Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Respiratory Research 1/2001

Open Access 01-12-2001 | Review

Genotyping in the MHC locus: potential for defining predictive markers in sarcoidosis

Authors: Ulrike Seitzer, Johannes Gerdes, Joachim Müller-Quernheim

Published in: Respiratory Research | Issue 1/2001

Login to get access

Abstract

In sarcoidosis, host genetic factors are discussed as contributing to disease susceptibility and course. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a central mediator of granuloma formation and since elevated TNF-α levels are found during active phases of sarcoidosis, genetic polymorphisms correlating with influences on TNF-α levels are of special interest. The complete sequencing of the MHC region and the increase in the number of identified gene polymorphisms in this locus associated with TNF-α production offer the opportunity of detecting new genes associated with sarcoidosis and perhaps of defining disease-associated haplotypes that bear the potential of serving as predictive markers for this disease.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Muller-Quernheim J: Sarcoidosis: immunopathogenetic concepts and their clinical application. Eur Respir J. 1998, 12: 716-738. 10.1183/09031936.98.12030716.PubMedCrossRef Muller-Quernheim J: Sarcoidosis: immunopathogenetic concepts and their clinical application. Eur Respir J. 1998, 12: 716-738. 10.1183/09031936.98.12030716.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Luisetti M, Beretta A, Casali L: Genetic aspects in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2000, 16: 768-780. 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16d31.x.PubMedCrossRef Luisetti M, Beretta A, Casali L: Genetic aspects in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2000, 16: 768-780. 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16d31.x.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, Baughman R, Cordier JF, du Bois RM, Eklund A, Kitaichi M, Lynch J, Rizzato G, Rose C, Selroos O, Semenzato G, Sharma OP: Statement on sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999, 16: 149-173.PubMed Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, Baughman R, Cordier JF, du Bois RM, Eklund A, Kitaichi M, Lynch J, Rizzato G, Rose C, Selroos O, Semenzato G, Sharma OP: Statement on sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999, 16: 149-173.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Gran JT, Bohmer E: Acute sarcoid arthritis: a favourable outcome?. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996, 25: 70-73.PubMedCrossRef Gran JT, Bohmer E: Acute sarcoid arthritis: a favourable outcome?. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996, 25: 70-73.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Berlin M, Fogdell-Hahn A, Olerup O, Eklund A, Grunewald J: HLA-DR predicts the prognosis in Scandinavian patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 1601-1605.PubMedCrossRef Berlin M, Fogdell-Hahn A, Olerup O, Eklund A, Grunewald J: HLA-DR predicts the prognosis in Scandinavian patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 1601-1605.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Myatt N, Coghill G, Morrison K, Jones D, Cree IA: Detection of tumour necrosis factor alpha in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis granulomas using in situ hybridization. J Clin Pathol. 1994, 47: 423-426.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Myatt N, Coghill G, Morrison K, Jones D, Cree IA: Detection of tumour necrosis factor alpha in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis granulomas using in situ hybridization. J Clin Pathol. 1994, 47: 423-426.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bergeron A, Bonay M, Kambouchner M, Lecossier D, Riquet M, Soler P, Hance A, Tazi A: Cytokine patterns in tuberculous and sarcoid granulomas: correlations with histopathologic features of the granulomatous response. J Immunol. 1997, 159: 3034-3043.PubMed Bergeron A, Bonay M, Kambouchner M, Lecossier D, Riquet M, Soler P, Hance A, Tazi A: Cytokine patterns in tuberculous and sarcoid granulomas: correlations with histopathologic features of the granulomatous response. J Immunol. 1997, 159: 3034-3043.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Bachwich PR, Lynch JP, Larrick J, Spengler M, Kunkel S: Tumor necrosis factor production by human sarcoid alveolar macrophages. Am J Pathol. 1986, 125: 421-425.PubMedPubMedCentral Bachwich PR, Lynch JP, Larrick J, Spengler M, Kunkel S: Tumor necrosis factor production by human sarcoid alveolar macrophages. Am J Pathol. 1986, 125: 421-425.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Müller-Quernheim J, Pfeiffer S, Männel D, Strausz J, Ferlinz R: Lung-restricted activation of the alveolar macrophage/monocyte system in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992, 145: 187-192.PubMedCrossRef Müller-Quernheim J, Pfeiffer S, Männel D, Strausz J, Ferlinz R: Lung-restricted activation of the alveolar macrophage/monocyte system in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992, 145: 187-192.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Somoskövi A, Zissel G, Seitzer U, Gerdes J, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J: Polymorphisms at position -308 in the promoter region of the TNFalpha and in the first intron of the TNFbeta genes and spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFalpha release in sarcoidosis. Cytokine. 1999, 11: 882-887. 10.1006/cyto.1999.0498.PubMedCrossRef Somoskövi A, Zissel G, Seitzer U, Gerdes J, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J: Polymorphisms at position -308 in the promoter region of the TNFalpha and in the first intron of the TNFbeta genes and spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFalpha release in sarcoidosis. Cytokine. 1999, 11: 882-887. 10.1006/cyto.1999.0498.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ziegenhagen M, Benner U, Zissel G, Zabel P, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J: Sarcoidosis: TNFalpha release from alveolar macrophages and serum level of sIL-2R are prognostic markers. Am J Crit Respir Care Med. 1997, 156: 1586-1592.CrossRef Ziegenhagen M, Benner U, Zissel G, Zabel P, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J: Sarcoidosis: TNFalpha release from alveolar macrophages and serum level of sIL-2R are prognostic markers. Am J Crit Respir Care Med. 1997, 156: 1586-1592.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Bendtzen K, Morling N, Fomsgaard A, Svenson M, Jacobsen B, Odum N, Svejgaard A: Association between HLA-DR2 and production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 by mononuclear cells activated by lipopolysaccharide. Scand J Immunol. 1988, 28: 599-606.PubMedCrossRef Bendtzen K, Morling N, Fomsgaard A, Svenson M, Jacobsen B, Odum N, Svejgaard A: Association between HLA-DR2 and production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 by mononuclear cells activated by lipopolysaccharide. Scand J Immunol. 1988, 28: 599-606.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Jacob CO, Fronek Z, Lewis GD, Koo M, Hansen JA, McDevitt HO: Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor alpha: relevance to genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythe-matosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87: 1233-1237.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jacob CO, Fronek Z, Lewis GD, Koo M, Hansen JA, McDevitt HO: Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor alpha: relevance to genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythe-matosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87: 1233-1237.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Aguado B, Milner CM, Campbell RD: Genes of the MHC class III region and the functions of the proteins they encode. In HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules and Function. Edited by Browning M, McMichael A. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers;. 1996, 39-75. Aguado B, Milner CM, Campbell RD: Genes of the MHC class III region and the functions of the proteins they encode. In HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules and Function. Edited by Browning M, McMichael A. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers;. 1996, 39-75.
16.
go back to reference Abraham LJ, French MAH, Dawkins RL: Polymorphic MHC ancestral haplotypes affect the activity of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993, 92: 14-18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Abraham LJ, French MAH, Dawkins RL: Polymorphic MHC ancestral haplotypes affect the activity of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993, 92: 14-18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Wilson AG, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine FS, van der Putte LBA, Duff GW: An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med. 1993, 177: 557-560.PubMedCrossRef Wilson AG, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine FS, van der Putte LBA, Duff GW: An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med. 1993, 177: 557-560.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Price P, Witt C, Allcock R, Sayer D, Garlepp M, Kok CC, French M, Mallal S, Christiansen F: The genetic basis for the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (A1, B8, DR3) with multiple immunopathological diseases. Immunol Rev. 1999, 167: 257-274.PubMedCrossRef Price P, Witt C, Allcock R, Sayer D, Garlepp M, Kok CC, French M, Mallal S, Christiansen F: The genetic basis for the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (A1, B8, DR3) with multiple immunopathological diseases. Immunol Rev. 1999, 167: 257-274.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Mori M, Beatty PG, Graves M, Boucher KM, Milford EL: HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population. Transplantation. 1997, 64: 1017-1027. 10.1097/00007890-199710150-00014.PubMedCrossRef Mori M, Beatty PG, Graves M, Boucher KM, Milford EL: HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population. Transplantation. 1997, 64: 1017-1027. 10.1097/00007890-199710150-00014.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Ishihara M, Ohno S, Mizuki N, Yamagata N, Ishida T, Naruse T, Kuwata H: Genetic polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex-antigen-processing genes TAP and LMP in sarcoidosis. Hum Immunol. 1996, 45: 105-110. 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00167-0.PubMedCrossRef Ishihara M, Ohno S, Mizuki N, Yamagata N, Ishida T, Naruse T, Kuwata H: Genetic polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex-antigen-processing genes TAP and LMP in sarcoidosis. Hum Immunol. 1996, 45: 105-110. 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00167-0.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ishihara M, Ohno S, Ishida T, Naruse T, Kagiya M, Mizuki N, Maruya E, Saji H, Inoko H: Analysis of allelic variation of the TAP2 gene in sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens. 1997, 49: 107-110.PubMedCrossRef Ishihara M, Ohno S, Ishida T, Naruse T, Kagiya M, Mizuki N, Maruya E, Saji H, Inoko H: Analysis of allelic variation of the TAP2 gene in sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens. 1997, 49: 107-110.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Pasturenzi L, Martinetti M, Cuccia M, Cipriani A, Semenzato G, Luisetti M: HLA class I, II, and III polymorphism in Italian patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 1993, 104: 1170-1175.PubMedCrossRef Pasturenzi L, Martinetti M, Cuccia M, Cipriani A, Semenzato G, Luisetti M: HLA class I, II, and III polymorphism in Italian patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 1993, 104: 1170-1175.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Foley PJ, Lympany PA, Puscinska E, Zielinski J, Welsh KI, du Bois RM: Analysis of MHC encoded antigen-processing genes TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphisms in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 160: 1009-1014.PubMedCrossRef Foley PJ, Lympany PA, Puscinska E, Zielinski J, Welsh KI, du Bois RM: Analysis of MHC encoded antigen-processing genes TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphisms in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 160: 1009-1014.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Schürmann M, Lympany PA, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Wurm K, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, du Bois RM, Schwinger E: Familial sarcoidosis is linked to the major histocompatibility complex region. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 861-864.PubMedCrossRef Schürmann M, Lympany PA, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Wurm K, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, du Bois RM, Schwinger E: Familial sarcoidosis is linked to the major histocompatibility complex region. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 861-864.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Schürmann M, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, Schwinger E: Results from a genomewide search for predisposing genes in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 840-846.PubMedCrossRef Schürmann M, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, Schwinger E: Results from a genomewide search for predisposing genes in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 840-846.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Maliarik MJ, Rybicki BA, Malvitz E, Sheffer RG, Major M, Popovich J, Iannuzzi MC: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and risk of sarcoidosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1566-1570.PubMedCrossRef Maliarik MJ, Rybicki BA, Malvitz E, Sheffer RG, Major M, Popovich J, Iannuzzi MC: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and risk of sarcoidosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1566-1570.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Papadopoulos KI, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Groop LC, Carlsson M, Hallengren B: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in sarcoidosis in relation to associated autoimmune diseases. J Intern Med. 2000, 247: 71-77. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00575.x.PubMedCrossRef Papadopoulos KI, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Groop LC, Carlsson M, Hallengren B: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in sarcoidosis in relation to associated autoimmune diseases. J Intern Med. 2000, 247: 71-77. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00575.x.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Pietinalho A, Furuya K, Yamaguchi E, Kawakami Y, Selroos O: The angiotensin-converting enzyme DD gene is associated with poor prognosis in Finnish sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J. 1999, 13: 723-726. 10.1183/09031936.99.13472399.PubMedCrossRef Pietinalho A, Furuya K, Yamaguchi E, Kawakami Y, Selroos O: The angiotensin-converting enzyme DD gene is associated with poor prognosis in Finnish sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J. 1999, 13: 723-726. 10.1183/09031936.99.13472399.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Arbustini E, Grasso M, Leo G, Tinelli C, Fasani R, Diegoli M, Banchieri N, Cipriani A, Gorrini M, Semenzato G, Luisetti M: Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 851-854.PubMedCrossRef Arbustini E, Grasso M, Leo G, Tinelli C, Fasani R, Diegoli M, Banchieri N, Cipriani A, Gorrini M, Semenzato G, Luisetti M: Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996, 153: 851-854.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Furuya K, Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Hizawa N, Ohnuma N, Kojima J, Kodama N, Kawakami Y: Deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene as a genetic risk factor for sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1996, 51: 777-780.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Furuya K, Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Hizawa N, Ohnuma N, Kojima J, Kodama N, Kawakami Y: Deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene as a genetic risk factor for sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1996, 51: 777-780.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Tomita H, Ina Y, Sugiura Y, Sato S, Kawaguchi H, Morishita M, Yamamoto M, Ueda R: Polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 255-259.PubMedCrossRef Tomita H, Ina Y, Sugiura Y, Sato S, Kawaguchi H, Morishita M, Yamamoto M, Ueda R: Polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 156: 255-259.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Schürmann M, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Dieringer T, Wurm K, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, Schwinger E: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms and familial occurrence of sarcoidosis. J Intern Med. 2001, 249: 77-83. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00776.x.PubMedCrossRef Schürmann M, Reichel P, Müller-Myhsok B, Dieringer T, Wurm K, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J, Schwinger E: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms and familial occurrence of sarcoidosis. J Intern Med. 2001, 249: 77-83. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00776.x.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Hosoda Y, Yamaguchi M, Hiraga Y: Global epidemiology of sarcoidosis. What story do prevalence and incidence tell us?. Clin Chest Med. 1997, 18: 681-694.PubMedCrossRef Hosoda Y, Yamaguchi M, Hiraga Y: Global epidemiology of sarcoidosis. What story do prevalence and incidence tell us?. Clin Chest Med. 1997, 18: 681-694.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Rafnsson V, Ingimarsson O, Hjalmarsson I, Gunnarsdottir H: Association between exposure to crystalline silica and risk of sarcoidosis. Occup Environ Med. 1998, 55: 657-660.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rafnsson V, Ingimarsson O, Hjalmarsson I, Gunnarsdottir H: Association between exposure to crystalline silica and risk of sarcoidosis. Occup Environ Med. 1998, 55: 657-660.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Richeldi L, Sorrentino R, Saltini C: HLA-DPB1 glutamate 69: a genetic marker of beryllium disease. Science. 1993, 262: 242-244.PubMedCrossRef Richeldi L, Sorrentino R, Saltini C: HLA-DPB1 glutamate 69: a genetic marker of beryllium disease. Science. 1993, 262: 242-244.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Newman LS: Metals that cause sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect. 1998, 13: 212-220.PubMed Newman LS: Metals that cause sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect. 1998, 13: 212-220.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Rose CS, Martyny JW, Newman LS, Milton DK, King TE, Beebe JL, McCammon JB, Hoffman RE, Kreiss K: 'Lifeguard lung': endemic granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 1795-1800.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rose CS, Martyny JW, Newman LS, Milton DK, King TE, Beebe JL, McCammon JB, Hoffman RE, Kreiss K: 'Lifeguard lung': endemic granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 1795-1800.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Newman LS: Beryllium disease and sarcoidosis: clinical and laboratory links. Sarcoidosis. 1995, 12: 7-19.PubMed Newman LS: Beryllium disease and sarcoidosis: clinical and laboratory links. Sarcoidosis. 1995, 12: 7-19.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Smith MJ, Turton CWG, Mitchell DN, Turner-Warwick M, Morris LM, Lawler SD: Association of HLA B8 with spontaneous resolution in sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1981, 36: 296-298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smith MJ, Turton CWG, Mitchell DN, Turner-Warwick M, Morris LM, Lawler SD: Association of HLA B8 with spontaneous resolution in sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1981, 36: 296-298.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Hedfors E, Lindström F: HLA-B8/DR3 in sarcoidosis. Correlation to acute onset disease with arthritis. Tissue Antigens. 1983, 22: 200-203.PubMedCrossRef Hedfors E, Lindström F: HLA-B8/DR3 in sarcoidosis. Correlation to acute onset disease with arthritis. Tissue Antigens. 1983, 22: 200-203.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Kremer JM: Histologic findings in siblings with acute sarcoid arthritis: association with the B8, DR3 phenotype. J Rheumatol. 1986, 13: 593-597.PubMed Kremer JM: Histologic findings in siblings with acute sarcoid arthritis: association with the B8, DR3 phenotype. J Rheumatol. 1986, 13: 593-597.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Krause A, Goebel KM: Class II MHC antigen (HLA-DR3) predisposes to sarcoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1987, 24: 25-27.PubMed Krause A, Goebel KM: Class II MHC antigen (HLA-DR3) predisposes to sarcoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1987, 24: 25-27.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Seitzer U, Swider C, Stüber F, Suchnicki K, Lange A, Richter E, Zabel P, Müller-Quernheim J, Flad H-D, Gerdes J: Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter gene polymorphism in sarcoidosis. Cytokine. 1997, 9: 787-790. 10.1006/cyto.1997.0224.PubMedCrossRef Seitzer U, Swider C, Stüber F, Suchnicki K, Lange A, Richter E, Zabel P, Müller-Quernheim J, Flad H-D, Gerdes J: Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter gene polymorphism in sarcoidosis. Cytokine. 1997, 9: 787-790. 10.1006/cyto.1997.0224.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Odum N, Milman N, Jacobsen BK, Georgsen J, Svejgaard A: HLA class II (DR, DQ, DP) in patients with sarcoidosis: evidence of an increased frequency of DRw6. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1991, 8: 227-232.PubMed Odum N, Milman N, Jacobsen BK, Georgsen J, Svejgaard A: HLA class II (DR, DQ, DP) in patients with sarcoidosis: evidence of an increased frequency of DRw6. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 1991, 8: 227-232.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Martinetti M, Tinelli C, Kolek V, Cuccia M, Salvaneschi L, Pasturenzi L, Semenzato G, Cipriani A, Bartova A, Luisetti M: 'The sarcoidosis map': a joint survey of clinical and immunogenetic findings in two European countries. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 557-564.PubMedCrossRef Martinetti M, Tinelli C, Kolek V, Cuccia M, Salvaneschi L, Pasturenzi L, Semenzato G, Cipriani A, Bartova A, Luisetti M: 'The sarcoidosis map': a joint survey of clinical and immunogenetic findings in two European countries. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 557-564.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Swider C, Schnittger L, Bogunia-Kubik K, Gerdes J, Flad H-D, Lange A, Seitzer U: TNFA and HLA-DR genotyping as potential prognostic markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Cytokine Network. 1999, 10: 143-146. Swider C, Schnittger L, Bogunia-Kubik K, Gerdes J, Flad H-D, Lange A, Seitzer U: TNFA and HLA-DR genotyping as potential prognostic markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Cytokine Network. 1999, 10: 143-146.
48.
go back to reference Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW: Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promotor on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 3195-3199. 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3195.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW: Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promotor on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 3195-3199. 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3195.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Seitzer U, Gerdes J, Müller-Quernheim J: Evidence of disease phenotype associated haplotypes (DR.TNF) in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2001, 18: 279-283.PubMed Seitzer U, Gerdes J, Müller-Quernheim J: Evidence of disease phenotype associated haplotypes (DR.TNF) in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2001, 18: 279-283.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Takashige N, Naruse TK, Matsumori A, Hara M, Nagai S, Morimoto S, Hiramitsu S, Sasayama S, Inoko H: Genetic polymorphisms at the tumour necrosis factor loci (TNFA and TNFB) in cardiac sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens. 1999, 54: 185-190. 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540210.x.CrossRef Takashige N, Naruse TK, Matsumori A, Hara M, Nagai S, Morimoto S, Hiramitsu S, Sasayama S, Inoko H: Genetic polymorphisms at the tumour necrosis factor loci (TNFA and TNFB) in cardiac sarcoidosis. Tissue Antigens. 1999, 54: 185-190. 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540210.x.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Hizawa N, Kawakami Y: The gene polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-β, but not that of tumor necrosis factor-α, is associated with the prognosis of sarcoidosis. Chest. 2001, 119: 753-761. 10.1378/chest.119.3.753.PubMedCrossRef Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Hizawa N, Kawakami Y: The gene polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-β, but not that of tumor necrosis factor-α, is associated with the prognosis of sarcoidosis. Chest. 2001, 119: 753-761. 10.1378/chest.119.3.753.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Beck S, Geraghty D, Inoko H, Rowen L, corresponding authors of the MHC Sequencing Consortium: Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex. Nature. 1999, 401: 921-923. 10.1038/44853.CrossRef Beck S, Geraghty D, Inoko H, Rowen L, corresponding authors of the MHC Sequencing Consortium: Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex. Nature. 1999, 401: 921-923. 10.1038/44853.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Genotyping in the MHC locus: potential for defining predictive markers in sarcoidosis
Authors
Ulrike Seitzer
Johannes Gerdes
Joachim Müller-Quernheim
Publication date
01-12-2001
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Respiratory Research / Issue 1/2001
Electronic ISSN: 1465-993X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/rr178

Other articles of this Issue 1/2001

Respiratory Research 1/2001 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine