Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 6/2010

01-12-2010 | Review

Key signaling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer: β-catenin

Authors: Angela Incassati, Anupama Chandramouli, Rachel Eelkema, Pamela Cowin

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 6/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

β-Catenin plays important roles in mammary development and tumorigenesis through its functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction and regulation of cell-context-specific gene expression. Studies in mice have highlighted the critical role of β-catenin signaling for stem cell biology at multiple stages of mammary development. Deregulated β-catenin signaling disturbs stem and progenitor cell dynamics and induces mammary tumors in mice. Recent data showing deregulated β-catenin signaling in metaplastic and basal-type tumors suggest a similar link to reactivated developmental pathways and human breast cancer. The present review will discuss β-catenin as a central transducer of numerous signaling pathways and its role in mammary development and breast cancer.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Boussadia O, Kutsch S, Hierholzer A, Delmas V, Kemler R: E-cadherin is a survival factor for the lactating mouse mammary gland. Mech Dev. 2002, 115: 53-62. 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00090-4.PubMedCrossRef Boussadia O, Kutsch S, Hierholzer A, Delmas V, Kemler R: E-cadherin is a survival factor for the lactating mouse mammary gland. Mech Dev. 2002, 115: 53-62. 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00090-4.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Derksen PW, Liu X, Saridin F, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Evers B, van Beijnum JR, Griffioen AW, Vink J, Krimpenfort P, Peterse JL, Cardiff RD, Berns A, Jonkers J: Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10: 437-449. 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.09.013.PubMedCrossRef Derksen PW, Liu X, Saridin F, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Evers B, van Beijnum JR, Griffioen AW, Vink J, Krimpenfort P, Peterse JL, Cardiff RD, Berns A, Jonkers J: Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10: 437-449. 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.09.013.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Nollet F, de Leeuw WJ, van de Vijver M, Cornelisse C, van Roy F: E-cadherin is a tumour/invasion suppressor gene mutated in human lobular breast cancers. EMBO J. 1995, 14: 6107-6115.PubMedPubMedCentral Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Nollet F, de Leeuw WJ, van de Vijver M, Cornelisse C, van Roy F: E-cadherin is a tumour/invasion suppressor gene mutated in human lobular breast cancers. EMBO J. 1995, 14: 6107-6115.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Nagi C, Guttman M, Jaffer S, Qiao R, Keren R, Triana A, Li M, Godbold J, Bleiweiss IJ, Hazan RB: N-cadherin expression in breast cancer: correlation with an aggressive histologic variant - invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94: 225-235. 10.1007/s10549-005-7727-5.PubMedCrossRef Nagi C, Guttman M, Jaffer S, Qiao R, Keren R, Triana A, Li M, Godbold J, Bleiweiss IJ, Hazan RB: N-cadherin expression in breast cancer: correlation with an aggressive histologic variant - invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005, 94: 225-235. 10.1007/s10549-005-7727-5.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Dolled-Filhart M, McCabe A, Giltnane J, Cregger M, Camp RL, Rimm DL: Quantitative in situ analysis of beta-catenin expression in breast cancer shows decreased expression is associated with poor outcome. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 5487-5494. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0100.PubMedCrossRef Dolled-Filhart M, McCabe A, Giltnane J, Cregger M, Camp RL, Rimm DL: Quantitative in situ analysis of beta-catenin expression in breast cancer shows decreased expression is associated with poor outcome. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 5487-5494. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0100.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Foubert E, De Craene B, Berx G: Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. The Snail1-Twist1 conspiracy in malignant breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12: 206-10.1186/bcr2585.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Foubert E, De Craene B, Berx G: Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. The Snail1-Twist1 conspiracy in malignant breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12: 206-10.1186/bcr2585.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Kowalczyk AP, Reynolds AB: Protecting your tail: regulation of cadherin degradation by p120-catenin. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004, 16: 522-527. 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.07.001.PubMedCrossRef Kowalczyk AP, Reynolds AB: Protecting your tail: regulation of cadherin degradation by p120-catenin. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004, 16: 522-527. 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.07.001.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Roura S, Miravet S, Piedra J, Garcia de Herreros A, Dunach M: Regulation of E-cadherin/catenin association by tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 36734-36740. 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36734.PubMedCrossRef Roura S, Miravet S, Piedra J, Garcia de Herreros A, Dunach M: Regulation of E-cadherin/catenin association by tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 36734-36740. 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36734.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Biscardi JS, Ishizawar RC, Silva CM, Parsons SJ: Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2000, 2: 203-210. 10.1186/bcr55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Biscardi JS, Ishizawar RC, Silva CM, Parsons SJ: Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2000, 2: 203-210. 10.1186/bcr55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Shomori K, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Ino Y, Shudo K, Ito H, Hirohashi S: Tyrosinephosphorylation of the 12th armadillo-repeat of beta-catenin is associated with cadherin dysfunction in human cancer. Int J Oncol. 2009, 35: 517-524.PubMed Shomori K, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Ino Y, Shudo K, Ito H, Hirohashi S: Tyrosinephosphorylation of the 12th armadillo-repeat of beta-catenin is associated with cadherin dysfunction in human cancer. Int J Oncol. 2009, 35: 517-524.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Srinivasan D, Plattner R: Activation of Abl tyrosine kinases promotes invasion of aggressive breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 5648-5655. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0734.PubMedCrossRef Srinivasan D, Plattner R: Activation of Abl tyrosine kinases promotes invasion of aggressive breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 5648-5655. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0734.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Rhee J, Buchan T, Zukerberg L, Lilien J, Balsamo J: Cables links Robo-bound Abl kinase to N-cadherin-bound beta-catenin to mediate Slit-induced modulation of adhesion and transcription. Nat Cell Biol. 2007, 9: 883-892. 10.1038/ncb1614.PubMedCrossRef Rhee J, Buchan T, Zukerberg L, Lilien J, Balsamo J: Cables links Robo-bound Abl kinase to N-cadherin-bound beta-catenin to mediate Slit-induced modulation of adhesion and transcription. Nat Cell Biol. 2007, 9: 883-892. 10.1038/ncb1614.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Ponzo MG, Lesurf R, Petkiewicz S, O'Malley FP, Pinnaduwage D, Andrulis IL, Bull SB, Chughtai N, Zuo D, Souleimanova M, Germain D, Omeroglu A, Cardiff RD, Hallett M, Park M: Met induces mammary tumors with diverse histologies and is associated with poor outcome and human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 12903-12908. 10.1073/pnas.0810402106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ponzo MG, Lesurf R, Petkiewicz S, O'Malley FP, Pinnaduwage D, Andrulis IL, Bull SB, Chughtai N, Zuo D, Souleimanova M, Germain D, Omeroglu A, Cardiff RD, Hallett M, Park M: Met induces mammary tumors with diverse histologies and is associated with poor outcome and human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 12903-12908. 10.1073/pnas.0810402106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Graveel CR, DeGroot JD, Su Y, Koeman J, Dykema K, Leung S, Snider J, Davies SR, Swiatek PJ, Cottingham S, Watson MA, Ellis MJ, Sigler RE, Furge KA, Vande Woude GF: Met induces diverse mammary carcinomas in mice and is associated with human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 12909-12914. 10.1073/pnas.0810403106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Graveel CR, DeGroot JD, Su Y, Koeman J, Dykema K, Leung S, Snider J, Davies SR, Swiatek PJ, Cottingham S, Watson MA, Ellis MJ, Sigler RE, Furge KA, Vande Woude GF: Met induces diverse mammary carcinomas in mice and is associated with human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 12909-12914. 10.1073/pnas.0810403106.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Schroeder JA, Adriance MC, McConnell EJ, Thompson MC, Pockaj B, Gendler SJ: ErbB-beta-catenin complexes are associated with human infiltrating ductal breast and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 and MMTV-c-Neu transgenic carcinomas. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 22692-22698. 10.1074/jbc.M201975200.PubMedCrossRef Schroeder JA, Adriance MC, McConnell EJ, Thompson MC, Pockaj B, Gendler SJ: ErbB-beta-catenin complexes are associated with human infiltrating ductal breast and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 and MMTV-c-Neu transgenic carcinomas. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 22692-22698. 10.1074/jbc.M201975200.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Zhou BP, Hung MC: Dysregulation of cellular signaling by HER2/neu in breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2003, 30 (5 Suppl 16): 38-48. 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.006.PubMedCrossRef Zhou BP, Hung MC: Dysregulation of cellular signaling by HER2/neu in breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2003, 30 (5 Suppl 16): 38-48. 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.006.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Maher MT, Mo R, Flozak AS, Peled ON, Gottardi CJ: Beta-catenin phosphorylated at serine 45 is spatially uncoupled from beta-catenin phosphorylated in the GSK3 domain: implications for signaling. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e10184-10.1371/journal.pone.0010184.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maher MT, Mo R, Flozak AS, Peled ON, Gottardi CJ: Beta-catenin phosphorylated at serine 45 is spatially uncoupled from beta-catenin phosphorylated in the GSK3 domain: implications for signaling. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e10184-10.1371/journal.pone.0010184.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Yamamoto M, Bharti A, Kufe D: Interaction of the DF3/MUC1 breast carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin in cell adhesion. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 12492-12494. 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12492.PubMedCrossRef Yamamoto M, Bharti A, Kufe D: Interaction of the DF3/MUC1 breast carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin in cell adhesion. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 12492-12494. 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12492.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kondo K, Kohno N, Yokoyama A, Hiwada K: Decreased MUC1 expression induces E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion of breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1998, 58: 2014-2019.PubMed Kondo K, Kohno N, Yokoyama A, Hiwada K: Decreased MUC1 expression induces E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion of breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1998, 58: 2014-2019.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Schroeder JA, Masri AA, Adriance MC, Tessier JC, Kotlarczyk KL, Thompson MC, Gendler SJ: MUC1 overexpression results in mammary gland tumorigenesis and prolonged alveolar differentiation. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 5739-5747. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207713.PubMedCrossRef Schroeder JA, Masri AA, Adriance MC, Tessier JC, Kotlarczyk KL, Thompson MC, Gendler SJ: MUC1 overexpression results in mammary gland tumorigenesis and prolonged alveolar differentiation. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 5739-5747. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207713.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference van Amerongen R, Nusse R: Towards an integrated view of Wnt signaling in development. Development. 2009, 136: 3205-3214. 10.1242/dev.033910.PubMedCrossRef van Amerongen R, Nusse R: Towards an integrated view of Wnt signaling in development. Development. 2009, 136: 3205-3214. 10.1242/dev.033910.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference McNeill H, Woodgett JR: When pathways collide: collaboration and connivance among signalling proteins in development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010, 11: 404-413. 10.1038/nrm2902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McNeill H, Woodgett JR: When pathways collide: collaboration and connivance among signalling proteins in development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010, 11: 404-413. 10.1038/nrm2902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Zeng YA, Nusse R: Wnt proteins are self-renewal factors for mammary stem cells and promote their long-term expansion in culture. Cell Stem Cell. 2010, 6: 568-577. 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zeng YA, Nusse R: Wnt proteins are self-renewal factors for mammary stem cells and promote their long-term expansion in culture. Cell Stem Cell. 2010, 6: 568-577. 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.020.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ryo A, Nakamura M, Wulf G, Liou YC, Lu KP: Pin1 regulates turnover and subcellular localization of beta-catenin by inhibiting its interaction with APC. Nat Cell Biol. 2001, 3: 793-801. 10.1038/ncb0901-793.PubMedCrossRef Ryo A, Nakamura M, Wulf G, Liou YC, Lu KP: Pin1 regulates turnover and subcellular localization of beta-catenin by inhibiting its interaction with APC. Nat Cell Biol. 2001, 3: 793-801. 10.1038/ncb0901-793.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Persad S, Troussard AA, McPhee TR, Mulholland DJ, Dedhar S: Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and T cell/lymphoid enhancer factor 1-mediated transcriptional activation. J Cell Biol. 2001, 153: 1161-1174. 10.1083/jcb.153.6.1161.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Persad S, Troussard AA, McPhee TR, Mulholland DJ, Dedhar S: Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and T cell/lymphoid enhancer factor 1-mediated transcriptional activation. J Cell Biol. 2001, 153: 1161-1174. 10.1083/jcb.153.6.1161.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Korkaya H, Paulson A, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Brown M, Dutcher J, Clouthier SG, Wicha MS: Regulation of mammary stem/progenitor cells by PTEN/Akt/beta-catenin signaling. PLoS Biol. 2009, 7: e1000121-10.1371/journal.pbio.1000121.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Korkaya H, Paulson A, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Brown M, Dutcher J, Clouthier SG, Wicha MS: Regulation of mammary stem/progenitor cells by PTEN/Akt/beta-catenin signaling. PLoS Biol. 2009, 7: e1000121-10.1371/journal.pbio.1000121.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Sadot E, Geiger B, Oren M, Ben-Ze'ev A: Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Mol Cell Biol. 2001, 21: 6768-6781. 10.1128/MCB.21.20.6768-6781.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sadot E, Geiger B, Oren M, Ben-Ze'ev A: Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Mol Cell Biol. 2001, 21: 6768-6781. 10.1128/MCB.21.20.6768-6781.2001.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC: Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell. 2001, 7: 915-926. 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00242-8.PubMedCrossRef Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC: Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell. 2001, 7: 915-926. 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00242-8.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N: Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell. 2001, 7: 927-936. 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00241-6.PubMedCrossRef Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N: Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell. 2001, 7: 927-936. 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00241-6.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Patturajan M, Nomoto S, Sommer M, Fomenkov A, Hibi K, Zangen R, Poliak N, Califano J, Trink B, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D: DeltaNp63 induces beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and signaling. Cancer Cell. 2002, 1: 369-379. 10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00057-0.PubMedCrossRef Patturajan M, Nomoto S, Sommer M, Fomenkov A, Hibi K, Zangen R, Poliak N, Califano J, Trink B, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D: DeltaNp63 induces beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and signaling. Cancer Cell. 2002, 1: 369-379. 10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00057-0.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Lamberti C, Lin KM, Yamamoto Y, Verma U, Verma IM, Byers S, Gaynor RB: Regulation of beta-catenin function by the IκB kinases. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 42276-42286. 10.1074/jbc.M104227200.PubMedCrossRef Lamberti C, Lin KM, Yamamoto Y, Verma U, Verma IM, Byers S, Gaynor RB: Regulation of beta-catenin function by the IκB kinases. J Biol Chem. 2001, 276: 42276-42286. 10.1074/jbc.M104227200.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Stingl J, Eirew P, Ricketson I, Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Choi D, Li HI, Eaves CJ: Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells. Nature. 2006, 439: 993-997.PubMed Stingl J, Eirew P, Ricketson I, Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Choi D, Li HI, Eaves CJ: Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells. Nature. 2006, 439: 993-997.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML, Wu L, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE: Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature. 2006, 439: 84-88. 10.1038/nature04372.PubMedCrossRef Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML, Wu L, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE: Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature. 2006, 439: 84-88. 10.1038/nature04372.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Badders NM, Goel S, Clark RJ, Klos KS, Kim S, Bafico A, Lindvall C, Williams BO, Alexander CM: The Wnt receptor, Lrp5, is expressed by mouse mammary stem cells and is required to maintain the basal lineage. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e6594-10.1371/journal.pone.0006594.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Badders NM, Goel S, Clark RJ, Klos KS, Kim S, Bafico A, Lindvall C, Williams BO, Alexander CM: The Wnt receptor, Lrp5, is expressed by mouse mammary stem cells and is required to maintain the basal lineage. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e6594-10.1371/journal.pone.0006594.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Cowin P, Wysolmerski J: Molecular mechanisms guiding embryonic mammary gland development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010, 2: a003251-10.1101/cshperspect.a003251.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cowin P, Wysolmerski J: Molecular mechanisms guiding embryonic mammary gland development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010, 2: a003251-10.1101/cshperspect.a003251.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Chu EY, Hens J, Andl T, Kairo A, Yamaguchi TP, Brisken C, Glick A, Wysolmerski JJ, Millar SE: Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development. 2004, 131: 4819-4829. 10.1242/dev.01347.PubMedCrossRef Chu EY, Hens J, Andl T, Kairo A, Yamaguchi TP, Brisken C, Glick A, Wysolmerski JJ, Millar SE: Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. Development. 2004, 131: 4819-4829. 10.1242/dev.01347.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference van Genderen C, Okamura RM, Farinas I, Quo R-G, Parslow TG, Bruhn L, Grosschedl R: Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in Lef-1 deficient mice. Genes and Development. 1994, 8: 2691-2704. 10.1101/gad.8.22.2691.PubMedCrossRef van Genderen C, Okamura RM, Farinas I, Quo R-G, Parslow TG, Bruhn L, Grosschedl R: Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in Lef-1 deficient mice. Genes and Development. 1994, 8: 2691-2704. 10.1101/gad.8.22.2691.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Gu B, Sun P, Yuan Y, Moraes RC, Li A, Teng A, Agrawal A, Rheaume C, Bilanchone V, Veltmaat JM, Takemaru K, Millar S, Lee EY, Lewis MT, Li B, Dai X: Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. J Cell Biol. 2009, 185: 811-826. 10.1083/jcb.200810133.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gu B, Sun P, Yuan Y, Moraes RC, Li A, Teng A, Agrawal A, Rheaume C, Bilanchone V, Veltmaat JM, Takemaru K, Millar S, Lee EY, Lewis MT, Li B, Dai X: Pygo2 expands mammary progenitor cells by facilitating histone H3 K4 methylation. J Cell Biol. 2009, 185: 811-826. 10.1083/jcb.200810133.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Lindvall C, Evans NC, Zylstra CR, Li Y, Alexander CM, Williams BO: The Wnt signaling receptor Lrp5 is required for mammary ductal stem cell activity and Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 35081-35087. 10.1074/jbc.M607571200.PubMedCrossRef Lindvall C, Evans NC, Zylstra CR, Li Y, Alexander CM, Williams BO: The Wnt signaling receptor Lrp5 is required for mammary ductal stem cell activity and Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281: 35081-35087. 10.1074/jbc.M607571200.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Lindvall C, Zylstra CR, Evans N, West RA, Dykema K, Furge KA, Williams BO: The Wnt co-receptor Lrp6 is required for normal mouse mammary gland development. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e5813-10.1371/journal.pone.0005813.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lindvall C, Zylstra CR, Evans N, West RA, Dykema K, Furge KA, Williams BO: The Wnt co-receptor Lrp6 is required for normal mouse mammary gland development. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e5813-10.1371/journal.pone.0005813.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Cho KW, Kim JY, Song SJ, Farrell E, Eblaghie MC, Kim HJ, Tickle C, Jung HS: Molecular interactions between Tbx3 and Bmp4 and a model for dorsoventral positioning of mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006, 103: 16788-16793. 10.1073/pnas.0604645103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cho KW, Kim JY, Song SJ, Farrell E, Eblaghie MC, Kim HJ, Tickle C, Jung HS: Molecular interactions between Tbx3 and Bmp4 and a model for dorsoventral positioning of mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006, 103: 16788-16793. 10.1073/pnas.0604645103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Veltmaat JM, Relaix F, Le LT, Kratochwil K, Sala FG, van Veelen W, Rice R, Spencer-Dene B, Mailleux AA, Rice DP, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Gli3-mediated somitic Fgf10 expression gradients are required for the induction and patterning of mammary epithelium along the embryonic axes. Development. 2006, 133: 2325-2335. 10.1242/dev.02394.PubMedCrossRef Veltmaat JM, Relaix F, Le LT, Kratochwil K, Sala FG, van Veelen W, Rice R, Spencer-Dene B, Mailleux AA, Rice DP, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Gli3-mediated somitic Fgf10 expression gradients are required for the induction and patterning of mammary epithelium along the embryonic axes. Development. 2006, 133: 2325-2335. 10.1242/dev.02394.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Mailleux AA, Spencer-Dene B, Dillon C, Ndiaye D, Savona-Baron C, Itoh N, Kato S, Dickson C, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development. 2002, 129: 53-60.PubMed Mailleux AA, Spencer-Dene B, Dillon C, Ndiaye D, Savona-Baron C, Itoh N, Kato S, Dickson C, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Role of FGF10/FGFR2b signaling during mammary gland development in the mouse embryo. Development. 2002, 129: 53-60.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Jerome-Majewska LA, Jenkins GP, Ernstoff E, Zindy F, Sherr CJ, Papaioannou VE: Tbx3, the ulnar-mammary syndrome gene, and Tbx2 interact in mammary gland development through a p19Arf/p53-independent pathway. Dev Dyn. 2005, 234: 922-933. 10.1002/dvdy.20575.PubMedCrossRef Jerome-Majewska LA, Jenkins GP, Ernstoff E, Zindy F, Sherr CJ, Papaioannou VE: Tbx3, the ulnar-mammary syndrome gene, and Tbx2 interact in mammary gland development through a p19Arf/p53-independent pathway. Dev Dyn. 2005, 234: 922-933. 10.1002/dvdy.20575.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Davenport TG, Jerome-Majewska LA, Papaioannou VE: Mammary gland, limb and yolk sac defects in mice lacking Tbx3, the gene mutated in human ulnar mammary syndrome. Development. 2003, 130: 2263-2273. 10.1242/dev.00431.PubMedCrossRef Davenport TG, Jerome-Majewska LA, Papaioannou VE: Mammary gland, limb and yolk sac defects in mice lacking Tbx3, the gene mutated in human ulnar mammary syndrome. Development. 2003, 130: 2263-2273. 10.1242/dev.00431.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Howard B, Panchal H, McCarthy A, Ashworth A: Identification of the scaramanga gene implicates Neuregulin3 in mammary gland specification. Genes Dev. 2005, 19: 2078-2090. 10.1101/gad.338505.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Howard B, Panchal H, McCarthy A, Ashworth A: Identification of the scaramanga gene implicates Neuregulin3 in mammary gland specification. Genes Dev. 2005, 19: 2078-2090. 10.1101/gad.338505.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Eblaghie MC, Song SJ, Kim JY, Akita K, Tickle C, Jung HS: Interactions between FGF and Wnt signals and Tbx3 gene expression in mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. J Anat. 2004, 205: 1-13. 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00309.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eblaghie MC, Song SJ, Kim JY, Akita K, Tickle C, Jung HS: Interactions between FGF and Wnt signals and Tbx3 gene expression in mammary gland initiation in mouse embryos. J Anat. 2004, 205: 1-13. 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00309.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Veltmaat JM, Van Veelen W, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Identification of the mammary line in mouse by Wnt10b expression. Dev Dyn. 2004, 229: 349-356. 10.1002/dvdy.10441.PubMedCrossRef Veltmaat JM, Van Veelen W, Thiery JP, Bellusci S: Identification of the mammary line in mouse by Wnt10b expression. Dev Dyn. 2004, 229: 349-356. 10.1002/dvdy.10441.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Pummila M, Fliniaux I, Jaatinen R, James MJ, Laurikkala J, Schneider P, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML: Ectodysplasin has a dual role in ectodermal organogenesis: inhibition of Bmp activity and induction of Shh expression. Development. 2007, 134: 117-125. 10.1242/dev.02708.PubMedCrossRef Pummila M, Fliniaux I, Jaatinen R, James MJ, Laurikkala J, Schneider P, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML: Ectodysplasin has a dual role in ectodermal organogenesis: inhibition of Bmp activity and induction of Shh expression. Development. 2007, 134: 117-125. 10.1242/dev.02708.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Boras-Granic K, Chang H, Grosschedl R, Hamel PA: Lef1 is required for the transition of Wnt signaling from mesenchymal to epithelial cells in the mouse embryonic mammary gland. Dev Biol. 2006, 295: 219-231. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.030.PubMedCrossRef Boras-Granic K, Chang H, Grosschedl R, Hamel PA: Lef1 is required for the transition of Wnt signaling from mesenchymal to epithelial cells in the mouse embryonic mammary gland. Dev Biol. 2006, 295: 219-231. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.030.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Abdalkhani A, Sellers R, Gent J, Wulitich H, Childress S, Stein B, Boissy RE, Wysolmerski JJ, Foley J: Nipple connective tissue and its development: insights from the K14-PTHrP mouse. Mech Dev. 2002, 115: 63-77. 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00092-8.PubMedCrossRef Abdalkhani A, Sellers R, Gent J, Wulitich H, Childress S, Stein B, Boissy RE, Wysolmerski JJ, Foley J: Nipple connective tissue and its development: insights from the K14-PTHrP mouse. Mech Dev. 2002, 115: 63-77. 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00092-8.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Dunbar ME, Dann PR, Robinson GW, Hennighausen L, Zhang JP, Wysolmerski JJ: Parathyroid hormone-related protein signaling is necessary for sexual dimorphism during embryonic mammary development. Development. 1999, 126: 3485-3493.PubMed Dunbar ME, Dann PR, Robinson GW, Hennighausen L, Zhang JP, Wysolmerski JJ: Parathyroid hormone-related protein signaling is necessary for sexual dimorphism during embryonic mammary development. Development. 1999, 126: 3485-3493.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Foley J, Dann P, Hong J, Cosgrove J, Dreyer B, Rimm D, Dunbar M, Philbrick W, Wysolmerski J: Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development. 2001, 128: 513-525.PubMed Foley J, Dann P, Hong J, Cosgrove J, Dreyer B, Rimm D, Dunbar M, Philbrick W, Wysolmerski J: Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development. 2001, 128: 513-525.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Hens JR, Dann P, Zhang JP, Harris S, Robinson GW, Wysolmerski J: BMP4 and PTHrP interact to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction. Development. 2007, 134: 1221-1230. 10.1242/dev.000182.PubMedCrossRef Hens JR, Dann P, Zhang JP, Harris S, Robinson GW, Wysolmerski J: BMP4 and PTHrP interact to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction. Development. 2007, 134: 1221-1230. 10.1242/dev.000182.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM: Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development. 1995, 121: 3539-3547.PubMed Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM: Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development. 1995, 121: 3539-3547.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Wysolmerski JJ, Philbrick WM, Dunbar ME, Lanske B, Kronenberg H, Broadus AE: Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development. 1998, 125: 1285-1294.PubMed Wysolmerski JJ, Philbrick WM, Dunbar ME, Lanske B, Kronenberg H, Broadus AE: Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development. 1998, 125: 1285-1294.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Hens J, Dann P, Hiremath M, Pan TC, Chodosh L, Wysolmerski J: Analysis of gene expression in PTHrP-/- mammary buds supports a role for BMP signaling and MMP2 in the initiation of ductal morphogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2009, 238: 2713-2724. 10.1002/dvdy.22097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hens J, Dann P, Hiremath M, Pan TC, Chodosh L, Wysolmerski J: Analysis of gene expression in PTHrP-/- mammary buds supports a role for BMP signaling and MMP2 in the initiation of ductal morphogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2009, 238: 2713-2724. 10.1002/dvdy.22097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Bradbury JM, Edwards PA, Niemeyer CC, Dale TC: Wnt-4 expression induces a pregnancy-like growth pattern in reconstituted mammary glands in virgin mice. Dev Biol. 1995, 170: 553-563. 10.1006/dbio.1995.1236.PubMedCrossRef Bradbury JM, Edwards PA, Niemeyer CC, Dale TC: Wnt-4 expression induces a pregnancy-like growth pattern in reconstituted mammary glands in virgin mice. Dev Biol. 1995, 170: 553-563. 10.1006/dbio.1995.1236.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Weber-Hall SJ, Phippard DJ, Niemeyer CC, Dale TC: Developmental and hormonal regulation of Wnt gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. Differentiation. 1994, 57: 205-214. 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5730205.x.PubMedCrossRef Weber-Hall SJ, Phippard DJ, Niemeyer CC, Dale TC: Developmental and hormonal regulation of Wnt gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. Differentiation. 1994, 57: 205-214. 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5730205.x.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Buhler TA, Dale TC, Kieback C, Humphreys RC, Rosen JM: Localization and quantification of Wnt-2 gene expression in mouse mammary development. Dev Biol. 1993, 155: 87-96. 10.1006/dbio.1993.1009.PubMedCrossRef Buhler TA, Dale TC, Kieback C, Humphreys RC, Rosen JM: Localization and quantification of Wnt-2 gene expression in mouse mammary development. Dev Biol. 1993, 155: 87-96. 10.1006/dbio.1993.1009.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Lane TF, Leder P: Wnt10B directs hypermorphic development and transformation in mammary glands of male and female mice. Oncogene. 1997, 15: 2133-2144. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201593.PubMedCrossRef Lane TF, Leder P: Wnt10B directs hypermorphic development and transformation in mammary glands of male and female mice. Oncogene. 1997, 15: 2133-2144. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201593.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Schlag PM, Birchmeier W, Behrens J: Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 22: 1184-1193. 10.1128/MCB.22.4.1184-1193.2002.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Schlag PM, Birchmeier W, Behrens J: Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 22: 1184-1193. 10.1128/MCB.22.4.1184-1193.2002.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Kouros-Mehr H, Werb Z: Candidate regulators of mammary branching morphogenesis identified by genome-wide transcript analysis. Dev Dyn. 2006, 235: 3404-3412. 10.1002/dvdy.20978.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kouros-Mehr H, Werb Z: Candidate regulators of mammary branching morphogenesis identified by genome-wide transcript analysis. Dev Dyn. 2006, 235: 3404-3412. 10.1002/dvdy.20978.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Roarty K, Serra R: Wnt5a is required for proper mammary gland development and TGF-β-mediated inhibition of ductal growth. Development. 2007, 134: 3929-3939. 10.1242/dev.008250.PubMedCrossRef Roarty K, Serra R: Wnt5a is required for proper mammary gland development and TGF-β-mediated inhibition of ductal growth. Development. 2007, 134: 3929-3939. 10.1242/dev.008250.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Ismail PM, Li J, DeMayo FJ, O'Malley BW, Lydon JP: A novel LacZ reporter mouse reveals complex regulation of the progesterone receptor promoter during mammary gland development. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2475-2489. 10.1210/me.2002-0169.PubMedCrossRef Ismail PM, Li J, DeMayo FJ, O'Malley BW, Lydon JP: A novel LacZ reporter mouse reveals complex regulation of the progesterone receptor promoter during mammary gland development. Mol Endocrinol. 2002, 16: 2475-2489. 10.1210/me.2002-0169.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Hiremath M, Lydon JP, Cowin P: The pattern of beta-catenin responsiveness within the mammary gland is regulated by progesterone receptor. Development. 2007, 134: 3703-3712. 10.1242/dev.006585.PubMedCrossRef Hiremath M, Lydon JP, Cowin P: The pattern of beta-catenin responsiveness within the mammary gland is regulated by progesterone receptor. Development. 2007, 134: 3703-3712. 10.1242/dev.006585.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Teissedre B, Pinderhughes A, Incassati A, Hatsell SJ, Hiremath M, Cowin P: MMTV-Wnt1 and -ΔN89β-catenin induce canonical signaling in distinct progenitors and differentially activate Hedgehog signaling within mammary tumors. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4537-10.1371/journal.pone.0004537.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Teissedre B, Pinderhughes A, Incassati A, Hatsell SJ, Hiremath M, Cowin P: MMTV-Wnt1 and -ΔN89β-catenin induce canonical signaling in distinct progenitors and differentially activate Hedgehog signaling within mammary tumors. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4537-10.1371/journal.pone.0004537.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Brisken C, Park S, Vass T, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Weinberg RA: A paracrine role for the epithelial progesterone receptor in mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 5076-5081. 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5076.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brisken C, Park S, Vass T, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Weinberg RA: A paracrine role for the epithelial progesterone receptor in mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 5076-5081. 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5076.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Brisken C, Heineman A, Chavarra T, Elenbaas B, Tan J, Dey SK, McMahon AP, Weinberg R: Essential function of Wnt-4 in mammary gland development downstream of progesterone signaling. Genes Dev. 2000, 14: 650-654.PubMedPubMedCentral Brisken C, Heineman A, Chavarra T, Elenbaas B, Tan J, Dey SK, McMahon AP, Weinberg R: Essential function of Wnt-4 in mammary gland development downstream of progesterone signaling. Genes Dev. 2000, 14: 650-654.PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
go back to reference Schramek D, Leibbrandt A, Sigl V, Kenner L, Pospisilik JA, Lee HJ, Hanada R, Joshi P, Aliprantis A, Glimcher L, Pasparakis M, Khokha R, Ormandy CJ, Widschwendter M, Schett G, Penninger JM: Osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL controls development of progestin-driven mammary cancer. Nature. 2010, Schramek D, Leibbrandt A, Sigl V, Kenner L, Pospisilik JA, Lee HJ, Hanada R, Joshi P, Aliprantis A, Glimcher L, Pasparakis M, Khokha R, Ormandy CJ, Widschwendter M, Schett G, Penninger JM: Osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL controls development of progestin-driven mammary cancer. Nature. 2010,
71.
go back to reference Joshi PA, Jackson HW, Beristain AG, Di Grappa MA, Mote PA, Clarke CL, Stingl J, Waterhouse PD, Khokha R: Progesterone induces adult mammary stem cell expansion. Nature. 2010, 465: 803-807. 10.1038/nature09091.PubMedCrossRef Joshi PA, Jackson HW, Beristain AG, Di Grappa MA, Mote PA, Clarke CL, Stingl J, Waterhouse PD, Khokha R: Progesterone induces adult mammary stem cell expansion. Nature. 2010, 465: 803-807. 10.1038/nature09091.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Kim YC, Clark RJ, Pelegri F, Alexander CM: Wnt4 is not sufficient to induce lobuloalveolar mammary development. BMC Dev Biol. 2009, 9: 55-10.1186/1471-213X-9-55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim YC, Clark RJ, Pelegri F, Alexander CM: Wnt4 is not sufficient to induce lobuloalveolar mammary development. BMC Dev Biol. 2009, 9: 55-10.1186/1471-213X-9-55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Chadi S, Buscara L, Pechoux C, Costa J, Laubier J, Chaboissier MC, Pailhoux E, Vilotte JL, Chanat E, Le Provost F: R-spondin1 is required for normal epithelial morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009, 390: 1040-1043. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.104.PubMedCrossRef Chadi S, Buscara L, Pechoux C, Costa J, Laubier J, Chaboissier MC, Pailhoux E, Vilotte JL, Chanat E, Le Provost F: R-spondin1 is required for normal epithelial morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009, 390: 1040-1043. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.104.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Teuliere J, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A, Thiery JP, Glukhova MA: Targeted activation of beta-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia. Development. 2005, 132: 267-277. 10.1242/dev.01583.PubMedCrossRef Teuliere J, Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A, Thiery JP, Glukhova MA: Targeted activation of beta-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia. Development. 2005, 132: 267-277. 10.1242/dev.01583.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P: ΔN89β-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol. 2001, 153: 555-568. 10.1083/jcb.153.3.555.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P: ΔN89β-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol. 2001, 153: 555-568. 10.1083/jcb.153.3.555.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Hsu W, Shakya R, Costantini F: Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol. 2001, 155: 1055-1064. 10.1083/jcb.200107066.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hsu W, Shakya R, Costantini F: Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol. 2001, 155: 1055-1064. 10.1083/jcb.200107066.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Tepera SB, McCrea PD, Rosen JM: A beta-catenin survival signal is required for normal lobular development in the mammary gland. J Cell Sci. 2003, 116 (Pt 6): 1137-1149. 10.1242/jcs.00334.PubMedCrossRef Tepera SB, McCrea PD, Rosen JM: A beta-catenin survival signal is required for normal lobular development in the mammary gland. J Cell Sci. 2003, 116 (Pt 6): 1137-1149. 10.1242/jcs.00334.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J, Sasaki T, Irie-Sasaki J, Moorehead RA, Elliott R, Scully S, Voura EB, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Khokha R, Penninger JM: The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell. 2000, 103: 41-50. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00103-3.PubMedCrossRef Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J, Sasaki T, Irie-Sasaki J, Moorehead RA, Elliott R, Scully S, Voura EB, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Khokha R, Penninger JM: The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell. 2000, 103: 41-50. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00103-3.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Beleut M, Rajaram RD, Caikovski M, Ayyanan A, Germano D, Choi Y, Schneider P, Brisken C: Two distinct mechanisms underlie progesterone-induced proliferation in the mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 2989-2994. 10.1073/pnas.0915148107.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Beleut M, Rajaram RD, Caikovski M, Ayyanan A, Germano D, Choi Y, Schneider P, Brisken C: Two distinct mechanisms underlie progesterone-induced proliferation in the mammary gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 2989-2994. 10.1073/pnas.0915148107.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Liou YC, Ryo A, Huang HK, Lu PJ, Bronson R, Fujimori F, Uchida T, Hunter T, Lu KP: Loss of Pin1 function in the mouse causes phenotypes resembling cyclin D1-null phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 1335-1340. 10.1073/pnas.032404099.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liou YC, Ryo A, Huang HK, Lu PJ, Bronson R, Fujimori F, Uchida T, Hunter T, Lu KP: Loss of Pin1 function in the mouse causes phenotypes resembling cyclin D1-null phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 1335-1340. 10.1073/pnas.032404099.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Yu Q, Geng Y, Sicinski P: Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature. 2001, 411: 1017-1021. 10.1038/35082500.PubMedCrossRef Yu Q, Geng Y, Sicinski P: Specific protection against breast cancers by cyclin D1 ablation. Nature. 2001, 411: 1017-1021. 10.1038/35082500.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Rowlands TM, Pechenkina IV, Hatsell SJ, Pestell RG, Cowin P: Dissecting the roles of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 during mammary development and neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 11400-11405. 10.1073/pnas.1534601100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rowlands TM, Pechenkina IV, Hatsell SJ, Pestell RG, Cowin P: Dissecting the roles of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 during mammary development and neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 11400-11405. 10.1073/pnas.1534601100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Nusse R, Varmus HE: Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982, 31: 99-109. 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90409-3.PubMedCrossRef Nusse R, Varmus HE: Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982, 31: 99-109. 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90409-3.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Tsukamoto A, Grosschedl R, Guzman R, Parslow T, Varmus H: Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell. 1988, 55: 619-625. 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90220-6.PubMedCrossRef Tsukamoto A, Grosschedl R, Guzman R, Parslow T, Varmus H: Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell. 1988, 55: 619-625. 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90220-6.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Li Y, Welm B, Podsypanina K, Huang S, Chamorro M, Zhang X, Rowlands T, Egeblad M, Cowin P, Werb Z, Tan LK, Rosen JM, Varmus HE: Evidence that transgenes encoding components of the Wnt signaling pathway preferentially induce mammary cancers from progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 15853-15858. 10.1073/pnas.2136825100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li Y, Welm B, Podsypanina K, Huang S, Chamorro M, Zhang X, Rowlands T, Egeblad M, Cowin P, Werb Z, Tan LK, Rosen JM, Varmus HE: Evidence that transgenes encoding components of the Wnt signaling pathway preferentially induce mammary cancers from progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 15853-15858. 10.1073/pnas.2136825100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Liu BY, Kim YC, Leatherberry V, Cowin P, Alexander CM: Mammary gland development requires syndecan-1 to create a beta-catenin/TCF-responsive mammary epithelial subpopulation. Oncogene. 2003, 22: 9243-9253. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207217.PubMedCrossRef Liu BY, Kim YC, Leatherberry V, Cowin P, Alexander CM: Mammary gland development requires syndecan-1 to create a beta-catenin/TCF-responsive mammary epithelial subpopulation. Oncogene. 2003, 22: 9243-9253. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207217.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Liu BY, McDermott SP, Khwaja SS, Alexander CM: The transforming activity of Wnt effectors correlates with their ability to induce the accumulation of mammary progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 4158-4163. 10.1073/pnas.0400699101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu BY, McDermott SP, Khwaja SS, Alexander CM: The transforming activity of Wnt effectors correlates with their ability to induce the accumulation of mammary progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 4158-4163. 10.1073/pnas.0400699101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Zhang J, Li Y, Liu Q, Lu W, Bu G: Wnt signaling activation and mammary gland hyperplasia in MMTV-LRP6 transgenic mice: implication for breast cancer tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2010, 29: 539-549. 10.1038/onc.2009.339.PubMedCrossRef Zhang J, Li Y, Liu Q, Lu W, Bu G: Wnt signaling activation and mammary gland hyperplasia in MMTV-LRP6 transgenic mice: implication for breast cancer tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2010, 29: 539-549. 10.1038/onc.2009.339.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Gunther EJ, Moody SE, Belka GK, Hahn KT, Innocent N, Dugan KD, Cardiff RD, Chodosh LA: Impact of p53 loss on reversal and recurrence of conditional Wnt-induced tumorigenesis. Genes Dev. 2003, 17: 488-501. 10.1101/gad.1051603.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gunther EJ, Moody SE, Belka GK, Hahn KT, Innocent N, Dugan KD, Cardiff RD, Chodosh LA: Impact of p53 loss on reversal and recurrence of conditional Wnt-induced tumorigenesis. Genes Dev. 2003, 17: 488-501. 10.1101/gad.1051603.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Michaelson JS, Leder P: β-catenin is a downstream effector of Wnt-mediated tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. Oncogene. 2001, 20: 5093-5099. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204586.PubMedCrossRef Michaelson JS, Leder P: β-catenin is a downstream effector of Wnt-mediated tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. Oncogene. 2001, 20: 5093-5099. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204586.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Rowlands TM, Pechenkina IV, Hatsell S, Cowin P: Beta-catenin and cyclin D1: connecting development to breast cancer. Cell Cycle. 2004, 3: 145-148.PubMedCrossRef Rowlands TM, Pechenkina IV, Hatsell S, Cowin P: Beta-catenin and cyclin D1: connecting development to breast cancer. Cell Cycle. 2004, 3: 145-148.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Woodward WA, Chen MS, Behbod F, Alfaro MP, Buchholz TA, Rosen JM: WNT/beta-catenin mediates radiation resistance of mouse mammary progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 618-623. 10.1073/pnas.0606599104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Woodward WA, Chen MS, Behbod F, Alfaro MP, Buchholz TA, Rosen JM: WNT/beta-catenin mediates radiation resistance of mouse mammary progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 618-623. 10.1073/pnas.0606599104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Miyoshi K, Shillingford JM, Le Provost F, Gounari F, Bronson R, von Boehmer H, Taketo MM, Cardiff RD, Hennighausen L, Khazaie K: Activation of betacatenin signaling in differentiated mammary secretory cells induces transdifferentiation into epidermis and squamous metaplasias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 219-224. 10.1073/pnas.012414099.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miyoshi K, Shillingford JM, Le Provost F, Gounari F, Bronson R, von Boehmer H, Taketo MM, Cardiff RD, Hennighausen L, Khazaie K: Activation of betacatenin signaling in differentiated mammary secretory cells induces transdifferentiation into epidermis and squamous metaplasias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99: 219-224. 10.1073/pnas.012414099.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Kuraguchi M, Ohene-Baah NY, Sonkin D, Bronson RT, Kucherlapati R: Genetic mechanisms in Apc-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000367-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000367.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kuraguchi M, Ohene-Baah NY, Sonkin D, Bronson RT, Kucherlapati R: Genetic mechanisms in Apc-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000367-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000367.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Gaspar C, Franken P, Molenaar L, Breukel C, van der Valk M, Smits R, Fodde R: A targeted constitutive mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene underlies mammary but not intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000547-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000547.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gaspar C, Franken P, Molenaar L, Breukel C, van der Valk M, Smits R, Fodde R: A targeted constitutive mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene underlies mammary but not intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5: e1000547-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000547.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Wang H, Teske D, Tess A, Kohlhepp R, Choi Y, Kendziorski C, Moser AR: Identification of novel modifier loci of Apc Min affecting mammary tumor development. Cancer Res. 2007, 67: 11226-11233. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2487.PubMedCrossRef Wang H, Teske D, Tess A, Kohlhepp R, Choi Y, Kendziorski C, Moser AR: Identification of novel modifier loci of Apc Min affecting mammary tumor development. Cancer Res. 2007, 67: 11226-11233. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2487.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Roarty K, Baxley SE, Crowley MR, Frost AR, Serra R: Loss of TGF-β or Wnt5a results in an increase in Wnt/beta-catenin activity and redirects mammary tumour phenotype. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11: R19-10.1186/bcr2244.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Roarty K, Baxley SE, Crowley MR, Frost AR, Serra R: Loss of TGF-β or Wnt5a results in an increase in Wnt/beta-catenin activity and redirects mammary tumour phenotype. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11: R19-10.1186/bcr2244.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Kim YC, Clark RJ, Ranheim EA, Alexander CM: Wnt1 expression induces short-range and long-range cell recruitments that modify mammary tumor development and are not induced by a cell-autonomous betacatenin effector. Cancer Res. 2008, 68: 10145-10153. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2992.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim YC, Clark RJ, Ranheim EA, Alexander CM: Wnt1 expression induces short-range and long-range cell recruitments that modify mammary tumor development and are not induced by a cell-autonomous betacatenin effector. Cancer Res. 2008, 68: 10145-10153. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2992.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Cho RW, Wang X, Diehn M, Shedden K, Chen GY, Sherlock G, Gurney A, Lewicki J, Clarke MF: Isolation and molecular characterization of cancer stem cells in MMTV-Wnt-1 murine breast tumors. Stem Cells. 2008, 26: 364-371. 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0440.PubMedCrossRef Cho RW, Wang X, Diehn M, Shedden K, Chen GY, Sherlock G, Gurney A, Lewicki J, Clarke MF: Isolation and molecular characterization of cancer stem cells in MMTV-Wnt-1 murine breast tumors. Stem Cells. 2008, 26: 364-371. 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0440.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference DiMeo TA, Anderson K, Phadke P, Fan C, Perou CM, Naber S, Kuperwasser C: A novel lung metastasis signature links Wnt signaling with cancer cell self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 5364-5373. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4135.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef DiMeo TA, Anderson K, Phadke P, Fan C, Perou CM, Naber S, Kuperwasser C: A novel lung metastasis signature links Wnt signaling with cancer cell self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 5364-5373. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4135.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Khramtsov AI, Khramtsova GF, Tretiakova M, Huo D, Olopade OI, Goss KH: Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation is enriched in basal-like breast cancers and predicts poor outcome. Am J Pathol. 2010, 176: 2911-2920. 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091125.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khramtsov AI, Khramtsova GF, Tretiakova M, Huo D, Olopade OI, Goss KH: Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation is enriched in basal-like breast cancers and predicts poor outcome. Am J Pathol. 2010, 176: 2911-2920. 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091125.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Liu CC, Prior J, Piwnica-Worms D, Bu G: LRP6 overexpression defines a class of breast cancer subtype and is a target for therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 5136-5141. 10.1073/pnas.0911220107.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu CC, Prior J, Piwnica-Worms D, Bu G: LRP6 overexpression defines a class of breast cancer subtype and is a target for therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 5136-5141. 10.1073/pnas.0911220107.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Herschkowitz JI, Simin K, Weigman VJ, Mikaelian I, Usary J, Hu Z, Rasmussen KE, Jones LP, Assefnia S, Chandrasekharan S, Backlund MG, Yin Y, Khramtsov AI, Bastein R, Quackenbush J, Glazer RI, Brown PH, Green JE, Kopelovich L, Furth PA, Palazzo JP, Olopade OI, Bernard PS, Churchill GA, Van Dyke T, Perou CM: Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors. Genome Biol. 2007, 8: R76-10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Herschkowitz JI, Simin K, Weigman VJ, Mikaelian I, Usary J, Hu Z, Rasmussen KE, Jones LP, Assefnia S, Chandrasekharan S, Backlund MG, Yin Y, Khramtsov AI, Bastein R, Quackenbush J, Glazer RI, Brown PH, Green JE, Kopelovich L, Furth PA, Palazzo JP, Olopade OI, Bernard PS, Churchill GA, Van Dyke T, Perou CM: Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors. Genome Biol. 2007, 8: R76-10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Sawyer EJ, Hanby AM, Rowan AJ, Gillett CE, Thomas RE, Poulsom R, Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Ellis P, Tomlinson IP: The Wnt pathway, epithelial-stromal interactions, and malignant progression in phyllodes tumours. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 437-444. 10.1002/path.1067.PubMedCrossRef Sawyer EJ, Hanby AM, Rowan AJ, Gillett CE, Thomas RE, Poulsom R, Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Ellis P, Tomlinson IP: The Wnt pathway, epithelial-stromal interactions, and malignant progression in phyllodes tumours. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 437-444. 10.1002/path.1067.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Abraham SC, Reynolds C, Lee JH, Montgomery EA, Baisden BL, Krasinskas AM, Wu TT: Fibromatosis of the breast and mutations involving the APC/betacatenin pathway. Hum Pathol. 2002, 33: 39-46. 10.1053/hupa.2002.30196.PubMedCrossRef Abraham SC, Reynolds C, Lee JH, Montgomery EA, Baisden BL, Krasinskas AM, Wu TT: Fibromatosis of the breast and mutations involving the APC/betacatenin pathway. Hum Pathol. 2002, 33: 39-46. 10.1053/hupa.2002.30196.PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Hayes MJ, Thomas D, Emmons A, Giordano TJ, Kleer CG: Genetic changes of Wnt pathway genes are common events in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 4038-4044. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4379.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hayes MJ, Thomas D, Emmons A, Giordano TJ, Kleer CG: Genetic changes of Wnt pathway genes are common events in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 4038-4044. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4379.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Lin SY, Xia W, Wang JC, Kwong KY, Spohn B, Wen Y, Pestell RG, Hung MC: Beta-catenin, a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer: its roles in cyclin D1 expression and cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 4262-4266. 10.1073/pnas.060025397.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lin SY, Xia W, Wang JC, Kwong KY, Spohn B, Wen Y, Pestell RG, Hung MC: Beta-catenin, a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer: its roles in cyclin D1 expression and cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 4262-4266. 10.1073/pnas.060025397.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Jonsson M, Borg A, Nilbert M, Andersson T: Involvement of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/beta-catenin signalling in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2000, 36: 242-248. 10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00276-2.PubMedCrossRef Jonsson M, Borg A, Nilbert M, Andersson T: Involvement of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/beta-catenin signalling in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2000, 36: 242-248. 10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00276-2.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Ozaki S, Ikeda S, Ishizaki Y, Kurihara T, Tokumoto N, Iseki M, Arihiro K, Kataoka T, Okajima M, Asahara T: Alterations and correlations of the components in the Wnt signaling pathway and its target genes in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2005, 14: 1437-1443.PubMed Ozaki S, Ikeda S, Ishizaki Y, Kurihara T, Tokumoto N, Iseki M, Arihiro K, Kataoka T, Okajima M, Asahara T: Alterations and correlations of the components in the Wnt signaling pathway and its target genes in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2005, 14: 1437-1443.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Sormunen RT, Leong AS, Vaaraniemi JP, Fernando SS, Eskelinen SM: Immunolocalization of the fodrin, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin adhesion complex in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast-comparison with an in vitro model. J Pathol. 1999, 187: 416-423. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199903)187:4<416::AID-PATH255>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMedCrossRef Sormunen RT, Leong AS, Vaaraniemi JP, Fernando SS, Eskelinen SM: Immunolocalization of the fodrin, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin adhesion complex in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast-comparison with an in vitro model. J Pathol. 1999, 187: 416-423. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199903)187:4<416::AID-PATH255>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Karayiannakis AJ, Nakopoulou L, Gakiopoulou H, Keramopoulos A, Davaris PS, Pignatelli M: Expression patterns of beta-catenin in in situ and invasive breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001, 27: 31-36. 10.1053/ejso.1999.1017.PubMedCrossRef Karayiannakis AJ, Nakopoulou L, Gakiopoulou H, Keramopoulos A, Davaris PS, Pignatelli M: Expression patterns of beta-catenin in in situ and invasive breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001, 27: 31-36. 10.1053/ejso.1999.1017.PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Wong SC, Lo SF, Lee KC, Yam JW, Chan JK, Wendy Hsiao WL: Expression of frizzled-related protein and Wnt-signalling molecules in invasive human breast tumours. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 145-153. 10.1002/path.1035.PubMedCrossRef Wong SC, Lo SF, Lee KC, Yam JW, Chan JK, Wendy Hsiao WL: Expression of frizzled-related protein and Wnt-signalling molecules in invasive human breast tumours. J Pathol. 2002, 196: 145-153. 10.1002/path.1035.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Prasad CP, Gupta SD, Rath G, Ralhan R: Wnt signaling pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: relationship between beta-catenin, dishevelled and cyclin D1 expression. Oncology. 2007, 73: 112-117. 10.1159/000120999.PubMedCrossRef Prasad CP, Gupta SD, Rath G, Ralhan R: Wnt signaling pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: relationship between beta-catenin, dishevelled and cyclin D1 expression. Oncology. 2007, 73: 112-117. 10.1159/000120999.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Prasad CP, Mirza S, Sharma G, Prashad R, DattaGupta S, Rath G, Ralhan R: Epigenetic alterations of CDH1 and APC genes: relationship with activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Life Sci. 2008, 83: 318-325. 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.019.PubMedCrossRef Prasad CP, Mirza S, Sharma G, Prashad R, DattaGupta S, Rath G, Ralhan R: Epigenetic alterations of CDH1 and APC genes: relationship with activation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Life Sci. 2008, 83: 318-325. 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.019.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Wissmann C, Wild PJ, Kaiser S, Roepcke S, Stoehr R, Woenckhaus M, Kristiansen G, Hsieh JC, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A, Knuechel R, Rosenthal A, Pilarsky C: WIF1, a component of the Wnt pathway, is down-regulated in prostate, breast, lung, and bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2003, 201: 204-212. 10.1002/path.1449.PubMedCrossRef Wissmann C, Wild PJ, Kaiser S, Roepcke S, Stoehr R, Woenckhaus M, Kristiansen G, Hsieh JC, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A, Knuechel R, Rosenthal A, Pilarsky C: WIF1, a component of the Wnt pathway, is down-regulated in prostate, breast, lung, and bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2003, 201: 204-212. 10.1002/path.1449.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Ugolini F, Charafe-Jauffret E, Bardou VJ, Geneix J, Adelaide J, Labat-Moleur F, Penault-Llorca F, Longy M, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Pebusque MJ: WNT pathway and mammary carcinogenesis: loss of expression of candidate tumor suppressor gene SFRP1 in most invasive carcinomas except of the medullary type. Oncogene. 2001, 20: 5810-5817. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204706.PubMedCrossRef Ugolini F, Charafe-Jauffret E, Bardou VJ, Geneix J, Adelaide J, Labat-Moleur F, Penault-Llorca F, Longy M, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Pebusque MJ: WNT pathway and mammary carcinogenesis: loss of expression of candidate tumor suppressor gene SFRP1 in most invasive carcinomas except of the medullary type. Oncogene. 2001, 20: 5810-5817. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204706.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Shulewitz M, Soloviev I, Wu T, Koeppen H, Polakis P, Sakanaka C: Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 4361-4369. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209470.PubMedCrossRef Shulewitz M, Soloviev I, Wu T, Koeppen H, Polakis P, Sakanaka C: Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 4361-4369. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209470.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Ai L, Tao Q, Zhong S, Fields CR, Kim WJ, Lee MW, Cui Y, Brown KD, Robertson KD: Inactivation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF1) expression by epigenetic silencing is a common event in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2006, 27: 1341-1348. 10.1093/carcin/bgi379.PubMedCrossRef Ai L, Tao Q, Zhong S, Fields CR, Kim WJ, Lee MW, Cui Y, Brown KD, Robertson KD: Inactivation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF1) expression by epigenetic silencing is a common event in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2006, 27: 1341-1348. 10.1093/carcin/bgi379.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Matsuda Y, Schlange T, Oakeley EJ, Boulay A, Hynes NE: WNT signaling enhances breast cancer cell motility and blockade of the WNT pathway by sFRP1 suppresses MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11: R32-10.1186/bcr2317.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Matsuda Y, Schlange T, Oakeley EJ, Boulay A, Hynes NE: WNT signaling enhances breast cancer cell motility and blockade of the WNT pathway by sFRP1 suppresses MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11: R32-10.1186/bcr2317.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Gauger KJ, Hugh JM, Troester MA, Schneider SS: Down-regulation of sfrp1 in a mammary epithelial cell line promotes the development of a cd44high/cd24low population which is invasive and resistant to anoikis. Cancer Cell Int. 2009, 9: 11-10.1186/1475-2867-9-11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gauger KJ, Hugh JM, Troester MA, Schneider SS: Down-regulation of sfrp1 in a mammary epithelial cell line promotes the development of a cd44high/cd24low population which is invasive and resistant to anoikis. Cancer Cell Int. 2009, 9: 11-10.1186/1475-2867-9-11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Yang ZQ, Liu G, Bollig-Fischer A, Haddad R, Tarca AL, Ethier SP: Methylationassociated silencing of SFRP1 with an 8p11-12 amplification inhibits canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways in breast cancers. Int J Cancer. 2009, 125: 1613-1621. 10.1002/ijc.24518.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yang ZQ, Liu G, Bollig-Fischer A, Haddad R, Tarca AL, Ethier SP: Methylationassociated silencing of SFRP1 with an 8p11-12 amplification inhibits canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways in breast cancers. Int J Cancer. 2009, 125: 1613-1621. 10.1002/ijc.24518.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Veeck J, Niederacher D, An H, Klopocki E, Wiesmann F, Betz B, Galm O, Camara O, Durst M, Kristiansen G, Huszka C, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Aberrant methylation of the Wnt antagonist SFRP1 in breast cancer is associated with unfavourable prognosis. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 3479-3488. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209386.PubMedCrossRef Veeck J, Niederacher D, An H, Klopocki E, Wiesmann F, Betz B, Galm O, Camara O, Durst M, Kristiansen G, Huszka C, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Aberrant methylation of the Wnt antagonist SFRP1 in breast cancer is associated with unfavourable prognosis. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 3479-3488. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209386.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Veeck J, Geisler C, Noetzel E, Alkaya S, Hartmann A, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Epigenetic inactivation of the secreted frizzled-related protein-5 (SFRP5) gene in human breast cancer is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Carcinogenesis. 2008, 29: 991-998. 10.1093/carcin/bgn076.PubMedCrossRef Veeck J, Geisler C, Noetzel E, Alkaya S, Hartmann A, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Epigenetic inactivation of the secreted frizzled-related protein-5 (SFRP5) gene in human breast cancer is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Carcinogenesis. 2008, 29: 991-998. 10.1093/carcin/bgn076.PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Veeck J, Wild PJ, Fuchs T, Schuffler PJ, Hartmann A, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Prognostic relevance of Wnt-inhibitory factor-1 (WIF1) and Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) promoter methylation in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2009, 9: 217-10.1186/1471-2407-9-217.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Veeck J, Wild PJ, Fuchs T, Schuffler PJ, Hartmann A, Knuchel R, Dahl E: Prognostic relevance of Wnt-inhibitory factor-1 (WIF1) and Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) promoter methylation in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2009, 9: 217-10.1186/1471-2407-9-217.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Suzuki H, Toyota M, Carraway H, Gabrielson E, Ohmura T, Fujikane T, Nishikawa N, Sogabe Y, Nojima M, Sonoda T, Mori M, Hirata K, Imai K, Shinomura Y, Baylin SB, Tokino T: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of Wnt antagonist genes in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008, 98: 1147-1156. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604259.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Suzuki H, Toyota M, Carraway H, Gabrielson E, Ohmura T, Fujikane T, Nishikawa N, Sogabe Y, Nojima M, Sonoda T, Mori M, Hirata K, Imai K, Shinomura Y, Baylin SB, Tokino T: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of Wnt antagonist genes in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008, 98: 1147-1156. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604259.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Forget MA, Turcotte S, Beauseigle D, Godin-Ethier J, Pelletier S, Martin J, Tanguay S, Lapointe R: The Wnt pathway regulator DKK1 is preferentially expressed in hormone-resistant breast tumours and in some common cancer types. Br J Cancer. 2007, 96: 646-653. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603579.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Forget MA, Turcotte S, Beauseigle D, Godin-Ethier J, Pelletier S, Martin J, Tanguay S, Lapointe R: The Wnt pathway regulator DKK1 is preferentially expressed in hormone-resistant breast tumours and in some common cancer types. Br J Cancer. 2007, 96: 646-653. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603579.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Kirikoshi H, Sekihara H, Katoh M: Expression of WNT14 and WNT14B mRNAs in human cancer, up-regulation of WNT14 by IFNγ and up-regulation of WNT14B by beta-estradiol. Int J Oncol. 2001, 19: 1221-1225.PubMed Kirikoshi H, Sekihara H, Katoh M: Expression of WNT14 and WNT14B mRNAs in human cancer, up-regulation of WNT14 by IFNγ and up-regulation of WNT14B by beta-estradiol. Int J Oncol. 2001, 19: 1221-1225.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Huguet EL, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Differential expression of human Wnt genes 2, 3, 4, and 7B in human breast cell lines and normal and disease states of human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 1994, 54: 2615-2621.PubMed Huguet EL, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Bicknell R, Harris AL: Differential expression of human Wnt genes 2, 3, 4, and 7B in human breast cell lines and normal and disease states of human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 1994, 54: 2615-2621.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Dale TC, Weber-Hall SJ, Smith K, Huguet EL, Jayatilake H, Gusterson BA, Shuttleworth G, O'Hare M, Harris AL: Compartment switching of Wnt-2 expression in human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 4320-4323.PubMed Dale TC, Weber-Hall SJ, Smith K, Huguet EL, Jayatilake H, Gusterson BA, Shuttleworth G, O'Hare M, Harris AL: Compartment switching of Wnt-2 expression in human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 4320-4323.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Benhaj K, Akcali KC, Ozturk M: Redundant expression of canonical Wnt ligands in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep. 2006, 15: 701-707.PubMed Benhaj K, Akcali KC, Ozturk M: Redundant expression of canonical Wnt ligands in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep. 2006, 15: 701-707.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Lejeune S, Huguet EL, Hamby A, Poulsom R, Harris AL: Wnt5a cloning, expression, and up-regulation in human primary breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 1995, 1: 215-222.PubMed Lejeune S, Huguet EL, Hamby A, Poulsom R, Harris AL: Wnt5a cloning, expression, and up-regulation in human primary breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 1995, 1: 215-222.PubMed
132.
go back to reference Katoh M: Frequent up-regulation of WNT2 in primary gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol. 2001, 19: 1003-1007.PubMed Katoh M: Frequent up-regulation of WNT2 in primary gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol. 2001, 19: 1003-1007.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Bui TD, Rankin J, Smith K, Huguet EL, Ruben S, Strachan T, Harris AL, Lindsay S: A novel human Wnt gene, WNT10B, maops to 12q13 and is expressed in human breast carcinomas. Oncogene. 1997, 14: 1249-1253. 10.1038/sj.onc.1200936.PubMedCrossRef Bui TD, Rankin J, Smith K, Huguet EL, Ruben S, Strachan T, Harris AL, Lindsay S: A novel human Wnt gene, WNT10B, maops to 12q13 and is expressed in human breast carcinomas. Oncogene. 1997, 14: 1249-1253. 10.1038/sj.onc.1200936.PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Watanabe O, Imamura H, Shimizu T, Kinoshita J, Okabe T, Hirano A, Yoshimatsu K, Konno S, Aiba M, Ogawa K: Expression of twist and wnt in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2004, 24: 3851-3856.PubMed Watanabe O, Imamura H, Shimizu T, Kinoshita J, Okabe T, Hirano A, Yoshimatsu K, Konno S, Aiba M, Ogawa K: Expression of twist and wnt in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2004, 24: 3851-3856.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Jonsson M, Dejmek J, Bendahl PO, Andersson T: Loss of Wnt-5a protein is associated with early relapse in invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 409-416.PubMed Jonsson M, Dejmek J, Bendahl PO, Andersson T: Loss of Wnt-5a protein is associated with early relapse in invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 409-416.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Milovanovic T, Planutis K, Nguyen A, Marsh JL, Lin F, Hope C, Holcombe RF: Expression of Wnt genes and frizzled 1 and 2 receptors in normal breast epithelium and infiltrating breast carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2004, 25: 1337-1342.PubMed Milovanovic T, Planutis K, Nguyen A, Marsh JL, Lin F, Hope C, Holcombe RF: Expression of Wnt genes and frizzled 1 and 2 receptors in normal breast epithelium and infiltrating breast carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2004, 25: 1337-1342.PubMed
137.
go back to reference Bjorklund P, Svedlund J, Olsson AK, Akerstrom G, Westin G: The internally truncated LRP5 receptor presents a therapeutic target in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4243-10.1371/journal.pone.0004243.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bjorklund P, Svedlund J, Olsson AK, Akerstrom G, Westin G: The internally truncated LRP5 receptor presents a therapeutic target in breast cancer. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e4243-10.1371/journal.pone.0004243.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Nagahata T, Shimada T, Harada A, Nagai H, Onda M, Yokoyama S, Shiba T, Jin E, Kawanami O, Emi M: Amplification, up-regulation and over-expression of DVL-1, the human counterpart of the Drosophila disheveled gene, in primary breast cancers. Cancer Sci. 2003, 94: 515-518. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01475.x.PubMedCrossRef Nagahata T, Shimada T, Harada A, Nagai H, Onda M, Yokoyama S, Shiba T, Jin E, Kawanami O, Emi M: Amplification, up-regulation and over-expression of DVL-1, the human counterpart of the Drosophila disheveled gene, in primary breast cancers. Cancer Sci. 2003, 94: 515-518. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01475.x.PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Sorlie T, Bukholm I, Borresen-Dale AL: Truncating somatic mutation in exon 15 of the APC gene is a rare event in human breast carcinomas. Mutations in brief no. 179. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998, 12: 215-216.PubMed Sorlie T, Bukholm I, Borresen-Dale AL: Truncating somatic mutation in exon 15 of the APC gene is a rare event in human breast carcinomas. Mutations in brief no. 179. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998, 12: 215-216.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Schlosshauer PW, Brown SA, Eisinger K, Yan Q, Guglielminetti ER, Parsons R, Ellenson LH, Kitajewski J: APC truncation and increased beta-catenin levels in a human breast cancer cell line. Carcinogenesis. 2000, 21: 1453-1456. 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1453.PubMedCrossRef Schlosshauer PW, Brown SA, Eisinger K, Yan Q, Guglielminetti ER, Parsons R, Ellenson LH, Kitajewski J: APC truncation and increased beta-catenin levels in a human breast cancer cell line. Carcinogenesis. 2000, 21: 1453-1456. 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1453.PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Furuuchi K, Tada M, Yamada H, Kataoka A, Furuuchi N, Hamada J, Takahashi M, Todo S, Moriuchi T: Somatic mutations of the APC gene in primary breast cancers. Am J Pathol. 2000, 156: 1997-2005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Furuuchi K, Tada M, Yamada H, Kataoka A, Furuuchi N, Hamada J, Takahashi M, Todo S, Moriuchi T: Somatic mutations of the APC gene in primary breast cancers. Am J Pathol. 2000, 156: 1997-2005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Wang X, Goode EL, Fredericksen ZS, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Liu-Mares W, Rider DN, Vachon CM, Cerhan JR, Olson JE, Couch FJ: Association of genetic variation in genes implicated in the beta-catenin destruction complex with risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17: 2101-2108. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0134.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang X, Goode EL, Fredericksen ZS, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Liu-Mares W, Rider DN, Vachon CM, Cerhan JR, Olson JE, Couch FJ: Association of genetic variation in genes implicated in the beta-catenin destruction complex with risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17: 2101-2108. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0134.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Thompson AM, Morris RG, Wallace M, Wyllie AH, Steel CM, Carter DC: Allele loss from 5q21 (APC/MCC) and 18q21 (DCC) and DCC mRNA expression in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1993, 68: 64-68.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thompson AM, Morris RG, Wallace M, Wyllie AH, Steel CM, Carter DC: Allele loss from 5q21 (APC/MCC) and 18q21 (DCC) and DCC mRNA expression in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1993, 68: 64-68.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Sarrio D, Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sanchez-Estevez C, Guo M, Herman JG, Gamallo C, Esteller M, Palacios J: Epigenetic and genetic alterations of APC and CDH1 genes in lobular breast cancer: relationships with abnormal E-cadherin and catenin expression and microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer. 2003, 106: 208-215. 10.1002/ijc.11197.PubMedCrossRef Sarrio D, Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sanchez-Estevez C, Guo M, Herman JG, Gamallo C, Esteller M, Palacios J: Epigenetic and genetic alterations of APC and CDH1 genes in lobular breast cancer: relationships with abnormal E-cadherin and catenin expression and microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer. 2003, 106: 208-215. 10.1002/ijc.11197.PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Kashiwaba M, Tamura G, Ishida M: Aberrations of the APC gene in primary breast carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1994, 120: 727-731. 10.1007/BF01194271.PubMedCrossRef Kashiwaba M, Tamura G, Ishida M: Aberrations of the APC gene in primary breast carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1994, 120: 727-731. 10.1007/BF01194271.PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Medeiros AC, Nagai MA, Neto MM, Brentani RR: Loss of heterozygosity affecting the APC and MCC genetic loci in patients with primary breast carcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994, 3: 331-333.PubMed Medeiros AC, Nagai MA, Neto MM, Brentani RR: Loss of heterozygosity affecting the APC and MCC genetic loci in patients with primary breast carcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994, 3: 331-333.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Ho KY, Kalle WH, Lo TH, Lam WY, Tang CM: Reduced expression of APC and DCC gene protein in breast cancer. Histopathology. 1999, 35: 249-256. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00725.x.PubMedCrossRef Ho KY, Kalle WH, Lo TH, Lam WY, Tang CM: Reduced expression of APC and DCC gene protein in breast cancer. Histopathology. 1999, 35: 249-256. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00725.x.PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Webster MT, Rozycka M, Sara E, Davis E, Smalley M, Young N, Dale TC, Wooster R: Sequence variants of the axin gene in breast, colon, and other cancers: an analysis of mutations that interfere with GSK3 binding. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000, 28: 443-453. 10.1002/1098-2264(200008)28:4<443::AID-GCC10>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMedCrossRef Webster MT, Rozycka M, Sara E, Davis E, Smalley M, Young N, Dale TC, Wooster R: Sequence variants of the axin gene in breast, colon, and other cancers: an analysis of mutations that interfere with GSK3 binding. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000, 28: 443-453. 10.1002/1098-2264(200008)28:4<443::AID-GCC10>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMedCrossRef
149.
go back to reference Jin Z, Tamura G, Tsuchiya T, Sakata K, Kashiwaba M, Osakabe M, Motoyama T: Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter hypermethylation in primary breast cancers. Br J Cancer. 2001, 85: 69-73. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1853.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jin Z, Tamura G, Tsuchiya T, Sakata K, Kashiwaba M, Osakabe M, Motoyama T: Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter hypermethylation in primary breast cancers. Br J Cancer. 2001, 85: 69-73. 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1853.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Virmani AK, Rathi A, Sathyanarayana UG, Padar A, Huang CX, Cunnigham HT, Farinas AJ, Milchgrub S, Euhus DM, Gilcrease M, Herman J, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter 1A in breast and lung carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1998-2004.PubMed Virmani AK, Rathi A, Sathyanarayana UG, Padar A, Huang CX, Cunnigham HT, Farinas AJ, Milchgrub S, Euhus DM, Gilcrease M, Herman J, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter 1A in breast and lung carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1998-2004.PubMed
151.
go back to reference Roh MS, Hong SH, Jeong JS, Kwon HC, Kim MC, Cho SH, Yoon JH, Hwang TH: Gene expression profiling of breast cancers with emphasis of beta-catenin regulation. J Korean Med Sci. 2004, 19: 275-282. 10.3346/jkms.2004.19.2.275.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Roh MS, Hong SH, Jeong JS, Kwon HC, Kim MC, Cho SH, Yoon JH, Hwang TH: Gene expression profiling of breast cancers with emphasis of beta-catenin regulation. J Korean Med Sci. 2004, 19: 275-282. 10.3346/jkms.2004.19.2.275.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Van der Auwera I, Van Laere SJ, Van den Bosch SM, Van den Eynden GG, Trinh BX, van Dam PA, Colpaert CG, van Engeland M, Van Marck EA, Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY: Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter is associated with the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. Br J Cancer. 2008, 99: 1735-1742. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604705.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Van der Auwera I, Van Laere SJ, Van den Bosch SM, Van den Eynden GG, Trinh BX, van Dam PA, Colpaert CG, van Engeland M, Van Marck EA, Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY: Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter is associated with the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. Br J Cancer. 2008, 99: 1735-1742. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604705.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Andrews PG, Lake BB, Popadiuk C, Kao KR: Requirement of Pygopus 2 in breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2007, 30: 357-363.PubMed Andrews PG, Lake BB, Popadiuk C, Kao KR: Requirement of Pygopus 2 in breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2007, 30: 357-363.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Shi B, Liang J, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Hong M, Shang Y: Integration of estrogen and Wnt signaling circuits by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2007, 27: 5105-5119. 10.1128/MCB.00162-07.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shi B, Liang J, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Hong M, Shang Y: Integration of estrogen and Wnt signaling circuits by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2007, 27: 5105-5119. 10.1128/MCB.00162-07.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Aulmann S, Bentz M, Sinn HP: C-myc oncogene amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 74: 25-31. 10.1023/A:1016061327812.PubMedCrossRef Aulmann S, Bentz M, Sinn HP: C-myc oncogene amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002, 74: 25-31. 10.1023/A:1016061327812.PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Gillett C, Fantl V, Smith R, Fisher C, Bartek J, Dickson C, Barnes D, Peters G: Amplification and overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast cancer detected by immunohistochemical staining. Cancer Res. 1994, 54: 1812-1817.PubMed Gillett C, Fantl V, Smith R, Fisher C, Bartek J, Dickson C, Barnes D, Peters G: Amplification and overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast cancer detected by immunohistochemical staining. Cancer Res. 1994, 54: 1812-1817.PubMed
157.
go back to reference Musgrove EA, Hui R, Sweeney KJ, Watts CK, Sutherland RL: Cyclins and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1996, 1: 153-162. 10.1007/BF02013639.PubMedCrossRef Musgrove EA, Hui R, Sweeney KJ, Watts CK, Sutherland RL: Cyclins and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1996, 1: 153-162. 10.1007/BF02013639.PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Tozlu S, Olivi M, Vidaud D, Lidereau R, Vidaud M: Quantitation of MYC gene expression in sporadic breast tumors with a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 2759-2765.PubMed Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Tozlu S, Olivi M, Vidaud D, Lidereau R, Vidaud M: Quantitation of MYC gene expression in sporadic breast tumors with a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 2759-2765.PubMed
159.
go back to reference Cowling VH, D'Cruz CM, Chodosh LA, Cole MD: c-Myc transforms human mammary epithelial cells through repression of the Wnt inhibitors DKK1 and SFRP1. Mol Cell Biol. 2007, 27: 5135-5146. 10.1128/MCB.02282-06.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cowling VH, D'Cruz CM, Chodosh LA, Cole MD: c-Myc transforms human mammary epithelial cells through repression of the Wnt inhibitors DKK1 and SFRP1. Mol Cell Biol. 2007, 27: 5135-5146. 10.1128/MCB.02282-06.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Xu L, Corcoran RB, Welsh JW, Pennica D, Levine AJ: WISP-1 is a Wnt-1- and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev. 2000, 14: 585-595.PubMedPubMedCentral Xu L, Corcoran RB, Welsh JW, Pennica D, Levine AJ: WISP-1 is a Wnt-1- and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev. 2000, 14: 585-595.PubMedPubMedCentral
161.
go back to reference Xie D, Nakachi K, Wang H, Elashoff R, Koeffler HP: Elevated levels of connective tissue growth factor, WISP-1, and CYR61 in primary breast cancers associated with more advanced features. Cancer Res. 2001, 61: 8917-8923.PubMed Xie D, Nakachi K, Wang H, Elashoff R, Koeffler HP: Elevated levels of connective tissue growth factor, WISP-1, and CYR61 in primary breast cancers associated with more advanced features. Cancer Res. 2001, 61: 8917-8923.PubMed
162.
go back to reference Fu DY, Wang ZM, Li C, Wang BL, Shen ZZ, Huang W, Shao ZM: Sox17, the canonical Wnt antagonist, is epigenetically inactivated by promoter methylation in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010, 119: 601-612. 10.1007/s10549-009-0339-8.PubMedCrossRef Fu DY, Wang ZM, Li C, Wang BL, Shen ZZ, Huang W, Shao ZM: Sox17, the canonical Wnt antagonist, is epigenetically inactivated by promoter methylation in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010, 119: 601-612. 10.1007/s10549-009-0339-8.PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Rieger ME, Sims AH, Coats ER, Clarke RB, Briegel KJ: The embryonic transcription cofactor LBH is a direct target of the WNT signaling pathway in epithelial development and in aggressive basal subtype breast cancers. Mol Cell Biol. 2010, 30: 4267-4279. 10.1128/MCB.01418-09.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rieger ME, Sims AH, Coats ER, Clarke RB, Briegel KJ: The embryonic transcription cofactor LBH is a direct target of the WNT signaling pathway in epithelial development and in aggressive basal subtype breast cancers. Mol Cell Biol. 2010, 30: 4267-4279. 10.1128/MCB.01418-09.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Wulf GM, Ryo A, Wulf GG, Lee SW, Niu T, Petkova V, Lu KP: Pin1 is overexpressed in breast cancer and cooperates with Ras signaling in increasing the transcriptional activity of c-Jun towards cyclin D1. EMBO J. 2001, 20: 3459-3472. 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3459.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wulf GM, Ryo A, Wulf GG, Lee SW, Niu T, Petkova V, Lu KP: Pin1 is overexpressed in breast cancer and cooperates with Ras signaling in increasing the transcriptional activity of c-Jun towards cyclin D1. EMBO J. 2001, 20: 3459-3472. 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3459.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Biswas DK, Shi Q, Baily S, Strickland I, Ghosh S, Pardee AB, Iglehart JD: NF-κB activation in human breast cancer specimens and its role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 10137-10142. 10.1073/pnas.0403621101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Biswas DK, Shi Q, Baily S, Strickland I, Ghosh S, Pardee AB, Iglehart JD: NF-κB activation in human breast cancer specimens and its role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 10137-10142. 10.1073/pnas.0403621101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
go back to reference Farooq A, Walker LJ, Bowling J, Audisio RA: Cowden syndrome. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010, Farooq A, Walker LJ, Bowling J, Audisio RA: Cowden syndrome. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010,
167.
go back to reference Depowski PL, Rosenthal SI, Ross JS: Loss of expression of the PTEN gene protein product is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2001, 14: 672-676. 10.1038/modpathol.3880371.PubMedCrossRef Depowski PL, Rosenthal SI, Ross JS: Loss of expression of the PTEN gene protein product is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2001, 14: 672-676. 10.1038/modpathol.3880371.PubMedCrossRef
168.
go back to reference Zhao H, Cui Y, Dupont J, Sun H, Hennighausen L, Yakar S: Overexpression of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homologue partially inhibits wnt-1-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 6864-6873. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0181.PubMedCrossRef Zhao H, Cui Y, Dupont J, Sun H, Hennighausen L, Yakar S: Overexpression of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homologue partially inhibits wnt-1-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 6864-6873. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0181.PubMedCrossRef
169.
go back to reference Lee JY, Kang MB, Jang SH, Qian T, Kim HJ, Kim CH, Kim Y, Kong G: Id-1 activates Akt-mediated Wnt signaling and p27(Kip1) phosphorylation through PTEN inhibition. Oncogene. 2009, 28: 824-831. 10.1038/onc.2008.451.PubMedCrossRef Lee JY, Kang MB, Jang SH, Qian T, Kim HJ, Kim CH, Kim Y, Kong G: Id-1 activates Akt-mediated Wnt signaling and p27(Kip1) phosphorylation through PTEN inhibition. Oncogene. 2009, 28: 824-831. 10.1038/onc.2008.451.PubMedCrossRef
170.
go back to reference Prasad A, Paruchuri V, Preet A, Latif F, Ganju RK: Slit-2 induces a tumorsuppressive effect by regulating beta-catenin in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 26624-26633. 10.1074/jbc.M800679200.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prasad A, Paruchuri V, Preet A, Latif F, Ganju RK: Slit-2 induces a tumorsuppressive effect by regulating beta-catenin in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283: 26624-26633. 10.1074/jbc.M800679200.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
171.
go back to reference Mhashilkar AM, Stewart AL, Sieger K, Yang HY, Khimani AH, Ito I, Saito Y, Hunt KK, Grimm EA, Roth JA, Meyn RE, Ramesh R, Chada S: MDA-7 negatively regulates the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways in breast and lung tumor cells. Mol Ther. 2003, 8: 207-219. 10.1016/S1525-0016(03)00170-9.PubMedCrossRef Mhashilkar AM, Stewart AL, Sieger K, Yang HY, Khimani AH, Ito I, Saito Y, Hunt KK, Grimm EA, Roth JA, Meyn RE, Ramesh R, Chada S: MDA-7 negatively regulates the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways in breast and lung tumor cells. Mol Ther. 2003, 8: 207-219. 10.1016/S1525-0016(03)00170-9.PubMedCrossRef
173.
go back to reference Mei Y, Xie C, Xie W, Wu Z, Wu M: Siah-1 S, a novel splice variant of Siah-1 (seven in absentia homolog), counteracts Siah-1-mediated downregulation of beta-catenin. Oncogene. 2007, 26: 6319-6331. 10.1038/sj.onc.1210449.PubMedCrossRef Mei Y, Xie C, Xie W, Wu Z, Wu M: Siah-1 S, a novel splice variant of Siah-1 (seven in absentia homolog), counteracts Siah-1-mediated downregulation of beta-catenin. Oncogene. 2007, 26: 6319-6331. 10.1038/sj.onc.1210449.PubMedCrossRef
174.
go back to reference Iwai A, Marusawa H, Matsuzawa S, Fukushima T, Hijikata M, Reed JC, Shimotohno K, Chiba T: Siah-1L, a novel transcript variant belonging to the human Siah family of proteins, regulates beta-catenin activity in a p53-dependent manner. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 7593-7600. 10.1038/sj.onc.1208016.PubMedCrossRef Iwai A, Marusawa H, Matsuzawa S, Fukushima T, Hijikata M, Reed JC, Shimotohno K, Chiba T: Siah-1L, a novel transcript variant belonging to the human Siah family of proteins, regulates beta-catenin activity in a p53-dependent manner. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 7593-7600. 10.1038/sj.onc.1208016.PubMedCrossRef
175.
go back to reference Ridgeway AG, McMenamin J, Leder P: P53 levels determine outcome during beta-catenin tumor initiation and metastasis in the mammary gland and male germ cells. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 3518-3527. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209391.PubMedCrossRef Ridgeway AG, McMenamin J, Leder P: P53 levels determine outcome during beta-catenin tumor initiation and metastasis in the mammary gland and male germ cells. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 3518-3527. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209391.PubMedCrossRef
176.
go back to reference Chung GG, Zerkowski MP, Ocal IT, Dolled-Filhart M, Kang JY, Psyrri A, Camp RL, Rimm DL: β-Catenin and p53 analyses of a breast carcinoma tissue microarray. Cancer. 2004, 100: 2084-2092. 10.1002/cncr.20232.PubMedCrossRef Chung GG, Zerkowski MP, Ocal IT, Dolled-Filhart M, Kang JY, Psyrri A, Camp RL, Rimm DL: β-Catenin and p53 analyses of a breast carcinoma tissue microarray. Cancer. 2004, 100: 2084-2092. 10.1002/cncr.20232.PubMedCrossRef
177.
go back to reference Koker MM, Kleer CG: p63 expression in breast cancer: a highly sensitive and specific marker of metaplastic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004, 28: 1506-1512. 10.1097/01.pas.0000138183.97366.fd.PubMedCrossRef Koker MM, Kleer CG: p63 expression in breast cancer: a highly sensitive and specific marker of metaplastic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004, 28: 1506-1512. 10.1097/01.pas.0000138183.97366.fd.PubMedCrossRef
178.
go back to reference Moser AR, Mattes EM, Dove WF, Lindstrom MJ, Haag JD, Gould MN: ApcMin, a mutation in the murine Apc gene, predisposes to mammary carcinomas and focal alveolar hyperplasias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 8977-8981. 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8977.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moser AR, Mattes EM, Dove WF, Lindstrom MJ, Haag JD, Gould MN: ApcMin, a mutation in the murine Apc gene, predisposes to mammary carcinomas and focal alveolar hyperplasias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 8977-8981. 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8977.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
179.
go back to reference Gallagher RC, Hay T, Meniel V, Naughton C, Anderson TJ, Shibata H, Ito M, Clevers H, Noda T, Sansom OJ, Mason JO, Clarke AR: Inactivation of Apc perturbs mammary development, but only directly results in acanthoma in the context of Tcf-1 deficiency. Oncogene. 2002, 21: 6446-6457. 10.1038/sj.onc.1205892.PubMedCrossRef Gallagher RC, Hay T, Meniel V, Naughton C, Anderson TJ, Shibata H, Ito M, Clevers H, Noda T, Sansom OJ, Mason JO, Clarke AR: Inactivation of Apc perturbs mammary development, but only directly results in acanthoma in the context of Tcf-1 deficiency. Oncogene. 2002, 21: 6446-6457. 10.1038/sj.onc.1205892.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Key signaling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer: β-catenin
Authors
Angela Incassati
Anupama Chandramouli
Rachel Eelkema
Pamela Cowin
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 6/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2723

Other articles of this Issue 6/2010

Breast Cancer Research 6/2010 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine