Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Review

A database of antimalarial drug resistance

Authors: Carol Hopkins Sibley, Pascal Ringwald

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

A large investment is required to develop, license and deploy a new antimalarial drug. Too often, that investment has been rapidly devalued by the selection of parasite populations resistant to the drug action. To understand the mechanisms of selection, detailed information on the patterns of drug use in a variety of environments, and the geographic and temporal patterns of resistance is needed. Currently, there is no publically-accessible central database that contains information on the levels of resistance to antimalaria drugs.
This paper outlines the resources that are available and the steps that might be taken to create a dynamic, open access database that would include current and historical data on clinical efficacy, in vitro responses and molecular markers related to drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The goal is to include historical and current data on resistance to commonly used drugs, like chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and on the many combinations that are now being tested in different settings. The database will be accessible to all on the Web.
The information in such a database will inform optimal utilization of current drugs and sustain the longest possible therapeutic life of newly introduced drugs and combinations. The database will protect the valuable investment represented by the development and deployment of novel therapies for malaria.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Peters W: Chemotherapy and drug resistance in malaria. 1987, London, Academic Press, second Peters W: Chemotherapy and drug resistance in malaria. 1987, London, Academic Press, second
2.
go back to reference White NJ: Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia. 1999, 41: 301-308.PubMed White NJ: Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia. 1999, 41: 301-308.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Trape JF: The public health impact of chloroquine resistance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 64: 12-17.PubMed Trape JF: The public health impact of chloroquine resistance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 64: 12-17.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Snow RW, Trape JF, Marsh K: The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2001, 17: 593-597. 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02031-1.CrossRefPubMed Snow RW, Trape JF, Marsh K: The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2001, 17: 593-597. 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02031-1.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Africa Malaria Report2003. 2003, Geneva, World Health Organization, WHO/AFRO , UNICEF Africa Malaria Report2003. 2003, Geneva, World Health Organization, WHO/AFRO , UNICEF
6.
go back to reference Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B: Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002, 419: 498-511. 10.1038/nature01097.CrossRefPubMed Gardner MJ, Hall N, Fung E, White O, Berriman M, Hyman RW, Carlton JM, Pain A, Nelson KE, Bowman S, Paulsen IT, James K, Eisen JA, Rutherford K, Salzberg SL, Craig A, Kyes S, Chan MS, Nene V, Shallom SJ, Suh B, Peterson J, Angiuoli S, Pertea M, Allen J, Selengut J, Haft D, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Martin DM, Fairlamb AH, Fraunholz MJ, Roos DS, Ralph SA, McFadden GI, Cummings LM, Subramanian GM, Mungall C, Venter JC, Carucci DJ, Hoffman SL, Newbold C, Davis RW, Fraser CM, Barrell B: Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002, 419: 498-511. 10.1038/nature01097.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su XZ: Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002, 418: 320-323. 10.1038/nature00813.CrossRefPubMed Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su XZ: Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002, 418: 320-323. 10.1038/nature00813.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Nair S, Williams JT, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Guthmann JP, Smithuis FM, Hien TT, White NJ, Nosten F, Anderson TJ: A selective sweep driven by pyrimethamine treatment in Southeast Asian malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 1526-1536. 10.1093/molbev/msg162.CrossRefPubMed Nair S, Williams JT, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Mayxay M, Newton PN, Guthmann JP, Smithuis FM, Hien TT, White NJ, Nosten F, Anderson TJ: A selective sweep driven by pyrimethamine treatment in Southeast Asian malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 1526-1536. 10.1093/molbev/msg162.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Roper C, Pearce R, Bredenkamp B, Gumede J, Drakeley C, Mosha F, Chandramohan D, Sharp B: Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis. Lancet. 2003, 361: 1174-1181. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12951-0.CrossRefPubMed Roper C, Pearce R, Bredenkamp B, Gumede J, Drakeley C, Mosha F, Chandramohan D, Sharp B: Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis. Lancet. 2003, 361: 1174-1181. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12951-0.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T: Intercontinental Spread of Pyrimethamine-Resistant Malaria. Science. 2004, 305: 1124-10.1126/science.1098876.CrossRefPubMed Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T: Intercontinental Spread of Pyrimethamine-Resistant Malaria. Science. 2004, 305: 1124-10.1126/science.1098876.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Cortese JF, Caraballo A, Contreras CE, Plowe CV: Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance mutations in South America. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 999-1006. 10.1086/342946.CrossRefPubMed Cortese JF, Caraballo A, Contreras CE, Plowe CV: Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance mutations in South America. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 999-1006. 10.1086/342946.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Hastings IM: The origins of antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2004, 20: 512-518. 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.006.CrossRefPubMed Hastings IM: The origins of antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2004, 20: 512-518. 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.006.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs : report on global monitoring : 1996-2004. 2005, Geneva, World Health Organization, 146. Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs : report on global monitoring : 1996-2004. 2005, Geneva, World Health Organization, 146.
14.
go back to reference Arrow KJ, Panosian CB, Gelband H: Saving lives, buying time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. 2004, Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 364. Arrow KJ, Panosian CB, Gelband H: Saving lives, buying time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. 2004, Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 364.
15.
go back to reference Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH: A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J. 2005, 4: 46-10.1186/1475-2875-4-46.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH: A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J. 2005, 4: 46-10.1186/1475-2875-4-46.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bloland PB, Ettling M, Meek S: Combination therapy for malaria in Africa: hype or hope?. Bull World Health Organ. 2000, 78: 1378-1388.PubMedCentralPubMed Bloland PB, Ettling M, Meek S: Combination therapy for malaria in Africa: hype or hope?. Bull World Health Organ. 2000, 78: 1378-1388.PubMedCentralPubMed
17.
go back to reference Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW: Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 2000, 5: 755-764. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00643.x.CrossRefPubMed Shretta R, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Snow RW: Using evidence to change antimalarial drug policy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 2000, 5: 755-764. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00643.x.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Rojanawatsirivet C, Congpuong K, Vijaykadga S, Thongphua S, Thongsri K, Bangchang KN, Wilairatana P, Wernsdorfer WH: Declining mefloquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum along the Thai-Myanmar border. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004, 35: 560-565.PubMed Rojanawatsirivet C, Congpuong K, Vijaykadga S, Thongphua S, Thongsri K, Bangchang KN, Wilairatana P, Wernsdorfer WH: Declining mefloquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum along the Thai-Myanmar border. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004, 35: 560-565.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, Heppner DG, Walsh D, Sookto P, Wimonwattrawatee T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F: Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the north-western border of Thailand during five years of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 537-544. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90080-4.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, Heppner DG, Walsh D, Sookto P, Wimonwattrawatee T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F: Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the north-western border of Thailand during five years of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94: 537-544. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90080-4.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Huong NM, Hewitt S, Davis TM, Dao LD, Toan TQ, Kim TB, Hanh NT, Phuong VN, Nhan DH, Cong LD: Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in a highly endemic area of southern Viet Nam: a study in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95: 325-329. 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90254-8.CrossRefPubMed Huong NM, Hewitt S, Davis TM, Dao LD, Toan TQ, Kim TB, Hanh NT, Phuong VN, Nhan DH, Cong LD: Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in a highly endemic area of southern Viet Nam: a study in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95: 325-329. 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90254-8.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV: Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 380-388. 10.1086/338566.CrossRefPubMed Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV: Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 380-388. 10.1086/338566.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D: A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2001, 344: 257-263. 10.1056/NEJM200101253440403.CrossRefPubMed Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, Coulibaly D: A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2001, 344: 257-263. 10.1056/NEJM200101253440403.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV: Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine- resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet. 2001, 358: 890-891. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06040-8.CrossRefPubMed Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Steketee RW, Plowe CV: Application of a molecular marker for surveillance of chloroquine- resistant falciparum malaria. Lancet. 2001, 358: 890-891. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06040-8.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Interdisciplinary Monitoring Project for Antimalarial Combination Therapy in Tanzania. Interdisciplinary Monitoring Project for Antimalarial Combination Therapy in Tanzania.
25.
go back to reference EANMAT: Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance within National Malaria Control Programmes: the EANMAT experience. Trop Med Int Health. 2001, 6: 891-898. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00799.x.CrossRef EANMAT: Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance within National Malaria Control Programmes: the EANMAT experience. Trop Med Int Health. 2001, 6: 891-898. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00799.x.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference EANMAT: The efficacy of antimalarial monotherapies sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine in East Africa: implications for sub-regional policy. Trop Med Int Health. 2003, 8: 860-867. 10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01114.x.CrossRef EANMAT: The efficacy of antimalarial monotherapies sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine in East Africa: implications for sub-regional policy. Trop Med Int Health. 2003, 8: 860-867. 10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01114.x.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Walliker D, Hunt P, Babiker H: Fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Acta Trop. 2005, 94: 251-259.CrossRefPubMed Walliker D, Hunt P, Babiker H: Fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Acta Trop. 2005, 94: 251-259.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Carlton JM, Angiuoli SV, Suh BB, Kooij TW, Pertea M, Silva JC, Ermolaeva MD, Allen JE, Selengut JD, Koo HL, Peterson JD, Pop M, Kosack DS, Shumway MF, Bidwell SL, Shallom SJ, Van Aken SE, Riedmuller SB, Feldblyum TV, Cho JK, Quackenbush J, Sedegah M, Shoaibi A, Cummings LM, Florens L, Yates JR, Raine JD, Sinden RE, Harris MA, Cunningham DA, Preiser PR, Bergman LW, Vaidya AB, Van Lin LH, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Smith HO, White OR, Salzberg SL, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Hoffman SL, Gardner MJ, Carucci DJ: Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Nature. 2002, 419: 512-519. 10.1038/nature01099.CrossRefPubMed Carlton JM, Angiuoli SV, Suh BB, Kooij TW, Pertea M, Silva JC, Ermolaeva MD, Allen JE, Selengut JD, Koo HL, Peterson JD, Pop M, Kosack DS, Shumway MF, Bidwell SL, Shallom SJ, Van Aken SE, Riedmuller SB, Feldblyum TV, Cho JK, Quackenbush J, Sedegah M, Shoaibi A, Cummings LM, Florens L, Yates JR, Raine JD, Sinden RE, Harris MA, Cunningham DA, Preiser PR, Bergman LW, Vaidya AB, Van Lin LH, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Smith HO, White OR, Salzberg SL, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Hoffman SL, Gardner MJ, Carucci DJ: Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Nature. 2002, 419: 512-519. 10.1038/nature01099.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Carlton JM, Fidock DA, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Wellems TE: Conservation of a novel vacuolar transporter in Plasmodium species and its central role in chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001, 4: 415-420. 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00228-9.CrossRefPubMed Carlton JM, Fidock DA, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Wellems TE: Conservation of a novel vacuolar transporter in Plasmodium species and its central role in chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001, 4: 415-420. 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00228-9.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Peters W, Stewart LB, Robinson BL: The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2005, 99: 457-472. 10.1179/136485905X51274.CrossRefPubMed Peters W, Stewart LB, Robinson BL: The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2005, 99: 457-472. 10.1179/136485905X51274.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Plowe CV: Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance: making the most of the tools at hand. J Exp Biol. 2003, 206: 3745-3752. 10.1242/jeb.00658.CrossRefPubMed Plowe CV: Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance: making the most of the tools at hand. J Exp Biol. 2003, 206: 3745-3752. 10.1242/jeb.00658.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Staedke SG, Sendagire H, Lamola S, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ: Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 624-629. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01239.x.CrossRefPubMed Staedke SG, Sendagire H, Lamola S, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ: Relationship between age, molecular markers, and response to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment in Kampala, Uganda. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 624-629. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01239.x.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Kyabayinze D, Cattamanchi A, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Validation of a simplified method for using molecular markers to predict sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure in African children with falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 247-252.PubMed Kyabayinze D, Cattamanchi A, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Validation of a simplified method for using molecular markers to predict sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure in African children with falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 247-252.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, RA M, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimde AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV: Reemergence of Chloroquine-Sensitive Plasmodium falciparum Malaria after Cessation of Chloroquine Use in Malawi. J Infect Dis. 2003, 187: 1870-1875. 10.1086/375419.CrossRefPubMed Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, RA M, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimde AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV: Reemergence of Chloroquine-Sensitive Plasmodium falciparum Malaria after Cessation of Chloroquine Use in Malawi. J Infect Dis. 2003, 187: 1870-1875. 10.1086/375419.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Nelson AL, Purfiled A, McDaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR: pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 72: 586-592.PubMed Nelson AL, Purfiled A, McDaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR: pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 72: 586-592.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S: Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet. 2004, 364: 438-447. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16767-6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S: Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet. 2004, 364: 438-447. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16767-6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Deng B, Joy DA, Su XZ, Wellems TE: Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol. 2004, 52: 985-997. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04035.x.CrossRefPubMed Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Deng B, Joy DA, Su XZ, Wellems TE: Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol. 2004, 52: 985-997. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04035.x.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb RJ, Van Goethem ID, East JM, Lee AG, Kimura M, O'Neill PM, Bray PG, Ward SA, Krishna S: Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2003, 424: 957-961. 10.1038/nature01813.CrossRefPubMed Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb RJ, Van Goethem ID, East JM, Lee AG, Kimura M, O'Neill PM, Bray PG, Ward SA, Krishna S: Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2003, 424: 957-961. 10.1038/nature01813.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Plowe CV: Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005, 295: 55-79.PubMed Plowe CV: Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005, 295: 55-79.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Baird JK: Effectiveness of Antimalarial Drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 1565-1577. 10.1056/NEJMra043207.CrossRefPubMed Baird JK: Effectiveness of Antimalarial Drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 1565-1577. 10.1056/NEJMra043207.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Le Sueur D, Binka F, Lengeler C, De Savigny D, Snow B, Teuscher T, Toure Y: An atlas of malaria in Africa. Afr Health. 1997, 19: 23-24.PubMed Le Sueur D, Binka F, Lengeler C, De Savigny D, Snow B, Teuscher T, Toure Y: An atlas of malaria in Africa. Afr Health. 1997, 19: 23-24.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Snow RW, Craig MH, Deichmann U, le Sueur D: A preliminary continental risk map for malaria mortality among African children. Parasitol Today. 1999, 15: 99-104. 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01395-2.CrossRefPubMed Snow RW, Craig MH, Deichmann U, le Sueur D: A preliminary continental risk map for malaria mortality among African children. Parasitol Today. 1999, 15: 99-104. 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01395-2.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Ruebush TKII, Marquiño W, Zegarra J, Neyra D, Villaroel R, Avila JC, Díaz C, Beltrán E: Practical aspects of in vivo antimalarial drug efficacy testing in the Americas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003, 68: 391-397.PubMed Ruebush TKII, Marquiño W, Zegarra J, Neyra D, Villaroel R, Avila JC, Díaz C, Beltrán E: Practical aspects of in vivo antimalarial drug efficacy testing in the Americas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003, 68: 391-397.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance:a report of a consultation. 2003, , World Health Organization Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance:a report of a consultation. 2003, , World Health Organization
53.
go back to reference Slater M, Kiggundu M, Dokomajilar C, Kamya MR, Bakyaita N, Talisuna A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Distinguishing recrudescences from new infections in antimalarial clinical trials: major impact of interpretation of genotyping results on estimates of drug efficacy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73: 256-262.PubMed Slater M, Kiggundu M, Dokomajilar C, Kamya MR, Bakyaita N, Talisuna A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Distinguishing recrudescences from new infections in antimalarial clinical trials: major impact of interpretation of genotyping results on estimates of drug efficacy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73: 256-262.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Omari AA, Gamble C, Garner P: Artemether-lumefantrine (four-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, CD005965. Omari AA, Gamble C, Garner P: Artemether-lumefantrine (four-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, CD005965.
56.
go back to reference Hwang J, Bitarakwate E, Pai M, Reingold A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006, 11: 789-799. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01571.x.CrossRefPubMed Hwang J, Bitarakwate E, Pai M, Reingold A, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G: Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006, 11: 789-799. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01571.x.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Meremikwu MM, Omari AA, Garner P: Chemoprophylaxis and intermittent treatment for preventing malaria in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD003756. Meremikwu MM, Omari AA, Garner P: Chemoprophylaxis and intermittent treatment for preventing malaria in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD003756.
58.
go back to reference Orton L, Garner P: Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD004912. Orton L, Garner P: Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD004912.
59.
go back to reference Sim I, Detmer DE: Beyond Trial Registration: A Global Trial Bank for Clinical Trial Reporting. PLoS Medicine. 2005, 2: Sim I, Detmer DE: Beyond Trial Registration: A Global Trial Bank for Clinical Trial Reporting. PLoS Medicine. 2005, 2:
60.
go back to reference Stepniewska K, Taylor WR, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann JP, Barnes K, Myint HY, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farrar J, Nosten F, Day NP, White NJ: In vivo assessment of drug efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: duration of follow-up. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004, 48: 4271-4280. 10.1128/AAC.48.11.4271-4280.2004.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Stepniewska K, Taylor WR, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann JP, Barnes K, Myint HY, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farrar J, Nosten F, Day NP, White NJ: In vivo assessment of drug efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: duration of follow-up. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004, 48: 4271-4280. 10.1128/AAC.48.11.4271-4280.2004.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Myint HY, Tipmanee P, Nosten F, Day NP, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, White NJ: A systematic overview of published antimalarial drug trials. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004, 98: 73-81. 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00014-2.CrossRefPubMed Myint HY, Tipmanee P, Nosten F, Day NP, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, White NJ: A systematic overview of published antimalarial drug trials. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004, 98: 73-81. 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00014-2.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Noedl H, Wongsrichanalai C, Wernsdorfer WH: Malaria drug-sensitivity testing: new assays, new perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19: 175-181. 10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00028-X.CrossRefPubMed Noedl H, Wongsrichanalai C, Wernsdorfer WH: Malaria drug-sensitivity testing: new assays, new perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19: 175-181. 10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00028-X.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Noedl H: Artemisinin resistance: how can we find it?. Trends in Parasitology. 2005, 21: 404-405. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.012.CrossRefPubMed Noedl H: Artemisinin resistance: how can we find it?. Trends in Parasitology. 2005, 21: 404-405. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.012.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Pearce RJ, Drakeley C, Chandramohan D, Mosha F, Roper C: Molecular Determination of Point Mutation Haplotypes in the Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase of Plasmodium falciparum in Three Districts of Northern Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003, 47: 1347-1354. 10.1128/AAC.47.4.1347-1354.2003.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Pearce RJ, Drakeley C, Chandramohan D, Mosha F, Roper C: Molecular Determination of Point Mutation Haplotypes in the Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase of Plasmodium falciparum in Three Districts of Northern Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003, 47: 1347-1354. 10.1128/AAC.47.4.1347-1354.2003.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Wilson PE, Alker AP, Meshnick SR: Real-time PCR methods for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 278-283. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.04.007.CrossRefPubMed Wilson PE, Alker AP, Meshnick SR: Real-time PCR methods for monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 278-283. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.04.007.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Purfield A, Nelson A, Laoboonchai A, Congpuong K, McDaniel P, Miller RS, Welch K, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR: A new method for detection of pfmdr1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum DNA using real-time PCR. Malar J. 2004, 3: 9-10.1186/1475-2875-3-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Purfield A, Nelson A, Laoboonchai A, Congpuong K, McDaniel P, Miller RS, Welch K, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR: A new method for detection of pfmdr1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum DNA using real-time PCR. Malar J. 2004, 3: 9-10.1186/1475-2875-3-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Nair S, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Nosten F, Anderson TJ: Rapid genotyping of loci involved in antifolate drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by primer extension. Int J Parasitol. 2002, 32: 852-858. 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00033-4.CrossRefPubMed Nair S, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Nosten F, Anderson TJ: Rapid genotyping of loci involved in antifolate drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by primer extension. Int J Parasitol. 2002, 32: 852-858. 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00033-4.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Kamau EM: Field-derived research materials in the African region: challenges and opportunities for the malaria researcher. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 167-171. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.008.CrossRefPubMed Kamau EM: Field-derived research materials in the African region: challenges and opportunities for the malaria researcher. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 167-171. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.008.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM: The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 396-401.PubMed Mberu EK, Mosobo MK, Nzila AM, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH, Watkins WM: The changing in vitro susceptibility pattern to pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 396-401.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC: Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol. 1998, 89: 1-8. 10.1006/expr.1998.4274.CrossRefPubMed Duraisingh MT, Curtis J, Warhurst DC: Plasmodium falciparum: detection of polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes by PCR and restriction digestion. Exp Parasitol. 1998, 89: 1-8. 10.1006/expr.1998.4274.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A database of antimalarial drug resistance
Authors
Carol Hopkins Sibley
Pascal Ringwald
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-48

Other articles of this Issue 1/2006

Malaria Journal 1/2006 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.