Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2/2006

01-07-2006 | Review

Interleukin-6 and rheumatic diseases

Author: Peter E Lipsky

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Special Issue 2/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both the initiation and the maintenance of the inflammatory and immunologic responses in certain autoimmune diseases. Blocking of these two complementary functions of IL-6 may confer additive, or even unique, benefits to the patient. The levels of both IL-6 and its soluble receptor (sIL-6Rα) are elevated to various degrees in many rheumatic diseases. IL-6 blockade has been shown to be beneficial both in experimental models and in human disease, and inhibition of IL-6 signaling with a molecule such as tocilizumab could prevent or reverse some of the complications typically associated with rheumatic diseases.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Van Snick J: Interleukin-6 an overview. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990, 8: 253-278. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.8.1.253.CrossRefPubMed Van Snick J: Interleukin-6 an overview. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990, 8: 253-278. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.8.1.253.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Romano MM, Sironi C, Toniatti N, Polentarutti N, Fruscella P, Ghezzi R, Faggioni W, Luini V, van Hinsbergh S, Sozzani S, et al: Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity. 1997, 6: 315-325. 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80334-9.CrossRefPubMed Romano MM, Sironi C, Toniatti N, Polentarutti N, Fruscella P, Ghezzi R, Faggioni W, Luini V, van Hinsbergh S, Sozzani S, et al: Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity. 1997, 6: 315-325. 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80334-9.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Mihara M, Moriya Y, Kishimoto T, Ohsugi Y: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the proliferation of synovial fibroblastic cells in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor. Br J Rheumatol. 1995, 34: 321-325. 10.1093/rheumatology/34.4.321.CrossRefPubMed Mihara M, Moriya Y, Kishimoto T, Ohsugi Y: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the proliferation of synovial fibroblastic cells in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor. Br J Rheumatol. 1995, 34: 321-325. 10.1093/rheumatology/34.4.321.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Tamura T, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Miyaura C, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kumaki K, Taga T: Soluble interleukin-6 receptor triggers osteoclast formation by interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 11924-11928. 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11924.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tamura T, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Miyaura C, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kumaki K, Taga T: Soluble interleukin-6 receptor triggers osteoclast formation by interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 11924-11928. 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11924.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Chai Z, Gatti S, Toniatti C, Poli V, Bartfai T: IL-6 gene expression in the CNS is necessary for fever response to LPS or IL-1β: a study on IL-6-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1996, 183: 311-316. 10.1084/jem.183.1.311.CrossRefPubMed Chai Z, Gatti S, Toniatti C, Poli V, Bartfai T: IL-6 gene expression in the CNS is necessary for fever response to LPS or IL-1β: a study on IL-6-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1996, 183: 311-316. 10.1084/jem.183.1.311.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Streetz KL, Wustefeld T, Klein C, Manns MP, Trautwein C: Mediators of inflammation and acute phase response in the liver. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2001, 47: 661-673. Streetz KL, Wustefeld T, Klein C, Manns MP, Trautwein C: Mediators of inflammation and acute phase response in the liver. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2001, 47: 661-673.
7.
go back to reference Kopf M, Le Gros G, Coyle AJ, Kosco-Vilbois M, Brombacher F: Immune response of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 deficient mice. Immunol Rev. 1995, 148: 45-70. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00093.x.CrossRefPubMed Kopf M, Le Gros G, Coyle AJ, Kosco-Vilbois M, Brombacher F: Immune response of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 deficient mice. Immunol Rev. 1995, 148: 45-70. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1995.tb00093.x.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Takai Y, Seki N, Senoh H, Yokota T, Lee F, Hamaoka T, Fujiwara H: Enhanced production of interleukin-6 in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989, 32: 594-600. 10.1002/anr.1780320513.CrossRefPubMed Takai Y, Seki N, Senoh H, Yokota T, Lee F, Hamaoka T, Fujiwara H: Enhanced production of interleukin-6 in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989, 32: 594-600. 10.1002/anr.1780320513.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Alonzi T, Fattori E, Lazzaro D, Costa P, Probert L, Kollias G, De Benedetti F, Poli V, Ciliberto G: Interleukin 6 is required for the development of collagen-induced arthritis. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 461-468. 10.1084/jem.187.4.461.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Alonzi T, Fattori E, Lazzaro D, Costa P, Probert L, Kollias G, De Benedetti F, Poli V, Ciliberto G: Interleukin 6 is required for the development of collagen-induced arthritis. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 461-468. 10.1084/jem.187.4.461.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Nowell MA, Richards PJ, Horiuchi S, Yamamoto N, Rose-John S, Topley N, Williams AS, Jones SA: Soluble IL-6 receptor governs IL-6 activity in experimental arthritis: blockade of arthritis severity by soluble glycoprotein 130. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 3202-3209.CrossRefPubMed Nowell MA, Richards PJ, Horiuchi S, Yamamoto N, Rose-John S, Topley N, Williams AS, Jones SA: Soluble IL-6 receptor governs IL-6 activity in experimental arthritis: blockade of arthritis severity by soluble glycoprotein 130. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 3202-3209.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Desgeorges A, Gabay C, Silacci P, Novick D, Roux-Lombard P, Grau G, Dayer JM, Vischer T, Guerne A: Concentrations and origins of soluble interleukin 6 receptor-α in serum and synovial fluid. J Rheumatol. 1997, 24: 1510-1516.PubMed Desgeorges A, Gabay C, Silacci P, Novick D, Roux-Lombard P, Grau G, Dayer JM, Vischer T, Guerne A: Concentrations and origins of soluble interleukin 6 receptor-α in serum and synovial fluid. J Rheumatol. 1997, 24: 1510-1516.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Kotake S, Sato K, Kim KJ, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Nakamura I, Yamaguchi A, Kishimoto T, Suda T, Kashiwazaki S: Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptors in the synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsible for osteoclast-like cell formation. J Bone Miner Res. 1996, 11: 88-95. 10.1002/jbmr.5650110113.CrossRefPubMed Kotake S, Sato K, Kim KJ, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Nakamura I, Yamaguchi A, Kishimoto T, Suda T, Kashiwazaki S: Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptors in the synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsible for osteoclast-like cell formation. J Bone Miner Res. 1996, 11: 88-95. 10.1002/jbmr.5650110113.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Takagi N, Mihara M, Moriya Y, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T, Takeda Y, Ohsugi Y: Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 2117-2121. 10.1002/1529-0131(199812)41:12<2117::AID-ART6>3.0.CO;2-P.CrossRefPubMed Takagi N, Mihara M, Moriya Y, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T, Takeda Y, Ohsugi Y: Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 2117-2121. 10.1002/1529-0131(199812)41:12<2117::AID-ART6>3.0.CO;2-P.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Ding C, Jones G: Technology evaluation: MRA, Chugai. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2003, 5: 64-69.PubMed Ding C, Jones G: Technology evaluation: MRA, Chugai. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2003, 5: 64-69.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Sato K, Tsuchiya M, Saldanha J, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, Bendig MM: Reshaping a human antibody to inhibit the interleukin 6-dependent tumor cell growth. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 851-856.PubMed Sato K, Tsuchiya M, Saldanha J, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, Bendig MM: Reshaping a human antibody to inhibit the interleukin 6-dependent tumor cell growth. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 851-856.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Mihara M, Kotoh M, Nishimoto N, Oda Y, Kumagai E, Takagi N, Tsunemi K, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, Yoshizaki K, Takeda Y: Humanized antibody to human interleukin-6 receptor inhibits the development of collagen arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin Immunol. 2001, 98: 319-326. 10.1006/clim.2000.4989.CrossRefPubMed Mihara M, Kotoh M, Nishimoto N, Oda Y, Kumagai E, Takagi N, Tsunemi K, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, Yoshizaki K, Takeda Y: Humanized antibody to human interleukin-6 receptor inhibits the development of collagen arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin Immunol. 2001, 98: 319-326. 10.1006/clim.2000.4989.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, Capell HA: Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993, 52: 232-234. 10.1136/ard.52.3.232.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, Capell HA: Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993, 52: 232-234. 10.1136/ard.52.3.232.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood T, Farrow S, Ioannou Y, Bird H, Cheung N, Williams B, Hazleman B, Price R, et al: Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 3143-3150. 10.1002/art.10623.CrossRefPubMed Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood T, Farrow S, Ioannou Y, Bird H, Cheung N, Williams B, Hazleman B, Price R, et al: Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 3143-3150. 10.1002/art.10623.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Iwata N, Katakura S, Mori M, Woo P, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T: Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 818-825. 10.1002/art.20944.CrossRefPubMed Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Iwata N, Katakura S, Mori M, Woo P, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto T: Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 818-825. 10.1002/art.20944.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Ripley BJ, Goncalves B, Isenberg DA, Latchman DS, Rahman A: Raised levels of interleukin 6 in systemic lupus erythematosus correlate with anaemia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 849-853. 10.1136/ard.2004.022681.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ripley BJ, Goncalves B, Isenberg DA, Latchman DS, Rahman A: Raised levels of interleukin 6 in systemic lupus erythematosus correlate with anaemia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 849-853. 10.1136/ard.2004.022681.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Leng S, Chaves P, Koenig K, Walston J: Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002, 50: 1268-1271. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50315.x.CrossRefPubMed Leng S, Chaves P, Koenig K, Walston J: Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002, 50: 1268-1271. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50315.x.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Nieken J, Mulder NH, Buter J, Vellenga E, Limburg PC, Piers DA, de Vries EG: Recombinant human interleukin-6 induces a rapid and reversible anemia in cancer patients. Blood. 1995, 86: 900-905.PubMed Nieken J, Mulder NH, Buter J, Vellenga E, Limburg PC, Piers DA, de Vries EG: Recombinant human interleukin-6 induces a rapid and reversible anemia in cancer patients. Blood. 1995, 86: 900-905.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Sun WH, Binkley N, Bidwell DW, Ershler WB: The influence of recombinant human interleukin-6 on blood and immune parameters in middle-aged and old rhesus monkeys. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1993, 12: 449-455.PubMed Sun WH, Binkley N, Bidwell DW, Ershler WB: The influence of recombinant human interleukin-6 on blood and immune parameters in middle-aged and old rhesus monkeys. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1993, 12: 449-455.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Yoshizaki K, Matsuda T, Nishimoto N, Kuritani T, Taeho L, Aozasa K, Nakahata T, Kawai H, Tagoh H, Komori T, et al: Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman's disease. Blood. 1989, 74: 1360-1367.PubMed Yoshizaki K, Matsuda T, Nishimoto N, Kuritani T, Taeho L, Aozasa K, Nakahata T, Kawai H, Tagoh H, Komori T, et al: Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman's disease. Blood. 1989, 74: 1360-1367.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Katakura S, Kurosawa R, Mori M: Clinical study of tocilizumab in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2005, 28: 231-238. 10.1385/CRIAI:28:3:231.CrossRefPubMed Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Katakura S, Kurosawa R, Mori M: Clinical study of tocilizumab in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2005, 28: 231-238. 10.1385/CRIAI:28:3:231.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, Emery P, Raemen F, Petersen J, Smolen J, et al: Randomised clinical trial of the IL-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab (MRA), in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an incomplete response to methotrexate in Europe (CHARISMA). Arthritis Rheum. 2006, Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, Emery P, Raemen F, Petersen J, Smolen J, et al: Randomised clinical trial of the IL-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab (MRA), in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an incomplete response to methotrexate in Europe (CHARISMA). Arthritis Rheum. 2006,
28.
go back to reference Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK, Ganz T: IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004, 113: 1271-1276. 10.1172/JCI200420945.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, Keller C, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK, Ganz T: IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004, 113: 1271-1276. 10.1172/JCI200420945.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Compston JE, Vedi S, Croucher PI, Garrahan NJ, O'Sullivan MM: Bone turnover in non-steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994, 53: 163-166. 10.1136/ard.53.3.163.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Compston JE, Vedi S, Croucher PI, Garrahan NJ, O'Sullivan MM: Bone turnover in non-steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994, 53: 163-166. 10.1136/ard.53.3.163.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Kudo O, Sabokbar A, Pocock A, Itonaga I, Fujikawa Y, Athanasou NA: Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 support human osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent mechanism. Bone. 2003, 32: 1-7. 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00915-8.CrossRefPubMed Kudo O, Sabokbar A, Pocock A, Itonaga I, Fujikawa Y, Athanasou NA: Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 support human osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent mechanism. Bone. 2003, 32: 1-7. 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00915-8.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V: Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link?. Atherosclerosis. 2000, 148: 209-214. 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00463-3.CrossRefPubMed Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V: Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link?. Atherosclerosis. 2000, 148: 209-214. 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00463-3.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Woods A, Brull DJ, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE: Genetics of inflammation and risk of coronary artery disease: the central role of interleukin 6. Eur Heart J. 2000, 21: 1574-1583. 10.1053/euhj.1999.2207.CrossRefPubMed Woods A, Brull DJ, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE: Genetics of inflammation and risk of coronary artery disease: the central role of interleukin 6. Eur Heart J. 2000, 21: 1574-1583. 10.1053/euhj.1999.2207.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Wacholder S, Ettinger WH, Heimovitz H, Cohen HJ, Wallace R: Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med. 1999, 106: 506-512. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00066-2.CrossRefPubMed Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Wacholder S, Ettinger WH, Heimovitz H, Cohen HJ, Wallace R: Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med. 1999, 106: 506-512. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00066-2.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH: Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000, 101: 1767-1772.CrossRefPubMed Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH: Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000, 101: 1767-1772.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH: Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation. 1998, 98: 731-733.CrossRefPubMed Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH: Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation. 1998, 98: 731-733.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN, for the MRFIT Research Group: Relationship of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 144: 537-547.CrossRefPubMed Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN, for the MRFIT Research Group: Relationship of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 144: 537-547.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Bermudez EA, Rifai N, Buring J, Manson JE, Ridker PM: Interrelationships among circulating interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002, 22: 1668-1673. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000029781.31325.66.CrossRefPubMed Bermudez EA, Rifai N, Buring J, Manson JE, Ridker PM: Interrelationships among circulating interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002, 22: 1668-1673. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000029781.31325.66.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Lindmark E, Diderholm E, Wallentin L, Siegbahn A: Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy. JAMA. 2001, 286: 2107-2113. 10.1001/jama.286.17.2107.CrossRefPubMed Lindmark E, Diderholm E, Wallentin L, Siegbahn A: Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy. JAMA. 2001, 286: 2107-2113. 10.1001/jama.286.17.2107.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Interleukin-6 and rheumatic diseases
Author
Peter E Lipsky
Publication date
01-07-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue Special Issue 2/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1918

Other articles of this Special Issue 2/2006

Arthritis Research & Therapy 2/2006 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.