Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2003

01-06-2003 | Review

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc

Authors: Jill PG Urban, Sally Roberts

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Issue 3/2003

Login to get access

Abstract

The intervertebral disc is a cartilaginous structure that resembles articular cartilage in its biochemistry, but morphologically it is clearly different. It shows degenerative and ageing changes earlier than does any other connective tissue in the body. It is believed to be important clinically because there is an association of disc degeneration with back pain. Current treatments are predominantly conservative or, less commonly, surgical; in many cases there is no clear diagnosis and therapy is considered inadequate. New developments, such as genetic and biological approaches, may allow better diagnosis and treatments in the future.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Maniadakis N, Gray A: The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain. 2000, 84: 95-103. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00187-6.PubMed Maniadakis N, Gray A: The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain. 2000, 84: 95-103. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00187-6.PubMed
2.
go back to reference van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM: A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands. Pain. 1995, 62: 233-240. 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00272-G.PubMed van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM: A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands. Pain. 1995, 62: 233-240. 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00272-G.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Luoma K, Riihimaki H, Luukkonen R, Raininko R, Viikari-Juntura E, Lamminen A: Low back pain in relation to lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 2000, 25: 487-492. 10.1097/00007632-200002150-00016.PubMed Luoma K, Riihimaki H, Luukkonen R, Raininko R, Viikari-Juntura E, Lamminen A: Low back pain in relation to lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 2000, 25: 487-492. 10.1097/00007632-200002150-00016.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW: Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1990, 72: 403-408. Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW: Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1990, 72: 403-408.
5.
go back to reference Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H, Weiler C, Spratt KF, Nerlich AG: Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science. Spine. 2002, 27: 2631-2644. 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00002.PubMed Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H, Weiler C, Spratt KF, Nerlich AG: Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science. Spine. 2002, 27: 2631-2644. 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00002.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Miller J, Schmatz C, Schultz A: Lumbar disc degeneration: Correlation with Age, Sex, and Spine Level in 600 Autopsy Specimens. Spine. 1988, 13: 173-178.PubMed Miller J, Schmatz C, Schultz A: Lumbar disc degeneration: Correlation with Age, Sex, and Spine Level in 600 Autopsy Specimens. Spine. 1988, 13: 173-178.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Twomey LT, Taylor JR: Age changes in lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Clin Orthop. 1987, 224: 97-104.PubMed Twomey LT, Taylor JR: Age changes in lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Clin Orthop. 1987, 224: 97-104.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Roberts S, Menage J, Urban JPG: Biochemical and structural properties of the cartilage end-plate and its relation to the intervertebral disc. Spine. 1989, 14: 166-174.PubMed Roberts S, Menage J, Urban JPG: Biochemical and structural properties of the cartilage end-plate and its relation to the intervertebral disc. Spine. 1989, 14: 166-174.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Inoue H: Three-dimensional architecture of lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine. 1981, 6: 139-146.PubMed Inoue H: Three-dimensional architecture of lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine. 1981, 6: 139-146.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Yu J, Winlove CP, Roberts S, Urban JP: Elastic fibre organization in the intervertebral discs of the bovine tail. J Anat. 2002, 201: 465-475. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00111.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Yu J, Winlove CP, Roberts S, Urban JP: Elastic fibre organization in the intervertebral discs of the bovine tail. J Anat. 2002, 201: 465-475. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00111.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
11.
go back to reference Maroudas A, Nachemson A, Stockwell R, Urban J: Some factors involved in the nutrition of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 1975, 120: 113-130.PubMedCentralPubMed Maroudas A, Nachemson A, Stockwell R, Urban J: Some factors involved in the nutrition of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 1975, 120: 113-130.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
go back to reference Marchand F, Ahmed AM: Investigation of the laminate structure of lumbar disc anulus fibrosus. Spine. 1990, 15: 402-410.PubMed Marchand F, Ahmed AM: Investigation of the laminate structure of lumbar disc anulus fibrosus. Spine. 1990, 15: 402-410.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Errington RJ, Puustjarvi K, White IR, Roberts S, Urban JP: Characterisation of cytoplasm-filled processes in cells of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 1998, 192: 369-378. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19230369.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Errington RJ, Puustjarvi K, White IR, Roberts S, Urban JP: Characterisation of cytoplasm-filled processes in cells of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 1998, 192: 369-378. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19230369.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
14.
go back to reference Bruehlmann SB, Rattner JB, Matyas JR, Duncan NA: Regional variations in the cellular matrix of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 2002, 201: 159-171. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00080.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Bruehlmann SB, Rattner JB, Matyas JR, Duncan NA: Regional variations in the cellular matrix of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 2002, 201: 159-171. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00080.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
go back to reference Roberts S, Eisenstein SM, Menage J, Evans EH, Ashton IK: Mechanoreceptors in intervertebral discs. Morphology, distribution, and neuropeptides. Spine. 1995, 20: 2645-2651.PubMed Roberts S, Eisenstein SM, Menage J, Evans EH, Ashton IK: Mechanoreceptors in intervertebral discs. Morphology, distribution, and neuropeptides. Spine. 1995, 20: 2645-2651.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Crock HV, Goldwasser M, Yoshizawa H: Vascular anatomy related to the intervertebral disc. In: Biology of the Intervertebral Disc. Edited by: Ghosh P. 1991, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 109-133. Crock HV, Goldwasser M, Yoshizawa H: Vascular anatomy related to the intervertebral disc. In: Biology of the Intervertebral Disc. Edited by: Ghosh P. 1991, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 109-133.
17.
go back to reference Johnson WE, Evans H, Menage J, Eisenstein SM, El Haj A, Roberts S: Immunohistochemical detection of Schwann cells in innervated and vascularized human intervertebral discs. Spine. 2001, 26: 2550-2557. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00007.PubMed Johnson WE, Evans H, Menage J, Eisenstein SM, El Haj A, Roberts S: Immunohistochemical detection of Schwann cells in innervated and vascularized human intervertebral discs. Spine. 2001, 26: 2550-2557. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00007.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Buckwalter JA: Aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 1995, 20: 1307-1314.PubMed Buckwalter JA: Aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 1995, 20: 1307-1314.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Johnson WEB, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S: Cell cluster formation in degenerate lumbar intervertebral discs is associated with increased disc cell proliferation. Connect Tissue Res. 2001, 42: 197-207.PubMed Johnson WEB, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S: Cell cluster formation in degenerate lumbar intervertebral discs is associated with increased disc cell proliferation. Connect Tissue Res. 2001, 42: 197-207.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Hastreiter D, Ozuna RM, Spector M: Regional variations in certain cellular characteristics in human lumbar intervertebral discs, including the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin. J Orthop Res. 2001, 19: 597-604. 10.1016/S0736-0266(00)00069-3.PubMed Hastreiter D, Ozuna RM, Spector M: Regional variations in certain cellular characteristics in human lumbar intervertebral discs, including the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin. J Orthop Res. 2001, 19: 597-604. 10.1016/S0736-0266(00)00069-3.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Trout JJ, Buckwalter JA, Moore KC: Ultrastructure of the human intervertebral disc: II. Cells of the nucleus pulposus. Anat Rec. 1982, 204: 307-314. 10.1002/ar.1092040403.PubMed Trout JJ, Buckwalter JA, Moore KC: Ultrastructure of the human intervertebral disc: II. Cells of the nucleus pulposus. Anat Rec. 1982, 204: 307-314. 10.1002/ar.1092040403.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Gruber HE, Hanley EN: Analysis of aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc – Comparison of surgical specimens with normal controls. Spine. 1998, 23: 751-757. 10.1097/00007632-199804010-00001.PubMed Gruber HE, Hanley EN: Analysis of aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc – Comparison of surgical specimens with normal controls. Spine. 1998, 23: 751-757. 10.1097/00007632-199804010-00001.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Eyre DR, Muir H: Quantitative analysis of types I and II collagens in the human intervertebral disc at various ages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1977, 492: 29-42. 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90211-2.PubMed Eyre DR, Muir H: Quantitative analysis of types I and II collagens in the human intervertebral disc at various ages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1977, 492: 29-42. 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90211-2.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Johnstone B, Bayliss MT: The large proteoglycans of the human intervertebral disc. Changes in their biosynthesis and structure with age, topography, and pathology. Spine. 1995, 20: 674-684.PubMed Johnstone B, Bayliss MT: The large proteoglycans of the human intervertebral disc. Changes in their biosynthesis and structure with age, topography, and pathology. Spine. 1995, 20: 674-684.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Urban JP, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J: Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology. 1979, 16: 447-464.PubMed Urban JP, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J: Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology. 1979, 16: 447-464.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Roberts S, Menage J, Duance V, Wotton S, Ayad S: 1991 Volvo award in basic sciences: Collagen types around the cells of the intervertebral disc and cartilage end plate: An immunolocalization study. Spine. 1991, 16: 1030-1038.PubMed Roberts S, Menage J, Duance V, Wotton S, Ayad S: 1991 Volvo award in basic sciences: Collagen types around the cells of the intervertebral disc and cartilage end plate: An immunolocalization study. Spine. 1991, 16: 1030-1038.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Melrose J, Ghosh P, Taylor TK: A comparative analysis of the differential spatial and temporal distributions of the large (aggrecan, versican) and small (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin) proteoglycans of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 2001, 198: 3-15. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810003.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Melrose J, Ghosh P, Taylor TK: A comparative analysis of the differential spatial and temporal distributions of the large (aggrecan, versican) and small (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin) proteoglycans of the intervertebral disc. J Anat. 2001, 198: 3-15. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810003.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
28.
go back to reference Eyre DR, Wu JJ, Fernandes RJ, Pietka TA, Weis MA: Recent developments in cartilage research: matrix biology of the collagen II/IX/XI heterofibril network. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001, 30: 893-899. 10.1042/BST0300893. Eyre DR, Wu JJ, Fernandes RJ, Pietka TA, Weis MA: Recent developments in cartilage research: matrix biology of the collagen II/IX/XI heterofibril network. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001, 30: 893-899. 10.1042/BST0300893.
29.
go back to reference Sztrolovics R, Alini M, Roughley PJ, Mort JS: Aggrecan degradation in human intervertebral disc and articular cartilage. Biochem J. 1997, 326: 235-241.PubMedCentralPubMed Sztrolovics R, Alini M, Roughley PJ, Mort JS: Aggrecan degradation in human intervertebral disc and articular cartilage. Biochem J. 1997, 326: 235-241.PubMedCentralPubMed
30.
go back to reference Roberts S, Caterson B, Menage J, Evans EH, Jaffray DC, Eisenstein SM: Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 2000, 25: 3005-3013. 10.1097/00007632-200012010-00007.PubMed Roberts S, Caterson B, Menage J, Evans EH, Jaffray DC, Eisenstein SM: Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 2000, 25: 3005-3013. 10.1097/00007632-200012010-00007.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Weiler C, Nerlich AG, Zipperer J, Bachmeier BE, Boos N: 2002 SSE Award Competition in Basic Science: expression of major matrix metalloproteinases is associated with intervertebral disc degradation and resorption. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11: 308-320. 10.1007/s00586-002-0472-0.PubMedCentralPubMed Weiler C, Nerlich AG, Zipperer J, Bachmeier BE, Boos N: 2002 SSE Award Competition in Basic Science: expression of major matrix metalloproteinases is associated with intervertebral disc degradation and resorption. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11: 308-320. 10.1007/s00586-002-0472-0.PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
go back to reference Donohue PJ, Jahnke MR, Blaha JD, Caterson B: Characterization of link protein(s) from human intervertebral-disc tissues. Biochem J. 1988, 251: 739-747.PubMedCentralPubMed Donohue PJ, Jahnke MR, Blaha JD, Caterson B: Characterization of link protein(s) from human intervertebral-disc tissues. Biochem J. 1988, 251: 739-747.PubMedCentralPubMed
33.
go back to reference Lyons G, Eisenstein SM, Sweet MB: Biochemical changes in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981, 673: 443-453. 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90476-1.PubMed Lyons G, Eisenstein SM, Sweet MB: Biochemical changes in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981, 673: 443-453. 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90476-1.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Inkinen RI, Lammi MJ, Lehmonen S, Puustjarvi K, Kaapa E, Tammi MI: Relative increase of biglycan and decorin and altered chondroitin sulfate epitopes in the degenerating human intervertebral disc. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 506-514.PubMed Inkinen RI, Lammi MJ, Lehmonen S, Puustjarvi K, Kaapa E, Tammi MI: Relative increase of biglycan and decorin and altered chondroitin sulfate epitopes in the degenerating human intervertebral disc. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 506-514.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Antoniou J, Steffen T, Nelson F, Winterbottom N, Hollander AP, Poole RA, Aebi M, Alini M: The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration. J Clin Invest. 1996, 98: 996-1003.PubMedCentralPubMed Antoniou J, Steffen T, Nelson F, Winterbottom N, Hollander AP, Poole RA, Aebi M, Alini M: The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration. J Clin Invest. 1996, 98: 996-1003.PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
go back to reference Hollander AP, Heathfield TF, Liu JJ, Pidoux I, Roughley PJ, Mort JS, Poole AR: Enhanced denaturation of the alpha (II) chains of type-II collagen in normal adult human intervertebral discs compared with femoral articular cartilage. J Orthop Res. 1996, 14: 61-66. 10.1002/jor.1100140111.PubMed Hollander AP, Heathfield TF, Liu JJ, Pidoux I, Roughley PJ, Mort JS, Poole AR: Enhanced denaturation of the alpha (II) chains of type-II collagen in normal adult human intervertebral discs compared with femoral articular cartilage. J Orthop Res. 1996, 14: 61-66. 10.1002/jor.1100140111.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Duance VC, Crean JK, Sims TJ, Avery N, Smith S, Menage J, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S: Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Spine. 1998, 23: 2545-2551. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00009.PubMed Duance VC, Crean JK, Sims TJ, Avery N, Smith S, Menage J, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S: Changes in collagen cross-linking in degenerative disc disease and scoliosis. Spine. 1998, 23: 2545-2551. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00009.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Johnson SL, Aguiar DJ, Ogilvie JW: Fibronectin and its fragments increase with degeneration in the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 2000, 25: 2742-2747. 10.1097/00007632-200011010-00005.PubMed Johnson SL, Aguiar DJ, Ogilvie JW: Fibronectin and its fragments increase with degeneration in the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 2000, 25: 2742-2747. 10.1097/00007632-200011010-00005.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Crean JK, Roberts S, Jaffray DC, Eisenstein SM, Duance VC: Matrix metalloproteinases in the human intervertebral disc: role in disc degeneration and scoliosis. Spine. 1997, 22: 2877-2884. 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00010.PubMed Crean JK, Roberts S, Jaffray DC, Eisenstein SM, Duance VC: Matrix metalloproteinases in the human intervertebral disc: role in disc degeneration and scoliosis. Spine. 1997, 22: 2877-2884. 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00010.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Ariga K, Yonenobu K, NAKASE T, Kaneko M, Okuda S, Uchiyama Y, Yoshikawa H: Localization of cathepsins D, K, and L in degenerated human intervertebral discs. Spine. 2001, 26: 2666-2672. 10.1097/00007632-200112150-00007.PubMed Ariga K, Yonenobu K, NAKASE T, Kaneko M, Okuda S, Uchiyama Y, Yoshikawa H: Localization of cathepsins D, K, and L in degenerated human intervertebral discs. Spine. 2001, 26: 2666-2672. 10.1097/00007632-200112150-00007.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Urban JPG, McMullin JF: Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition and degeneration. Spine. 1988, 13: 179-187.PubMed Urban JPG, McMullin JF: Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition and degeneration. Spine. 1988, 13: 179-187.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, Hartwig E: Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from MR images. Eur Radiol. 2001, 11: 263-269. 10.1007/s003300000556.PubMed Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, Hartwig E: Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from MR images. Eur Radiol. 2001, 11: 263-269. 10.1007/s003300000556.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Adams MA, McNally DS, Dolan P: 'Stress' distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996, 78: 965-972. 10.1302/0301-620X78B6.1287.PubMed Adams MA, McNally DS, Dolan P: 'Stress' distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996, 78: 965-972. 10.1302/0301-620X78B6.1287.PubMed
44.
go back to reference McNally DS, Shackleford IM, Goodship AE, Mulholland RC: In vivo stress measurement can predict pain on discography. Spine. 1996, 21: 2580-2587. 10.1097/00007632-199611150-00007.PubMed McNally DS, Shackleford IM, Goodship AE, Mulholland RC: In vivo stress measurement can predict pain on discography. Spine. 1996, 21: 2580-2587. 10.1097/00007632-199611150-00007.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC, Porter RW: Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics and their clinical significance. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990, 72: 266-270.PubMed Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC, Porter RW: Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics and their clinical significance. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990, 72: 266-270.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Postacchini F, Gumina S, Cinotti G, Perugia D, DeMartino C: Ligamenta flava in lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. Light and electron microscopic morphology. Spine. 1994, 19: 917-922.PubMed Postacchini F, Gumina S, Cinotti G, Perugia D, DeMartino C: Ligamenta flava in lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. Light and electron microscopic morphology. Spine. 1994, 19: 917-922.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Maroudas A: Biophysical chemistry of cartilaginous tissues with special reference to solute and fluid transport. Biorheology. 1975, 12: 233-248.PubMed Maroudas A: Biophysical chemistry of cartilaginous tissues with special reference to solute and fluid transport. Biorheology. 1975, 12: 233-248.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Freemont AJ, Peacock TE, Goupille P, Hoyland JA, O'Brien J, Jayson M-IV: Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet. 1997, 350: 178-181. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02135-1.PubMed Freemont AJ, Peacock TE, Goupille P, Hoyland JA, O'Brien J, Jayson M-IV: Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet. 1997, 350: 178-181. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02135-1.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Johnson WE, Caterson B, Eisenstein SM, Hynds DL, Snow DM, Roberts S: Human intervertebral disc aggrecan inhibits nerve growth in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 2658-2664. 10.1002/art.10585.PubMed Johnson WE, Caterson B, Eisenstein SM, Hynds DL, Snow DM, Roberts S: Human intervertebral disc aggrecan inhibits nerve growth in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 2658-2664. 10.1002/art.10585.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Melrose J, Roberts S, Smith S, Menage J, Ghosh P: Increased nerve and blood vessel ingrowth associated with proteoglycan depletion in an ovine anular lesion model of experimental disc degeneration. Spine. 2002, 27: 1278-1285. 10.1097/00007632-200206150-00007.PubMed Melrose J, Roberts S, Smith S, Menage J, Ghosh P: Increased nerve and blood vessel ingrowth associated with proteoglycan depletion in an ovine anular lesion model of experimental disc degeneration. Spine. 2002, 27: 1278-1285. 10.1097/00007632-200206150-00007.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Adams MA, Hutton WC: Prolapsed intervertebral disc. A hyperflexion injury 1981 Volvo Award in Basic Science. Spine. 1982, 7: 184-191.PubMed Adams MA, Hutton WC: Prolapsed intervertebral disc. A hyperflexion injury 1981 Volvo Award in Basic Science. Spine. 1982, 7: 184-191.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Moore RJ, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD, Osti OL, Schembri M: The origin and fate of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc tissue. Spine. 1996, 21: 2149-2155. 10.1097/00007632-199609150-00018.PubMed Moore RJ, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD, Osti OL, Schembri M: The origin and fate of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc tissue. Spine. 1996, 21: 2149-2155. 10.1097/00007632-199609150-00018.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Boos N, Rieder R, Schade V, Spratt KF, Semmer N, Aebi M: 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging, work perception, and psychosocial factors in identifying symptomatic disc herniations. Spine. 1995, 20: 2613-2625.PubMed Boos N, Rieder R, Schade V, Spratt KF, Semmer N, Aebi M: 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging, work perception, and psychosocial factors in identifying symptomatic disc herniations. Spine. 1995, 20: 2613-2625.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Cavanaugh JM: Neural mechanisms of lumbar pain. Spine. 1995, 20: 1804-1809.PubMed Cavanaugh JM: Neural mechanisms of lumbar pain. Spine. 1995, 20: 1804-1809.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Kang JD, Georgescu HI, McIntyre-Larkin L, Stefanovic-Racic M, Donaldson WF, Evans CH: Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produced matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine. 1996, 21: 271-277. 10.1097/00007632-199602010-00003.PubMed Kang JD, Georgescu HI, McIntyre-Larkin L, Stefanovic-Racic M, Donaldson WF, Evans CH: Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produced matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine. 1996, 21: 271-277. 10.1097/00007632-199602010-00003.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Kawakami M, Tamaki T, Weinstein JN, Hashizume H, Nishi H, Meller ST: Pathomechanism of pain-related behavior produced by allografts of intervertebral disc in the rat. Spine. 1996, 21: 2101-2107. 10.1097/00007632-199609150-00009.PubMed Kawakami M, Tamaki T, Weinstein JN, Hashizume H, Nishi H, Meller ST: Pathomechanism of pain-related behavior produced by allografts of intervertebral disc in the rat. Spine. 1996, 21: 2101-2107. 10.1097/00007632-199609150-00009.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Olmarker K, Rydevik B: Disc Herniation and sciatica; the basic science platform. In Lumbar Disc Herniation. Edited by: Gunzburg R, Szpalski M. 2002, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 31-37. Olmarker K, Rydevik B: Disc Herniation and sciatica; the basic science platform. In Lumbar Disc Herniation. Edited by: Gunzburg R, Szpalski M. 2002, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 31-37.
58.
go back to reference Haro H, Kato T, Komori H, Osada M, Shinomiya K: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in herniated disc resorption. J Orthop Res. 2002, 20: 409-415. 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00150-4.PubMed Haro H, Kato T, Komori H, Osada M, Shinomiya K: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in herniated disc resorption. J Orthop Res. 2002, 20: 409-415. 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00150-4.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Korhonen T, Karppinen J, Malmivaara A, Paimela L, Kyllonen E, Lindgren KA: Treatment of sciatica with infliximab, a monocloncal humanised climaeric antibody against TNF [abstract 14]. ISSLS Spring Proceedings. 2002, [http://www.spinejournal.com] Korhonen T, Karppinen J, Malmivaara A, Paimela L, Kyllonen E, Lindgren KA: Treatment of sciatica with infliximab, a monocloncal humanised climaeric antibody against TNF [abstract 14]. ISSLS Spring Proceedings. 2002, [http://​www.​spinejournal.​com]
60.
go back to reference Butler WF: Comparative anatomy and development of the mammalian disc. In The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc. Edited by: Ghosh P. 1989, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 84-108. Butler WF: Comparative anatomy and development of the mammalian disc. In The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc. Edited by: Ghosh P. 1989, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 84-108.
61.
go back to reference Moskowitz RW, Ziv I, Denko CW, Boja B, JoneS PK, Adler JH: Spondylosis in sand rats: a model of intervertebral disc degeneration and hyperostosis. J Orthop Res. 1990, 8: 401-411. 10.1002/jor.1100080312.PubMed Moskowitz RW, Ziv I, Denko CW, Boja B, JoneS PK, Adler JH: Spondylosis in sand rats: a model of intervertebral disc degeneration and hyperostosis. J Orthop Res. 1990, 8: 401-411. 10.1002/jor.1100080312.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Ghosh P, Taylor TK, Yarroll JM: Genetic factors in the maturation of the canine intervertebral disc. Res Vet Sci. 1975, 19: 304-311.PubMed Ghosh P, Taylor TK, Yarroll JM: Genetic factors in the maturation of the canine intervertebral disc. Res Vet Sci. 1975, 19: 304-311.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD: 1990 Volvo Award in experimental studies. Anulus tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. An experimental study using an animal model. Spine. 1990, 15: 762-767.PubMed Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD: 1990 Volvo Award in experimental studies. Anulus tears and intervertebral disc degeneration. An experimental study using an animal model. Spine. 1990, 15: 762-767.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Lipson SJ, Muir H: Vertebral osteophyte formation in experimental disc degeneration. Morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time. Arthritis Rheum. 1980, 23: 319-324.PubMed Lipson SJ, Muir H: Vertebral osteophyte formation in experimental disc degeneration. Morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time. Arthritis Rheum. 1980, 23: 319-324.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Nachemson A, Lewin T, Maroudas A, Freeman MAF: In vitro diffusion of dye through the end-plates and annulus fibrosus of human lumbar intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970, 41: 589-607.PubMed Nachemson A, Lewin T, Maroudas A, Freeman MAF: In vitro diffusion of dye through the end-plates and annulus fibrosus of human lumbar intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970, 41: 589-607.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Ishihara H, Urban JP: Effects of low oxygen concentrations and metabolic inhibitors on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res. 1999, 17: 829-835. 10.1002/jor.1100170607.PubMed Ishihara H, Urban JP: Effects of low oxygen concentrations and metabolic inhibitors on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res. 1999, 17: 829-835. 10.1002/jor.1100170607.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Ohshima H, Urban JPG: Effect of lactate concentrations and pH on matrix synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. Spine. 1992, 17: 1079-1082.PubMed Ohshima H, Urban JPG: Effect of lactate concentrations and pH on matrix synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc. Spine. 1992, 17: 1079-1082.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Horner HA, Urban JP: 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Basic Science Studies: effect of nutrient supply on the viability of cells from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Spine. 2001, 26: 2543-2549. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00006.PubMed Horner HA, Urban JP: 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Basic Science Studies: effect of nutrient supply on the viability of cells from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. Spine. 2001, 26: 2543-2549. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00006.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Holm S, Maroudas A, Urban JP, Selstam G, Nachemson A: Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metabolism. Connect Tissue Res. 1981, 8: 101-119.PubMed Holm S, Maroudas A, Urban JP, Selstam G, Nachemson A: Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metabolism. Connect Tissue Res. 1981, 8: 101-119.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Urban JP, Holm S, Maroudas A: Diffusion of small solutes into the intervertebral disc: as in vivo study. Biorheology. 1978, 15: 203-221.PubMed Urban JP, Holm S, Maroudas A: Diffusion of small solutes into the intervertebral disc: as in vivo study. Biorheology. 1978, 15: 203-221.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Kauppila LI, McAlindon T, Evans S, Wilson PW, Kiel D, Felson DT: Disc degeneration/back pain and calcification of the abdominal aorta. A 25-year follow-up study in Framingham. Spine. 1997, 22: 1642-1647. 10.1097/00007632-199707150-00023.PubMed Kauppila LI, McAlindon T, Evans S, Wilson PW, Kiel D, Felson DT: Disc degeneration/back pain and calcification of the abdominal aorta. A 25-year follow-up study in Framingham. Spine. 1997, 22: 1642-1647. 10.1097/00007632-199707150-00023.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Kauppila LI: Prevalence of stenotic changes in arteries supplying the lumbar spine. A postmortem angiographic study on 140 subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997, 56: 591-595.PubMedCentralPubMed Kauppila LI: Prevalence of stenotic changes in arteries supplying the lumbar spine. A postmortem angiographic study on 140 subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997, 56: 591-595.PubMedCentralPubMed
73.
go back to reference Jones JP: Subchondral osteonecrosis can conceivably cause disk degeneration and 'primary' osteoarthritis. In: Osteonecrosis. Edited by: Urbaniak JR, Jones JP. 1997, Park Ridge, Illinois: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 135-142. Jones JP: Subchondral osteonecrosis can conceivably cause disk degeneration and 'primary' osteoarthritis. In: Osteonecrosis. Edited by: Urbaniak JR, Jones JP. 1997, Park Ridge, Illinois: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 135-142.
74.
go back to reference Holm S, Nachemson A: Variation in the nutrition of the canine intervertebral disc induced by motion. Spine. 1983, 8: 866-874.PubMed Holm S, Nachemson A: Variation in the nutrition of the canine intervertebral disc induced by motion. Spine. 1983, 8: 866-874.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Holm S, Nachemson A: Nutritional changes in the canine intervertebral disc after spinal fusion. Clin Orthop. 1982, 169: 243-258.PubMed Holm S, Nachemson A: Nutritional changes in the canine intervertebral disc after spinal fusion. Clin Orthop. 1982, 169: 243-258.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Roberts S, Urban JPG, Evans H, Eisenstein SM: Transport properties of the human cartilage end-plate in relation to its composition and calcification. Spine. 1996, 21: 415-420. 10.1097/00007632-199602150-00003.PubMed Roberts S, Urban JPG, Evans H, Eisenstein SM: Transport properties of the human cartilage end-plate in relation to its composition and calcification. Spine. 1996, 21: 415-420. 10.1097/00007632-199602150-00003.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Roberts S, Menage J, Eisenstein SM: The cartilage end-plate and intervertebral disc in scoliosis: calcification and other sequelae. J Orthop Res. 1993, 11: 747-757. 10.1002/jor.1100110517.PubMed Roberts S, Menage J, Eisenstein SM: The cartilage end-plate and intervertebral disc in scoliosis: calcification and other sequelae. J Orthop Res. 1993, 11: 747-757. 10.1002/jor.1100110517.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Holm S, Nachemson A: Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: acute effects of cigarette smoking. An experimental animal study. Ups J Med Sci. 1988, 93: 91-99.PubMed Holm S, Nachemson A: Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: acute effects of cigarette smoking. An experimental animal study. Ups J Med Sci. 1988, 93: 91-99.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Urban MR, Fairbank JC, Etherington PJ, Loh FL, Winlove CP, Urban JP: Electrochemical measurement of transport into scoliotic intervertebral discs in vivo using nitrous oxide as a tracer. Spine. 2001, 26: 984-990. 10.1097/00007632-200104150-00028.PubMed Urban MR, Fairbank JC, Etherington PJ, Loh FL, Winlove CP, Urban JP: Electrochemical measurement of transport into scoliotic intervertebral discs in vivo using nitrous oxide as a tracer. Spine. 2001, 26: 984-990. 10.1097/00007632-200104150-00028.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Urban MR, Fairbank JC, Bibby SR, Urban JP: Intervertebral disc composition in neuromuscular scoliosis: changes in cell density and glycosaminoglycan concentration at the curve apex. Spine. 2001, 26: 610-617. 10.1097/00007632-200103150-00010.PubMed Urban MR, Fairbank JC, Bibby SR, Urban JP: Intervertebral disc composition in neuromuscular scoliosis: changes in cell density and glycosaminoglycan concentration at the curve apex. Spine. 2001, 26: 610-617. 10.1097/00007632-200103150-00010.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Bibby SR, Fairbank JC, Urban MR, Urban JP: Cell viability in scoliotic discs in relation to disc deformity and nutrient levels. Spine. 2002, 27: 2220-2228. 10.1097/00007632-200210150-00007.PubMed Bibby SR, Fairbank JC, Urban MR, Urban JP: Cell viability in scoliotic discs in relation to disc deformity and nutrient levels. Spine. 2002, 27: 2220-2228. 10.1097/00007632-200210150-00007.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Bartels EM, Fairbank JCT, Winlove CP, Urban JPG: Oxygen and lactate concentrations measured in vivo in the intervertebral discs of scoliotic and back pain patients. Spine. 1998, 23: 1-8. 10.1097/00007632-199801010-00001.PubMed Bartels EM, Fairbank JCT, Winlove CP, Urban JPG: Oxygen and lactate concentrations measured in vivo in the intervertebral discs of scoliotic and back pain patients. Spine. 1998, 23: 1-8. 10.1097/00007632-199801010-00001.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Allan DB, Waddell G: An historical perspective on low back pain and disability. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989, 234: 1-23.PubMed Allan DB, Waddell G: An historical perspective on low back pain and disability. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989, 234: 1-23.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Puustjarvi K, Takala T, Wang W, Tammi M, Helminen H, Inkinen R: Proteoglycans in the interverterbal disc of young dogs following strenuous running exercise. Conn Tiss Res. 1993, 30: 1-16. Puustjarvi K, Takala T, Wang W, Tammi M, Helminen H, Inkinen R: Proteoglycans in the interverterbal disc of young dogs following strenuous running exercise. Conn Tiss Res. 1993, 30: 1-16.
85.
go back to reference Iatridis JC, Mente PL, Stokes IA, Aronsson DD, Alini M: Compression-induced changes in intervertebral disc properties in a rat tail model. Spine. 1999, 24: 996-1002. 10.1097/00007632-199905150-00013.PubMed Iatridis JC, Mente PL, Stokes IA, Aronsson DD, Alini M: Compression-induced changes in intervertebral disc properties in a rat tail model. Spine. 1999, 24: 996-1002. 10.1097/00007632-199905150-00013.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Lotz JC, Colliou OK, Chin JR, Duncan NA, Liebenberg E: 1998 Volvo Award winner in biomechanical studies – Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: An in vivo mouse model and finite-element study. Spine. 1998, 23: 2493-2506. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00004.PubMed Lotz JC, Colliou OK, Chin JR, Duncan NA, Liebenberg E: 1998 Volvo Award winner in biomechanical studies – Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: An in vivo mouse model and finite-element study. Spine. 1998, 23: 2493-2506. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00004.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Lipson SJ, Muir H: Experimental intervertebral disc degeneration: morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time. Arthritis Rheum. 1981, 24: 12-21.PubMed Lipson SJ, Muir H: Experimental intervertebral disc degeneration: morphologic and proteoglycan changes over time. Arthritis Rheum. 1981, 24: 12-21.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Eck JC, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 1999, 28: 336-340.PubMed Eck JC, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies. Am J Orthop. 1999, 28: 336-340.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Heliovaara M: Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Ann Med. 1989, 21: 257-264.PubMed Heliovaara M: Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Ann Med. 1989, 21: 257-264.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Deyo RA, Bass JE: Lifestyle and Low-Back Pain: the influence of smoking and obesity. Spine. 1989, 14: 501-506.PubMed Deyo RA, Bass JE: Lifestyle and Low-Back Pain: the influence of smoking and obesity. Spine. 1989, 14: 501-506.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Pope MH, Goh KL, Magnusson ML: Spine ergonomics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2002, 4: 49-68. 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.092101.122107.PubMed Pope MH, Goh KL, Magnusson ML: Spine ergonomics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2002, 4: 49-68. 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.092101.122107.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Thompson JP, Pearce RH, Schechter MT, Adams ME, Tsang IKY, Bishop PB: Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 1990, 15: 411-415.PubMed Thompson JP, Pearce RH, Schechter MT, Adams ME, Tsang IKY, Bishop PB: Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 1990, 15: 411-415.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Waddell G: The Back Pain Revolution. 1998, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Waddell G: The Back Pain Revolution. 1998, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
94.
go back to reference Elfering A, Semmer N, Birkhofer D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N: Risk factors for lumbar disc degeneration: a 5-year prospective MRI study in asymptomatic individuals. Spine. 2002, 27: 125-134. 10.1097/00007632-200201150-00002.PubMed Elfering A, Semmer N, Birkhofer D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N: Risk factors for lumbar disc degeneration: a 5-year prospective MRI study in asymptomatic individuals. Spine. 2002, 27: 125-134. 10.1097/00007632-200201150-00002.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Battie MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Manninen H, Gill K, Pope M, Kaprio J: Occupational driving and lumbar disc degeneration: a case-control study. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1369-1374. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11399-7.PubMed Battie MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Manninen H, Gill K, Pope M, Kaprio J: Occupational driving and lumbar disc degeneration: a case-control study. Lancet. 2002, 360: 1369-1374. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11399-7.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Videman T, Battie MC: The influence of occupation on lumbar degeneration. Spine. 1999, 24: 1164-1168. 10.1097/00007632-199906010-00020.PubMed Videman T, Battie MC: The influence of occupation on lumbar degeneration. Spine. 1999, 24: 1164-1168. 10.1097/00007632-199906010-00020.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Heikkila JK, Koskenvuo M, Heliovaara M, Kurppa K, Riihimaki H, Heikkila K, Rita H, Videman T: Genetic and environmental factors in sciatica. Evidence from a nationwide panel of 9365 adult twin pairs. Ann Med. 1989, 21: 393-398.PubMed Heikkila JK, Koskenvuo M, Heliovaara M, Kurppa K, Riihimaki H, Heikkila K, Rita H, Videman T: Genetic and environmental factors in sciatica. Evidence from a nationwide panel of 9365 adult twin pairs. Ann Med. 1989, 21: 393-398.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Matsui H, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Yudoh K, Naruse Y, Tsuji H: Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study. Spine. 1998, 23: 1029-1034. 10.1097/00007632-199805010-00013.PubMed Matsui H, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Yudoh K, Naruse Y, Tsuji H: Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study. Spine. 1998, 23: 1029-1034. 10.1097/00007632-199805010-00013.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Varlotta GP, Brown MD, Kelsey JL, Golden AL: Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991, 73: 124-128.PubMed Varlotta GP, Brown MD, Kelsey JL, Golden AL: Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991, 73: 124-128.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Battie MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD, Manninen H, Gill K: 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. Determinants of lumbar disc degeneration. A study relating lifetime exposures and magnetic resonance imaging findings in identical twins. Spine. 1995, 20: 2601-2612.PubMed Battie MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD, Manninen H, Gill K: 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. Determinants of lumbar disc degeneration. A study relating lifetime exposures and magnetic resonance imaging findings in identical twins. Spine. 1995, 20: 2601-2612.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD: Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 366-372. 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD: Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 366-372. 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Battie MC, Haynor DR, Fisher LD, Gill K, Gibbons LE, Videman T: Similarities in degenerative findings on magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spines of identical twins. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995, 77: 1662-1670.PubMed Battie MC, Haynor DR, Fisher LD, Gill K, Gibbons LE, Videman T: Similarities in degenerative findings on magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spines of identical twins. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995, 77: 1662-1670.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Ala-Kokko L: Genetic risk factors for lumbar disc disease. Ann Med. 2002, 34: 42-47. 10.1080/078538902317338634.PubMed Ala-Kokko L: Genetic risk factors for lumbar disc disease. Ann Med. 2002, 34: 42-47. 10.1080/078538902317338634.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Annunen S, Paassilta P, Lohiniva J, Perala M, Pihlajamaa T, Karppinen J, Tervonen O, Kroger H, Lahde S, Vanharanta H, Ryhanen L, Goring HH, Ott J, Prockop DJ, Ala-Kokko L: An allele of COL9A2 associated with intervertebral disc disease. Science. 1999, 285: 409-412. 10.1126/science.285.5426.409.PubMed Annunen S, Paassilta P, Lohiniva J, Perala M, Pihlajamaa T, Karppinen J, Tervonen O, Kroger H, Lahde S, Vanharanta H, Ryhanen L, Goring HH, Ott J, Prockop DJ, Ala-Kokko L: An allele of COL9A2 associated with intervertebral disc disease. Science. 1999, 285: 409-412. 10.1126/science.285.5426.409.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Paassilta P, Lohiniva J, Goring HH, Perala M, Raina SS, Karppinen J, Hakala M, Palm T, Kroger H, Kaitila I, Vanharanta H, Ott J, Ala-Kokko L: Identification of a novel common genetic risk factor for lumbar disk disease. JAMA. 2001, 285: 1843-1849. 10.1001/jama.285.14.1843.PubMed Paassilta P, Lohiniva J, Goring HH, Perala M, Raina SS, Karppinen J, Hakala M, Palm T, Kroger H, Kaitila I, Vanharanta H, Ott J, Ala-Kokko L: Identification of a novel common genetic risk factor for lumbar disk disease. JAMA. 2001, 285: 1843-1849. 10.1001/jama.285.14.1843.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Kawaguchi Y, Osada R, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Matsui H, Kimura T: Association between an aggrecan gene polymorphism and lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 1999, 24: 2456-2460. 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00006.PubMed Kawaguchi Y, Osada R, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Matsui H, Kimura T: Association between an aggrecan gene polymorphism and lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 1999, 24: 2456-2460. 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00006.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Watanabe H, Nakata K, Kimata K, Nakanishi I, Yamada Y: Dwarfism and age-associated spinal degeneration of heterozygote cmd mice defective in aggrecan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 6943-6947. 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6943.PubMedCentralPubMed Watanabe H, Nakata K, Kimata K, Nakanishi I, Yamada Y: Dwarfism and age-associated spinal degeneration of heterozygote cmd mice defective in aggrecan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 6943-6947. 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6943.PubMedCentralPubMed
108.
go back to reference Li SW, Prockop DJ, Helminen H, Fassler R, Lapvetelainen T, Kiraly K, Peltarri A, Arokoski J, Lui H, Arita M: Transgenic mice with targeted inactivation of the Col2 alpha 1 gene for collagen II develop a skeleton with membranous and periosteal bone but no endochondral bone. Genes Dev. 1995, 9: 2821-2830.PubMed Li SW, Prockop DJ, Helminen H, Fassler R, Lapvetelainen T, Kiraly K, Peltarri A, Arokoski J, Lui H, Arita M: Transgenic mice with targeted inactivation of the Col2 alpha 1 gene for collagen II develop a skeleton with membranous and periosteal bone but no endochondral bone. Genes Dev. 1995, 9: 2821-2830.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Kimura T, Nakata K, Tsumaki N, Miyamoto S, Matsui Y, Ebara S, Ochi T: Progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and intervertebral discs. An experimental study in transgenic mice bearing a type IX collagen mutation. Int Orthop. 1996, 20: 177-181. 10.1007/s002640050058.PubMed Kimura T, Nakata K, Tsumaki N, Miyamoto S, Matsui Y, Ebara S, Ochi T: Progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and intervertebral discs. An experimental study in transgenic mice bearing a type IX collagen mutation. Int Orthop. 1996, 20: 177-181. 10.1007/s002640050058.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Takahashi M, Haro H, Wakabayashi Y, Kawa-uchi T, Komori H, Shinomiya K: The association of degeneration of the intervertebral disc with 5a/6a polymorphism in the promoter of the human matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001, 83: 491-495. 10.1302/0301-620X.83B4.11617.PubMed Takahashi M, Haro H, Wakabayashi Y, Kawa-uchi T, Komori H, Shinomiya K: The association of degeneration of the intervertebral disc with 5a/6a polymorphism in the promoter of the human matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001, 83: 491-495. 10.1302/0301-620X.83B4.11617.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Kawaguchi Y, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Matsui H, Kimura T: The association of lumbar disc disease with vitamin-D receptor gene polymorphism. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002, 84-A: 2022-2028.PubMed Kawaguchi Y, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Matsui H, Kimura T: The association of lumbar disc disease with vitamin-D receptor gene polymorphism. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002, 84-A: 2022-2028.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Videman T, Gibbons LE, Battie MC, Maravilla K, Vanninen E, Leppavuori J, Kaprio J, Peltonen L: The relative roles of intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene in lumbar spine degeneration and bone density. Spine. 2001, 26: E7-E12. 10.1097/00007632-200102010-00003.PubMed Videman T, Gibbons LE, Battie MC, Maravilla K, Vanninen E, Leppavuori J, Kaprio J, Peltonen L: The relative roles of intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene in lumbar spine degeneration and bone density. Spine. 2001, 26: E7-E12. 10.1097/00007632-200102010-00003.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Videman T, Leppavuori J, Kaprio J, Battie MC, Gibbons LE, Peltonen L, Koskenvuo M: Intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. 1998, 23: 2477-2485. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00002.PubMed Videman T, Leppavuori J, Kaprio J, Battie MC, Gibbons LE, Peltonen L, Koskenvuo M: Intragenic polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine. 1998, 23: 2477-2485. 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00002.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Jones G, White C, Sambrook P, Eisman J: Allelic variation in the vitamin D receptor, lifestyle factors and lumbar spinal degenerative disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998, 57: 94-99.PubMedCentralPubMed Jones G, White C, Sambrook P, Eisman J: Allelic variation in the vitamin D receptor, lifestyle factors and lumbar spinal degenerative disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998, 57: 94-99.PubMedCentralPubMed
115.
go back to reference Superti-Furga A, Bonafe L, Rimoin DL: Molecular-pathogenetic classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton. Am J Med Genet. 2001, 106: 282-293. 10.1002/ajmg.10233.abs.PubMed Superti-Furga A, Bonafe L, Rimoin DL: Molecular-pathogenetic classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton. Am J Med Genet. 2001, 106: 282-293. 10.1002/ajmg.10233.abs.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Zortea M, Vettori A, Trevisan CP, Bellini S, Vazza G, Armani M, Simonati A, Mostacciuolo ML: Genetic mapping of a susceptibility locus for disc herniation and spastic paraplegia on 6q23.3-q24.1. J Med Genet. 2002, 39: 387-390. 10.1136/jmg.39.6.387.PubMedCentralPubMed Zortea M, Vettori A, Trevisan CP, Bellini S, Vazza G, Armani M, Simonati A, Mostacciuolo ML: Genetic mapping of a susceptibility locus for disc herniation and spastic paraplegia on 6q23.3-q24.1. J Med Genet. 2002, 39: 387-390. 10.1136/jmg.39.6.387.PubMedCentralPubMed
117.
go back to reference Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD: Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 366-372. 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD: Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 366-372. 10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<366::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Solovieva S, Lohiniva J, Leino-Arjas P, Raininko R, Luoma Section SK, Ala-Kokko L, Riihimaki H: COL9A3 gene polymorphism and obesity in intervertebral disc degeneration of the lumbar spine: evidence of gene-environment interaction. Spine. 2002, 27: 2691-2696. 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00008.PubMed Solovieva S, Lohiniva J, Leino-Arjas P, Raininko R, Luoma Section SK, Ala-Kokko L, Riihimaki H: COL9A3 gene polymorphism and obesity in intervertebral disc degeneration of the lumbar spine: evidence of gene-environment interaction. Spine. 2002, 27: 2691-2696. 10.1097/00007632-200212010-00008.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Saal JA, Saal JS: Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Spine. 2002, 27: 966-973. 10.1097/00007632-200205010-00017.PubMed Saal JA, Saal JS: Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Spine. 2002, 27: 966-973. 10.1097/00007632-200205010-00017.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A: 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine. 2001, 26: 2521-2532. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00002.PubMed Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A: 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine. 2001, 26: 2521-2532. 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00002.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Weber H: A controlled, prospective study with ten years of observation. Spine. 1983, 8: 131-140.PubMed Weber H: A controlled, prospective study with ten years of observation. Spine. 1983, 8: 131-140.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Gibson JN, Grant IC, Waddell G: Surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000, CD001350- Gibson JN, Grant IC, Waddell G: Surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000, CD001350-
123.
go back to reference Thompson JP, Oegema TR, Bradford DS: Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine. 1991, 16: 253-260.PubMed Thompson JP, Oegema TR, Bradford DS: Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine. 1991, 16: 253-260.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Osada R, Ohshima H, Ishihara H, Yudoh K, Sakai K, Matsui H, Tsuji H: Autocrine/paracrine mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion, and the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on proteoglycan synthesis in bovine intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res. 1996, 14: 690-699. 10.1002/jor.1100140503.PubMed Osada R, Ohshima H, Ishihara H, Yudoh K, Sakai K, Matsui H, Tsuji H: Autocrine/paracrine mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion, and the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on proteoglycan synthesis in bovine intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res. 1996, 14: 690-699. 10.1002/jor.1100140503.PubMed
125.
go back to reference Takegami K, Thonar EJ, An HS, Kamada H, Masuda K: Osteogenic protein-1 enhances matrix replenishment by intervertebral disc cells previously exposed to interleukin-1. Spine. 2002, 27: 1318-1325. 10.1097/00007632-200206150-00014.PubMed Takegami K, Thonar EJ, An HS, Kamada H, Masuda K: Osteogenic protein-1 enhances matrix replenishment by intervertebral disc cells previously exposed to interleukin-1. Spine. 2002, 27: 1318-1325. 10.1097/00007632-200206150-00014.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Hall RA, Kang JD, Kang JD: Degeneration, repair, and regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Curr Opinion Rheum. 2000, 11: 413-420. Hall RA, Kang JD, Kang JD: Degeneration, repair, and regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Curr Opinion Rheum. 2000, 11: 413-420.
127.
go back to reference Nishida K, Kang JD, Gilbertson LG, Moon SH, Suh JK, Vogt MT, Robbins PD, Evans CH: Modulation of the biologic activity of the rabbit intervertebral disc by gene therapy: An in vivo study of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human transforming growth factor beta 1 encoding gene. Spine. 1999, 24: 2419-2425. 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00002.PubMed Nishida K, Kang JD, Gilbertson LG, Moon SH, Suh JK, Vogt MT, Robbins PD, Evans CH: Modulation of the biologic activity of the rabbit intervertebral disc by gene therapy: An in vivo study of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human transforming growth factor beta 1 encoding gene. Spine. 1999, 24: 2419-2425. 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00002.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Roberts S, Hollander AP, Caterson B, Menage J, Richardson JB: Matrix turnover in human cartilage repair tissue in autologous chondrocyte implantation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2586-2598. 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2586::AID-ART439>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed Roberts S, Hollander AP, Caterson B, Menage J, Richardson JB: Matrix turnover in human cartilage repair tissue in autologous chondrocyte implantation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2586-2598. 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2586::AID-ART439>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Brittberg M: Autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Clin Orthop. 1999, 367 (suppl): S147-S155. 10.1097/00003086-199910001-00016.PubMed Brittberg M: Autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Clin Orthop. 1999, 367 (suppl): S147-S155. 10.1097/00003086-199910001-00016.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Gruber HE, Johnson TL, Leslie K, Ingram JA, Martin D, Hoelscher G, Banks D, Phieffer L, Coldham G, Hanley EN: Autologous intervertebral disc cell implantation: a model using Psammomys obesus, the sand rat. Spine. 2002, 27: 1626-1633. 10.1097/00007632-200208010-00007.PubMed Gruber HE, Johnson TL, Leslie K, Ingram JA, Martin D, Hoelscher G, Banks D, Phieffer L, Coldham G, Hanley EN: Autologous intervertebral disc cell implantation: a model using Psammomys obesus, the sand rat. Spine. 2002, 27: 1626-1633. 10.1097/00007632-200208010-00007.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Alini M, Roughley PJ, Antoniou J, Stoll T, Aebi M: A biological approach to treating disc degeneration: not for today, but maybe for tomorrow. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11 (suppl 2): S215-S220.PubMedCentralPubMed Alini M, Roughley PJ, Antoniou J, Stoll T, Aebi M: A biological approach to treating disc degeneration: not for today, but maybe for tomorrow. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11 (suppl 2): S215-S220.PubMedCentralPubMed
132.
go back to reference Ganey TM, Meisel HJ: A potential role for cell-based therapeutics in the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11 Suppl 2: S206-S214.PubMed Ganey TM, Meisel HJ: A potential role for cell-based therapeutics in the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 2002, 11 Suppl 2: S206-S214.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Maetzel A, Li L: The economic burden of low back pain: a review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002, 16: 23-30. 10.1053/berh.2001.0204.PubMed Maetzel A, Li L: The economic burden of low back pain: a review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002, 16: 23-30. 10.1053/berh.2001.0204.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc
Authors
Jill PG Urban
Sally Roberts
Publication date
01-06-2003
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue 3/2003
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar629

Other articles of this Issue 3/2003

Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2003 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.