growth factors. An understanding of the roles of these growth factors, and the way in which they modulate events at cellular level, could lead to more targeted therapeutic strategies, improving patients' quality of life and survival.

The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 161: 646-664.CrossRef

Flaherty KR, Toews GB, Lynch JP, Kazerooni EA, Gross BH, Strawderman RL, Hariharan K, Flint A, Martinez FJ: Steroids in pulmonary fibrosis: A perspective assessment of adverse reactions, response to therapy, and survival. Am J Med. 2001, 110: 278-282. 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00711-7.PubMedCrossRef

Collard HR, King TE: Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The rise and fall of corticosteroids. Am J Med. 2001, 110: 326-328. 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00622-2.PubMedCrossRef

Lasky JA, Brody AR: Interstitial fibrosis and growth factors. Environ Health Perspect. 2000, 108: 751-762.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Marshall RP, McAnulty RJ, Laurent GJ: The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: is there a fibrosis gene?. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997, 29: 107-120. 10.1016/S1357-2725(96)00141-0.PubMedCrossRef

Blom IE, van Dijk AJ, de Weger RA, Tilanus MGJ, Goldschmeding R: Identification of human ccn2 (connective tissue growth factor) promoter polymorphisms. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol. 2001, 54: 192-196. 10.1136/mp.54.3.192.CrossRef

Whyte M, Hubbard R, Meliconi R, Whidborne M, Eaton V, Bingle C, Timms J, Duff G, Facchini A, Pacilli A, Fabbri M, Hall I, Britton J, Johnston I, Di Giovine F: Increased risk of fibrosing alveolitis associated with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-α gene polymorphisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 755-758.PubMedCrossRef

Awad MR, El-Gamel A, Hasleton P, Turner DM, Sinnott PJ, Hutchinson IV: Genotypic variation in the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene: association with transforming growth factor-beta1 production, fibrotic lung disease, and graft fibrosis after lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1998, 27: 1014-1020. 10.1097/00007890-199810270-00009.CrossRef

Katzenstein ALA, Myers JL: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical relevance of pathologic classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 157: 1301-1315.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Selman M, King TE, Pardo A: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001, 134: 136-151.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Kasper M, Haroske G: Alterations in the alveolar epithelium after injury leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Histol Histopathol. 1996, 11: 463-483.PubMed

12.

Wallace WA, Howie SE: Immunoreactive interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma expression by type II alveolar epithelial cells in interstitial lung disease. J Pathol. 1999, 187: 475-480. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199903)187:4<475::AID-PATH268>3.3.CO;2-E.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Piguet PF, Ribaux C, Karpuz V, Grau GE, Kapanci Y: Expression and localisation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its mRNA in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 1993, 143: 651-655.PubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Kapanci Y, Desmouliere A, Pache JC, Redard M, Gabbiani G: Cytoskeletal protein modulation in pulmonary alveolar myo-fibroblasts during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Possible role of transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 22163-22169.

15.

Raghu G, Johnson WC, Lockhart D, Mageto Y: Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone: results of a prospective, open-label phase II study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 1061-1069.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Homma S, Nagaoka I, Abe H, Takahashi K, Seyama K, Nukiwa T, Kira S: Localisation of platelet-derived growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I in the fibrotic lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 2084-2089.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Yoshida M, Sakuma J, Hayashi S, Kinya A, Saito I, Harada S, Sakatani M, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto N, Kaneda Y, Kishimoto T: A histologially distinctive interstitial pneumonia induced by overexpression of the interleukin 6, transforming growth factor β1, or platelet-derived growth factor B gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995, 92: 9570-9574.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

18.

Gurujeyalakshmi G, Hollinger MA, Giri SN: Pirfenidone inhibits PDGF isoforms in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis at the translational level. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 1999, 276: L311-L318.

19.

Khalil N, O'Connor RN, Unruh HW, Warren PW, Falnders KC, Kemp A, Bereznay OH, Greenberg AH: Increased production and immunohistochemical localisation of transforming growth factor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1991, 5: 155-162.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Bloor CA, Knight RA, Kedia RK, Spiteri MA, Allen JT: Differential mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 splice variants in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 265-272.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Cambrey AD, Kwon OJ, Gray AJ, Harrison NK, Yacoub M, Barnes PJ, Laurent GJ, Chung KF: Insulin-like growth factor I is a major fibroblast mitogen produced by primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells. Clin Sci. 1995, 89: 611-617.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Allen JT, Bloor CA, Knight RA, Spiteri MA: Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in broncholaveolar lavage fluid of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998, 19: 250-258.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Chadelat K, Boule M, Corroyer S, Faroux B, Delaisi B, Tournier G, Clement A: Expression of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins by bronchoalveolar cells from children with and without interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 1998, 11: 1329-1336. 10.1183/09031936.98.11061329.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Besnard V, Corroyer S, Trugnan G, Chadelat K, Nabeyrat E, Cazals V, Clement A: Distinct patterns of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 expression in oxidant exposed lung epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001, 1538: 47-58. 10.1016/S0167-4889(00)00136-1.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Parker E, Bloor CA, Knight RA, Spiteri MA, Allen JT: Transforming growth factor-β-induced changes in insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression in lung fibroblasts [abstract]. Thorax. 2000, 55: A15-10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_1.S15.CrossRef

26.

Wallace WA, Ramage EA, Lamb D, Howie SE: A type 2 (Th2-like) pattern of immune response predominates in the pulmonary interstitium of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA). Clin Exp Immunol. 1995, 101: 436-441.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

27.

Awad M, Pravica V, Perrey C, El Gamel A, Yonan N, Sinnott PJ, Hutchinson IV: CA repeat allele polymorphism in the first intron of the human interferon-gamma gene is associated with lung allograft fibrosis. Hum Immunol. 1999, 60: 343-346. 10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00133-5.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Fagan KA, McMurtry IF, Rodman DM: Role of endothelin-1 in lung disease. Respiratory Research. 2001, 2: 90-101. 10.1186/rr44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

29.

Saleh D, Furukawa K, Tsao MS, Maghazachi A, Corrin B, Yanagisawa M, Barnes PJ, Giaid A: Elevated expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: possible involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997, 16: 187-193.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Park S-H, Saleh D, Giaid A, Michel RP: Increased endothelin-1 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and the effect of an endothelin receptor antagonist. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 600-608.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Brigstock DR: The connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family. Endocrine Rev. 1999, 20: 189-206.

32.

Allen JT, Knight RA, Bloor CA, Spiteri MA: Enhanced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (connective tissue growth factor) expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999, 21: 693-700.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K, Petkov V, Block L-H: A preliminary study of long term treatment with interferon gamma-1b and low dose prednisolone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 1264-1269. 10.1056/NEJM199910213411703.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Gauldie J, Galt T, Anzano MA, Deng C, Roberts AB: SMAD3 KO mouse is resistant to gene based TGF-beta1 induced fibrosis: Lack of activation of CTGF [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: A759-CrossRef

35.

Zhang H-Y, Phan SH: Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor β1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999, 21: 658-665.PubMedCrossRef

36.

Morishima Y, Nomura A, Uchida Y, Noguchi Y, Sakamoto T, Ishii Y, Goto Y, Masuyama K, Zhang MJ, Hirano K, Mochizuki M, Ohtsuka M, Sekizawa K: Triggering the induction of myofibroblast and fibrogenesis by airway epithelial shedding. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001, 24: 1-11.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Ramos C, Montano M, Garcia-Alvarez J, Ruiz V, Uhal BD, Selman M, Pardo A: Fibroblasts from idiopathic pulminary fibrosis and normal lungs differ in growth rate, apoptosis, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001, 24: 591-598.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Wilborn J, Crofford LJ, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, Peters-Golden M: Cultured lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a diminshed capacity to synthesise prostaglandin E₂ and to express cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest. 1995, 95: 1861-1868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

39.

Vancheri C, Sortino MA, Tomaselli V, Mastruzzo C, Condorelli F, Bellistri G, Pistorio MP, Canonico PL, Crimi N: Different expression of TNF-α receptors and prostaglandin E₂ production in normal and fibrotic lung fibroblasts. Potential implications for the evolution of the inflammatory process. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000, 22: 628-634.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Ricupero DA, Rishikof DC, Kuang PP, Poliks CF, Goldstein RH: Regulation of connective tissue growth factor expression by prostaglandin E₂. Am J Physiol. 1999, 277: 1165-1171.

41.

Abraham DJ, Shiwen X, Black CM, Sa S, Xu Y, Leask A: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha suppresses the induction of connective tissue growth factor by transforming growth factor-beta in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275: 15220-15225. 10.1074/jbc.275.20.15220.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Chapman HA: A Fas pathway to pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1999, 104: 1-2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

43.

Yanagisawa K, Osada H, Masuda A, Kondo M, Saito T, Yatabe Y, Takagi K, Takahashi T, Takahashi T: Induction of apoptosis by Smad3 and down-regulation of Smad3 expression in response to TGF-beta in human normal lung epithelial cells. Oncogene. 1998, 17: 1743-1747. 10.1038/sj/onc/1202052.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Kuwano K, Hagimoto N, Kawasaki M, Yatomi T, Nakamura N, Nagata S, Suda T, Kunitake R, Maeyama T, Miyazaki H, Hara N: Essential roles of the Fas-Fas ligand pathway in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1999, 104: 13-19.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

45.

Aoshiba K, Yasui S, Tamaoki J, Nagai A: The Fas/Fas ligand system is not required for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 695-700.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Wang R, Zagariya A, Ang E, Ibarra-Sunga O, Uhal BD: Fas-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires ANGII generation and receptor interaction. Am J Physiol. 1999, 277: L1245-L1250.PubMed

47.

Carrillo G, Estrada A, Mejia M, Morales J, Suarez T, Gaxiola M, Williams J, Selman M: Inhaled beclomethasone and colchicine (IBC) versus inhaled beclomethasone, colchicine and captopril (IBCCAP) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 161: A528-

48.

Yi ES, Salgado M, Williams S, Kim SJ, Masliah E, Yin S, Ulich TR: Keratinocyte growth factor decreases pulmonary edema, transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor-BB expression, and alveolar type II cell loss in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Inflammation. 1998, 22: 315-325. 10.1023/A:1022304317111.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Dohi M, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto K, Marshall BC: Hepatocyte growth factor attenuates collagen accumulation in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 2302-2307.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Maeyama T, Hagimoto N, Kawasaki M, Matsuba T, Yoshimi M, Inoshima I, Yoshida K, Hara N: Attenuation of bleomycin-induced pneumopathy in mice by a caspase inhibitor. Am J Physiol. 2001, 280: L316-L325.

51.

Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Lynch JP, Whyte RI, Iannettoni MD, Burdick MD, Wilke CA, Morris SB, Glass MC, Digiovine B, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM: The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol. 1997, 159: 1437-1443.PubMed

52.

Keane MP, Belperio JA, Arenberg DA, Burdick MD, Xu ZJ, Xue YY, Strieter RM: IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibition of angiogenesis. J Immunol. 1999, 163: 5686-5692.PubMed

53.

Fehrenbach H, Kasper M, Haase M, Schuh D, Muller M: Differential immunolocalisation of VEGF in rat and human adult lung, and in experimental rat lung fibrosis: light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Anat Rec. 1999, 254: 61-73. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990101)254:1<61::AID-AR8>3.3.CO;2-4.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Suzuma K, Naruse K, Suzuma I, Takahara N, Ueki K, Aiello L, King GL: Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of connective tissue growth factor via KDR, Flt1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-akt-dependent pathways in retinal vascular cells. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275: 40725-40731. 10.1074/jbc.M006509200.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Shimo T, Nakanishi T, Kimura Y, Nishida T, Ishizeli K, Matsumura T, Takigawa M: Inhibition of endogenous expression of connective tissue growth factor by its antisense oligonucleotide and antisense RNA suppresses proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. J Biochem. 1998, 124: 130-140.PubMedCrossRef

Title: Growth factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relative roles
Authors: Jeremy T Allen
Monica A Spiteri
Publication date: 01-12-2001
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Respiratory Research / Issue 1/2001
Electronic ISSN: 1465-993X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/rr162

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2001

The predictive role of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines and adhesion molecules for acute respiratory distress syndrome development and outcome

Interactions between genes and environmental factors in asthma and atopy: new developments

First Siena International Conference on Animal Models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Certosa di Pontignano, University of Siena, Italy, September 30-October 2, 2001

Autocrine regulation of asthmatic airway inflammation: role of airway smooth muscle

Genotyping in the MHC locus: potential for defining predictive markers in sarcoidosis

Surfactant gene polymorphisms and interstitial lung diseases

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials