Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Review

The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria

Authors: Dolie D Laishram, Patrick L Sutton, Nutan Nanda, Vijay L Sharma, Ranbir C Sobti, Jane M Carlton, Hema Joshi

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Malaria is a serious parasitic disease in the developing world, causing high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of malaria is complex, and the clinical presentation of disease ranges from severe and complicated, to mild and uncomplicated, to asymptomatic malaria. Despite a wealth of studies on the clinical severity of disease, asymptomatic malaria infections are still poorly understood. Asymptomatic malaria remains a challenge for malaria control programs as it significantly influences transmission dynamics. A thorough understanding of the interaction between hosts and parasites in the development of different clinical outcomes is required. In this review, the problems and obstacles to the study and control of asymptomatic malaria are discussed. The human and parasite factors associated with differential clinical outcomes are described and the management and treatment strategies for the control of the disease are outlined. Further, the crucial gaps in the knowledge of asymptomatic malaria that should be the focus of future research towards development of more effective malaria control strategies are highlighted.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference WHO: Annual Report. 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization WHO: Annual Report. 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization
2.
go back to reference McGregor IA: Demographic effects of malaria with special reference to the stable malaria of Africa. West Afr Med J. 1960, 81: 260-265. McGregor IA: Demographic effects of malaria with special reference to the stable malaria of Africa. West Afr Med J. 1960, 81: 260-265.
3.
go back to reference Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, Pasvol G, Snow R: Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 1399-1404. 10.1056/NEJM199505253322102.PubMed Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, Pasvol G, Snow R: Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 1399-1404. 10.1056/NEJM199505253322102.PubMed
4.
go back to reference WHO: Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94 (Suppl 1): S1-S90. WHO: Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94 (Suppl 1): S1-S90.
5.
go back to reference Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K: Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1650-1654. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02038-2.PubMed Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K: Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1650-1654. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02038-2.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Grobusch MP, Kremsner PG: Uncomplicated malaria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005, 295: 83-104.PubMed Grobusch MP, Kremsner PG: Uncomplicated malaria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005, 295: 83-104.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Gupta S, Snow RW, Donnelly CA, Marsh K, Newbold C: Immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria is acquired after one or two infections. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 340-343. 10.1038/6560.PubMed Gupta S, Snow RW, Donnelly CA, Marsh K, Newbold C: Immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria is acquired after one or two infections. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 340-343. 10.1038/6560.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P: Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 90: 15-19. 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90463-0.PubMed Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Druilhe P: Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 90: 15-19. 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90463-0.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Trape JF, Zoulani A, Quinet MC: Assessment of the incidence and prevalence of clinical malaria in semi-immune children exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 1987, 126: 193-201. 10.1093/aje/126.2.193.PubMed Trape JF, Zoulani A, Quinet MC: Assessment of the incidence and prevalence of clinical malaria in semi-immune children exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 1987, 126: 193-201. 10.1093/aje/126.2.193.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Daubersies P, Sallenave-Sales S, Magne S, Trape JF, Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Druilhe P: Rapid turnover of Plasmodium falciparum populations in asymptomatic individuals living in a high transmission area. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 54: 18-26.PubMed Daubersies P, Sallenave-Sales S, Magne S, Trape JF, Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Druilhe P: Rapid turnover of Plasmodium falciparum populations in asymptomatic individuals living in a high transmission area. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 54: 18-26.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Day KP, Marsh K: Naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum. Immunol Today. 1991, 12: A68-A71. 10.1016/S0167-5699(05)80020-9.PubMed Day KP, Marsh K: Naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum. Immunol Today. 1991, 12: A68-A71. 10.1016/S0167-5699(05)80020-9.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, Brahimi K, Faye O, Druilhe P, Da Silva LP: The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 123-137.PubMed Trape JF, Rogier C, Konate L, Diagne N, Bouganali H, Canque B, Legros F, Badji A, Ndiaye G, Ndiaye P, Brahimi K, Faye O, Druilhe P, Da Silva LP: The Dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 123-137.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Roper MH, Torres RS, Goicochea CG, Andersen EM, Guarda JS, Calampa C, Hightower AW, Magill AJ: The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 247-256.PubMed Roper MH, Torres RS, Goicochea CG, Andersen EM, Guarda JS, Calampa C, Hightower AW, Magill AJ: The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 247-256.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Alves FP, Gil LH, Marrelli MT, Ribolla PE, Camargo EP, Da Silva LH: Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium sp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol. 2005, 42: 777-779. 10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0777:ACOPSA]2.0.CO;2.PubMed Alves FP, Gil LH, Marrelli MT, Ribolla PE, Camargo EP, Da Silva LH: Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium sp. as infection source for malaria vector mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon. J Med Entomol. 2005, 42: 777-779. 10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0777:ACOPSA]2.0.CO;2.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM: Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 45-52.PubMed Roshanravan B, Kari E, Gilman RH, Cabrera L, Lee E, Metcalfe J, Calderon M, Lescano AG, Montenegro SH, Calampa C, Vinetz JM: Endemic malaria in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 45-52.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Branch O, Casapia WM, Gamboa DV, Hernandez JN, Alava FF, Roncal N, Alvarez E, Perez EJ, Gotuzzo E: Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon community. Malar J. 2005, 4: 27-10.1186/1475-2875-4-27.PubMedCentralPubMed Branch O, Casapia WM, Gamboa DV, Hernandez JN, Alava FF, Roncal N, Alvarez E, Perez EJ, Gotuzzo E: Clustered local transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a recently emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon community. Malar J. 2005, 4: 27-10.1186/1475-2875-4-27.PubMedCentralPubMed
17.
go back to reference Cerutti C, Boulos M, Coutinho AF, Hatab Mdo C, Falqueto A, Rezende HR, Duarte AM, Collins W, Malafronte RS: Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in an area of very low incidence in Brazil. Malar J. 2007, 6: 33-10.1186/1475-2875-6-33.PubMed Cerutti C, Boulos M, Coutinho AF, Hatab Mdo C, Falqueto A, Rezende HR, Duarte AM, Collins W, Malafronte RS: Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in an area of very low incidence in Brazil. Malar J. 2007, 6: 33-10.1186/1475-2875-6-33.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Fugikaha E, Fornazari PA, Penhalbel Rde S, Lorenzetti A, Maroso RD, Amoras JT, Saraiva AS, Silva RU, Bonini-Domingos CR, Mattos LC, Rossit AR, Cavasini CE, Machado RL: Molecular screening of Plasmodium sp. asymptomatic carriers among transfusion centers from Brazilian Amazon region. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007, 49: 1-4.PubMed Fugikaha E, Fornazari PA, Penhalbel Rde S, Lorenzetti A, Maroso RD, Amoras JT, Saraiva AS, Silva RU, Bonini-Domingos CR, Mattos LC, Rossit AR, Cavasini CE, Machado RL: Molecular screening of Plasmodium sp. asymptomatic carriers among transfusion centers from Brazilian Amazon region. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007, 49: 1-4.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Cucunuba ZM, Guerra AP, Rahirant SJ, Rivera JA, Cortes LJ, Nicholls RS: Asymptomatic Plasmodium sp. infection in Tierralta, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008, 103: 668-673.PubMed Cucunuba ZM, Guerra AP, Rahirant SJ, Rivera JA, Cortes LJ, Nicholls RS: Asymptomatic Plasmodium sp. infection in Tierralta, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008, 103: 668-673.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Harris I, Sharrock WW, Bain LM, Gray KA, Bobogare A, Boaz L, Lilley K, Krause D, Vallely A, Johnson ML, Gatton ML, Shanks GD, Cheng Q: A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting. Malar J. 2010, 9: 254-10.1186/1475-2875-9-254.PubMedCentralPubMed Harris I, Sharrock WW, Bain LM, Gray KA, Bobogare A, Boaz L, Lilley K, Krause D, Vallely A, Johnson ML, Gatton ML, Shanks GD, Cheng Q: A large proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections with low and sub-microscopic parasite densities in the low transmission setting of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands: challenges for malaria diagnostics in an elimination setting. Malar J. 2010, 9: 254-10.1186/1475-2875-9-254.PubMedCentralPubMed
21.
go back to reference Alves FP, Durlacher RR, Menezes MJ, Krieger H, Silva LH, Camargo EP: High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 641-648.PubMed Alves FP, Durlacher RR, Menezes MJ, Krieger H, Silva LH, Camargo EP: High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 641-648.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Suarez-Mutis MC, Cuervo P, Leoratti FM, Moraes-Avila SL, Ferreira AW, Fernandes O, Coura JR: Cross sectional study reveals a high percentage of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infection in the Amazon Rio Negro area, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007, 49: 159-164.PubMed Suarez-Mutis MC, Cuervo P, Leoratti FM, Moraes-Avila SL, Ferreira AW, Fernandes O, Coura JR: Cross sectional study reveals a high percentage of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infection in the Amazon Rio Negro area, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2007, 49: 159-164.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Scuracchio P, Vieira SD, Dourado DA, Bueno LM, Colella R, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Lima GF, Inoue J, Sanchez MC, Di Santi SM: Transfusion-transmitted malaria: case report of asymptomatic donor harboring Plasmodium malariae. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2011, 53: 55-59. 10.1590/S0036-46652011000100010.PubMed Scuracchio P, Vieira SD, Dourado DA, Bueno LM, Colella R, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Lima GF, Inoue J, Sanchez MC, Di Santi SM: Transfusion-transmitted malaria: case report of asymptomatic donor harboring Plasmodium malariae. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2011, 53: 55-59. 10.1590/S0036-46652011000100010.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Vinetz JM, Li J, McCutchan TF, Kaslow DC: Plasmodium malariae infection in an asymptomatic 74-year-old Greek woman with splenomegaly. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 367-371. 10.1056/NEJM199802053380605.PubMed Vinetz JM, Li J, McCutchan TF, Kaslow DC: Plasmodium malariae infection in an asymptomatic 74-year-old Greek woman with splenomegaly. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 367-371. 10.1056/NEJM199802053380605.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Rojo-Marcos G, Cuadros-Gonzalez J, Gete-Garcia L, Gomez-Herruz P, Lopez-Rubio M, Esteban-Gutierrez G: Plasmodium ovale infection: description of 16 cases and a review. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011, 29: 204-208. 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.09.004.PubMed Rojo-Marcos G, Cuadros-Gonzalez J, Gete-Garcia L, Gomez-Herruz P, Lopez-Rubio M, Esteban-Gutierrez G: Plasmodium ovale infection: description of 16 cases and a review. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011, 29: 204-208. 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.09.004.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Coura JR, Suarez-Mutis M, Ladeia-Andrade S: A new challenge for malaria control in Brazil: asymptomatic Plasmodium infection--a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006, 101: 229-237.PubMed Coura JR, Suarez-Mutis M, Ladeia-Andrade S: A new challenge for malaria control in Brazil: asymptomatic Plasmodium infection--a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006, 101: 229-237.PubMed
27.
go back to reference de Mast Q, Syafruddin D, Keijmel S, Olde Riekerink T, Deky O, Asih PB, Swinkels DW, van der Ven AJ: Increased serum hepcidin and alterations in blood iron parameters associated with asymptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. Haematologica. 2010, 95: 1068-1074. 10.3324/haematol.2009.019331.PubMedCentralPubMed de Mast Q, Syafruddin D, Keijmel S, Olde Riekerink T, Deky O, Asih PB, Swinkels DW, van der Ven AJ: Increased serum hepcidin and alterations in blood iron parameters associated with asymptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. Haematologica. 2010, 95: 1068-1074. 10.3324/haematol.2009.019331.PubMedCentralPubMed
28.
go back to reference Leoratti FM, Durlacher RR, Lacerda MV, Alecrim MG, Ferreira AW, Sanchez MC, Moraes SL: Pattern of humoral immune response to Plasmodium falciparum blood stages in individuals presenting different clinical expressions of malaria. Malar J. 2008, 7: 186-10.1186/1475-2875-7-186.PubMedCentralPubMed Leoratti FM, Durlacher RR, Lacerda MV, Alecrim MG, Ferreira AW, Sanchez MC, Moraes SL: Pattern of humoral immune response to Plasmodium falciparum blood stages in individuals presenting different clinical expressions of malaria. Malar J. 2008, 7: 186-10.1186/1475-2875-7-186.PubMedCentralPubMed
29.
go back to reference Males S, Gaye O, Garcia A: Long-term asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium falciparum protects from malaria attacks: a prospective study among Senegalese children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46: 516-522. 10.1086/526529.PubMed Males S, Gaye O, Garcia A: Long-term asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium falciparum protects from malaria attacks: a prospective study among Senegalese children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46: 516-522. 10.1086/526529.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Duarte J, Deshpande P, Guiyedi V, Mecheri S, Fesel C, Cazenave PA, Mishra GC, Kombila M, Pied S: Total and functional parasite specific IgE responses in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients exhibiting different clinical status. Malar J. 2007, 6: 1-10.1186/1475-2875-6-1.PubMedCentralPubMed Duarte J, Deshpande P, Guiyedi V, Mecheri S, Fesel C, Cazenave PA, Mishra GC, Kombila M, Pied S: Total and functional parasite specific IgE responses in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients exhibiting different clinical status. Malar J. 2007, 6: 1-10.1186/1475-2875-6-1.PubMedCentralPubMed
31.
go back to reference dalla Martha RC, Tada MS, Ferreira RG, da Silva LH, Wunderlich G: Microsatellite characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from symptomatic and non-symptomatic infections from the Western Amazon reveals the existence of non-symptomatic infection-associated genotypes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2007, 102: 293-298. 10.1590/S0074-02762007005000044.PubMed dalla Martha RC, Tada MS, Ferreira RG, da Silva LH, Wunderlich G: Microsatellite characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from symptomatic and non-symptomatic infections from the Western Amazon reveals the existence of non-symptomatic infection-associated genotypes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2007, 102: 293-298. 10.1590/S0074-02762007005000044.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Toure FS, Bisseye C, Mavoungou E: Imbalanced distribution of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175 genotypes related to clinical status in children from Bakoumba, Gabon. Clin Med Res. 2006, 4: 7-11. 10.3121/cmr.4.1.7.PubMedCentralPubMed Toure FS, Bisseye C, Mavoungou E: Imbalanced distribution of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175 genotypes related to clinical status in children from Bakoumba, Gabon. Clin Med Res. 2006, 4: 7-11. 10.3121/cmr.4.1.7.PubMedCentralPubMed
33.
go back to reference Rottmann M, Lavstsen T, Mugasa JP, Kaestli M, Jensen AT, Muller D, Theander T, Beck HP: Differential expression of var gene groups is associated with morbidity caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection in Tanzanian children. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 3904-3911. 10.1128/IAI.02073-05.PubMedCentralPubMed Rottmann M, Lavstsen T, Mugasa JP, Kaestli M, Jensen AT, Muller D, Theander T, Beck HP: Differential expression of var gene groups is associated with morbidity caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection in Tanzanian children. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 3904-3911. 10.1128/IAI.02073-05.PubMedCentralPubMed
34.
go back to reference Eke RA, Chigbu LN, Nwachukwu W: High Prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in a Suburb of Aba Town, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2006, 5: 42-45. Eke RA, Chigbu LN, Nwachukwu W: High Prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in a Suburb of Aba Town, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2006, 5: 42-45.
35.
go back to reference Dal-Bianco MP, Koster KB, Kombila UD, Kun JF, Grobusch MP, Ngoma GM, Matsiegui PB, Supan C, Salazar CL, Missinou MA, Issifou S, Lell B, Kremsner P: High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in Gabonese adults. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 939-942. Dal-Bianco MP, Koster KB, Kombila UD, Kun JF, Grobusch MP, Ngoma GM, Matsiegui PB, Supan C, Salazar CL, Missinou MA, Issifou S, Lell B, Kremsner P: High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in Gabonese adults. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 939-942.
36.
go back to reference de Andrade AL, Martelli CM, Oliveira RM, Arias JR, Zicker F, Pang L: High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in gold mining areas in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis. 1995, 20: 475-10.1093/clinids/20.2.475.PubMed de Andrade AL, Martelli CM, Oliveira RM, Arias JR, Zicker F, Pang L: High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in gold mining areas in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis. 1995, 20: 475-10.1093/clinids/20.2.475.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Abdel-Latif MS, Dietz K, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ: Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum rifin proteins are associated with rapid parasite clearance and asymptomatic infections. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 6229-6233. 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6229-6233.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed Abdel-Latif MS, Dietz K, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Klinkert MQ: Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum rifin proteins are associated with rapid parasite clearance and asymptomatic infections. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 6229-6233. 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6229-6233.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed
38.
go back to reference Boutlis CS, Tjitra T, Maniboey H, Misukonis MA, Saunders JR, Suprianto S, Weinberg JB, Anstey NM: Nitric oxide production and mononuclear cell nitric oxide synthase activity in malaria-tolerant Papuan adults. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 3682-3689. 10.1128/IAI.71.7.3682-3689.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed Boutlis CS, Tjitra T, Maniboey H, Misukonis MA, Saunders JR, Suprianto S, Weinberg JB, Anstey NM: Nitric oxide production and mononuclear cell nitric oxide synthase activity in malaria-tolerant Papuan adults. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 3682-3689. 10.1128/IAI.71.7.3682-3689.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed
39.
go back to reference Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D: Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2000, 78: 1401-1411.PubMedCentralPubMed Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D: Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2000, 78: 1401-1411.PubMedCentralPubMed
40.
go back to reference Mackinnon MJ, Gunawardena DM, Rajakaruna J, Weerasingha S, Mendis KN, Carter R: Quantifying genetic and nongenetic contributions to malarial infection in a Sri Lankan population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 12661-12666. 10.1073/pnas.220267997.PubMedCentralPubMed Mackinnon MJ, Gunawardena DM, Rajakaruna J, Weerasingha S, Mendis KN, Carter R: Quantifying genetic and nongenetic contributions to malarial infection in a Sri Lankan population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 12661-12666. 10.1073/pnas.220267997.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
go back to reference Krajden S, Panisko DM, Tobe B, Yang J, Keystone JS: Prolonged infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a semi-immune patient. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991, 85: 731-732. 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90434-Z.PubMed Krajden S, Panisko DM, Tobe B, Yang J, Keystone JS: Prolonged infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a semi-immune patient. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991, 85: 731-732. 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90434-Z.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Babiker HA, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Satti G, Walliker D: Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 59: 582-590.PubMed Babiker HA, Abdel-Muhsin AM, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Satti G, Walliker D: Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that survive the lengthy dry season in eastern Sudan where malaria transmission is markedly seasonal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 59: 582-590.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Vafa M, Troye-Blomberg M, Anchang J, Garcia A, Migot-Nabias F: Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants. Malar J. 2008, 7: 17-10.1186/1475-2875-7-17.PubMedCentralPubMed Vafa M, Troye-Blomberg M, Anchang J, Garcia A, Migot-Nabias F: Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants. Malar J. 2008, 7: 17-10.1186/1475-2875-7-17.PubMedCentralPubMed
44.
go back to reference Le Port A, Cot M, Etard JF, Gaye O, Migot-Nabias F, Garcia A: Relation between Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of Senegalese children. Malar J. 2008, 7: 193-10.1186/1475-2875-7-193.PubMedCentralPubMed Le Port A, Cot M, Etard JF, Gaye O, Migot-Nabias F, Garcia A: Relation between Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of Senegalese children. Malar J. 2008, 7: 193-10.1186/1475-2875-7-193.PubMedCentralPubMed
45.
go back to reference Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R: Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987, 81: 478-486. 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90170-2.PubMed Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R: Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987, 81: 478-486. 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90170-2.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Mwankusye S, Billingsley P, Meuwissen J, Lyimo E, Takken W, Teuscher T, Tanner M: Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop. 1993, 54: 55-72. 10.1016/0001-706X(93)90068-M.PubMed Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Mwankusye S, Billingsley P, Meuwissen J, Lyimo E, Takken W, Teuscher T, Tanner M: Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop. 1993, 54: 55-72. 10.1016/0001-706X(93)90068-M.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Tomson G: Immunity in malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1933, 26: 483-503. 10.1016/S0035-9203(33)90123-6. Tomson G: Immunity in malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1933, 26: 483-503. 10.1016/S0035-9203(33)90123-6.
48.
go back to reference Camargo LM, Noronha E, Salcedo JM, Dutra AP, Krieger H, da Pereira Silva LH, Camargo EP: The epidemiology of malaria in Rondonia (Western Amazon region, Brazil): study of a riverine population. Acta Trop. 1999, 72: 1-11. 10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00082-5.PubMed Camargo LM, Noronha E, Salcedo JM, Dutra AP, Krieger H, da Pereira Silva LH, Camargo EP: The epidemiology of malaria in Rondonia (Western Amazon region, Brazil): study of a riverine population. Acta Trop. 1999, 72: 1-11. 10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00082-5.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Camargo EP, Alves F, da Pereira Silva LH: Symptomless Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1415-1416.PubMed Camargo EP, Alves F, da Pereira Silva LH: Symptomless Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1415-1416.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Torres KJ, Clark EH, Hernandez JN, Soto-Cornejo KE, Gamboa D, Branch OH: Antibody response dynamics to the Plasmodium falciparum conserved vaccine candidate antigen, merozoite surface protein-1 C-terminal 19 kD (MSP1-19 kD), in Peruvians exposed to hypoendemic malaria transmission. Malar J. 2008, 7: 173-10.1186/1475-2875-7-173.PubMedCentralPubMed Torres KJ, Clark EH, Hernandez JN, Soto-Cornejo KE, Gamboa D, Branch OH: Antibody response dynamics to the Plasmodium falciparum conserved vaccine candidate antigen, merozoite surface protein-1 C-terminal 19 kD (MSP1-19 kD), in Peruvians exposed to hypoendemic malaria transmission. Malar J. 2008, 7: 173-10.1186/1475-2875-7-173.PubMedCentralPubMed
51.
go back to reference Weiss GE, Clark EH, Li S, Traore B, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Hernandez JN, Doumbo OK, Pierce SK, Branch OH, Crompton PD: A positive correlation between atypical memory B cells and Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in cross-sectional studies in Peru and Mali. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e15983-10.1371/journal.pone.0015983.PubMedCentralPubMed Weiss GE, Clark EH, Li S, Traore B, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Hernandez JN, Doumbo OK, Pierce SK, Branch OH, Crompton PD: A positive correlation between atypical memory B cells and Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in cross-sectional studies in Peru and Mali. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e15983-10.1371/journal.pone.0015983.PubMedCentralPubMed
52.
go back to reference Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW: Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 470-474.PubMed Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW: Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 470-474.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Paul RE, Bonnet S, Boudin C, Tchuinkam T, Robert V: Aggregation in malaria parasites places limits on mosquito infection rates. Infect Genet Evol. 2007, 7: 577-586. 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.04.004.PubMed Paul RE, Bonnet S, Boudin C, Tchuinkam T, Robert V: Aggregation in malaria parasites places limits on mosquito infection rates. Infect Genet Evol. 2007, 7: 577-586. 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.04.004.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Drakeley CJ, Secka I, Correa S, Greenwood BM, Targett GA: Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 1999, 4: 131-138. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00361.x.PubMed Drakeley CJ, Secka I, Correa S, Greenwood BM, Targett GA: Host haematological factors influencing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 1999, 4: 131-138. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00361.x.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P: Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis. 2001, 183: 1254-1259. 10.1086/319689.PubMed Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P: Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis. 2001, 183: 1254-1259. 10.1086/319689.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Nwakanma D, Kheir A, Sowa M, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Pinder M, Milligan P, Walliker D, Babiker HA: High gametocyte complexity and mosquito infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Gambia. Int J Parasitol. 2008, 38: 219-227. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.07.003.PubMed Nwakanma D, Kheir A, Sowa M, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Pinder M, Milligan P, Walliker D, Babiker HA: High gametocyte complexity and mosquito infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Gambia. Int J Parasitol. 2008, 38: 219-227. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.07.003.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P: High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993, 48: 700-706.PubMed Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P: High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993, 48: 700-706.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Hogh B, Gamage-Mendis A, Butcher GA, Thompson R, Begtrup K, Mendis C, Enosse SM, Dgedge M, Barreto J, Eling W, Sinden RE: The differing impact of chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine upon the infectivity of malaria species to the mosquito vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 176-182.PubMed Hogh B, Gamage-Mendis A, Butcher GA, Thompson R, Begtrup K, Mendis C, Enosse SM, Dgedge M, Barreto J, Eling W, Sinden RE: The differing impact of chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine upon the infectivity of malaria species to the mosquito vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 176-182.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Nedelman J: Gametocytaemia and infectiousness in falciparum malaria: observations and models. Adv Dis Vector Res. 1989, 6: 59-89. 10.1007/978-1-4612-3292-6_3. Nedelman J: Gametocytaemia and infectiousness in falciparum malaria: observations and models. Adv Dis Vector Res. 1989, 6: 59-89. 10.1007/978-1-4612-3292-6_3.
60.
go back to reference Hallett RL, Dunyo S, Ord R, Jawara M, Pinder M, Randall A, Alloueche A, Walraven G, Targett GA, Alexander N, Sutherland CJ: Chloroquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for gambian children with malaria: transmission to mosquitoes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006, 1: e15-10.1371/journal.pctr.0010015.PubMedCentralPubMed Hallett RL, Dunyo S, Ord R, Jawara M, Pinder M, Randall A, Alloueche A, Walraven G, Targett GA, Alexander N, Sutherland CJ: Chloroquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for gambian children with malaria: transmission to mosquitoes of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006, 1: e15-10.1371/journal.pctr.0010015.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
go back to reference Meerman L, Ord R, Bousema JT, van Niekerk M, Osman E, Hallett R, Pinder M, Walraven G, Sutherland CJ: Carriage of chloroquine-resistant parasites and delay of effective treatment increase the risk of severe malaria in Gambian children. J Infect Dis. 2005, 192: 1651-1657. 10.1086/496887.PubMed Meerman L, Ord R, Bousema JT, van Niekerk M, Osman E, Hallett R, Pinder M, Walraven G, Sutherland CJ: Carriage of chloroquine-resistant parasites and delay of effective treatment increase the risk of severe malaria in Gambian children. J Infect Dis. 2005, 192: 1651-1657. 10.1086/496887.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, ter Kuile F, van Vugt M, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ: Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 1019-1023. Price R, Nosten F, Simpson JA, Luxemburger C, Phaipun L, ter Kuile F, van Vugt M, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ: Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 1019-1023.
63.
go back to reference Jeffery GM, Young MD, Eyles DE: The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection with chloroquine, with a note on infectivity to mosquitoes of primaquine- and pyrimethamine-treated cases. Am J Hyg. 1956, 64: 1-11.PubMed Jeffery GM, Young MD, Eyles DE: The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection with chloroquine, with a note on infectivity to mosquitoes of primaquine- and pyrimethamine-treated cases. Am J Hyg. 1956, 64: 1-11.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Smalley ME, Sinden RE: Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: their longevity and infectivity. Parasitology. 1977, 74: 1-8. 10.1017/S0031182000047478.PubMed Smalley ME, Sinden RE: Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: their longevity and infectivity. Parasitology. 1977, 74: 1-8. 10.1017/S0031182000047478.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Pethleart A, Prajakwong S, Suwonkerd W, Corthong B, Webber R, Curtis C: Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium infection in Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand. Malar J. 2004, 3: 34-10.1186/1475-2875-3-34.PubMedCentralPubMed Pethleart A, Prajakwong S, Suwonkerd W, Corthong B, Webber R, Curtis C: Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium infection in Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand. Malar J. 2004, 3: 34-10.1186/1475-2875-3-34.PubMedCentralPubMed
66.
go back to reference Gouagna LC, Ferguson HM, Okech BA, Killeen GF, Kabiru EW, Beier JC, Githure JI, Yan G: Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to Anopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya. Parasitology. 2004, 128: 235-243. 10.1017/S003118200300444X.PubMed Gouagna LC, Ferguson HM, Okech BA, Killeen GF, Kabiru EW, Beier JC, Githure JI, Yan G: Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to Anopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya. Parasitology. 2004, 128: 235-243. 10.1017/S003118200300444X.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Gouagna LC, Okech BA, Kabiru EW, Killeen GF, Obare P, Ombonya S, Bier JC, Knols BG, Githure JI, Yan G: Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in patients attending rural health centres in western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2003, 80: 627-634.PubMed Gouagna LC, Okech BA, Kabiru EW, Killeen GF, Obare P, Ombonya S, Bier JC, Knols BG, Githure JI, Yan G: Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in patients attending rural health centres in western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2003, 80: 627-634.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK: The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature. 2002, 415: 673-679. 10.1038/415673a.PubMed Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK: The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature. 2002, 415: 673-679. 10.1038/415673a.PubMed
69.
go back to reference White NJ, Chapman D, Watt G: The effects of multiplication and synchronicity on the vascular distribution of parasites in falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 590-597. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90141-X.PubMed White NJ, Chapman D, Watt G: The effects of multiplication and synchronicity on the vascular distribution of parasites in falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 590-597. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90141-X.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GD, Louwrier K, Mai NT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ: A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol. 1999, 155: 395-410. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65136-X.PubMedCentralPubMed Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GD, Louwrier K, Mai NT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ: A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol. 1999, 155: 395-410. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65136-X.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
go back to reference Njama-Meya D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G: Asymptomatic parasitaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 862-868. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01277.x.PubMed Njama-Meya D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G: Asymptomatic parasitaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 862-868. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01277.x.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Maina RN, Walsh D, Gaddy C, Hongo G, Waitumbi J, Otieno L, Jones D, Ogutu BR: Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on haematological parameters in children living in Western Kenya. Malar J. 2010, 9 (Suppl 3): S4-10.1186/1475-2875-9-S3-S4.PubMedCentralPubMed Maina RN, Walsh D, Gaddy C, Hongo G, Waitumbi J, Otieno L, Jones D, Ogutu BR: Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on haematological parameters in children living in Western Kenya. Malar J. 2010, 9 (Suppl 3): S4-10.1186/1475-2875-9-S3-S4.PubMedCentralPubMed
73.
go back to reference Jeremiah ZA, Uko EK: Depression of platelet counts in apparently healthy children with asymptomatic malaria infection in a Nigerian metropolitan city. Platelets. 2007, 18: 469-471. 10.1080/09537100701194871.PubMed Jeremiah ZA, Uko EK: Depression of platelet counts in apparently healthy children with asymptomatic malaria infection in a Nigerian metropolitan city. Platelets. 2007, 18: 469-471. 10.1080/09537100701194871.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Marsh K, Howard RJ: Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P. falciparum: expression of diverse and conserved determinants. Science. 1986, 231: 150-153. 10.1126/science.2417315.PubMed Marsh K, Howard RJ: Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P. falciparum: expression of diverse and conserved determinants. Science. 1986, 231: 150-153. 10.1126/science.2417315.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Giha HA, Theander TG, Staalso T, Roper C, Elhassan IM, Babiker H, Satti GM, Arnot DE, Hviid L: Seasonal variation in agglutination of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 399-405.PubMed Giha HA, Theander TG, Staalso T, Roper C, Elhassan IM, Babiker H, Satti GM, Arnot DE, Hviid L: Seasonal variation in agglutination of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 399-405.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Gupta S, Day KP: A strain theory of malaria transmission. Parasitol Today. 1994, 10: 476-481. 10.1016/0169-4758(94)90160-0.PubMed Gupta S, Day KP: A strain theory of malaria transmission. Parasitol Today. 1994, 10: 476-481. 10.1016/0169-4758(94)90160-0.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodker R: Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95: 143-148. 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90140-3.PubMed Bendixen M, Msangeni HA, Pedersen BV, Shayo D, Bodker R: Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and complexity of infections in relation to transmission intensity and host age: a study from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95: 143-148. 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90140-3.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G, Candito D, Rogier C, Fandeur T, Sarthou JL, Mercereau-Puijalon O: Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 90: 704-711. 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90446-0.PubMed Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G, Candito D, Rogier C, Fandeur T, Sarthou JL, Mercereau-Puijalon O: Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 90: 704-711. 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90446-0.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Smith T, Felger I, Beck HP, Tanner M: Consequences of multiple infection with Plasmodium falciparum in an area of high endemicity. Parassitologia. 1999, 41: 247-250.PubMed Smith T, Felger I, Beck HP, Tanner M: Consequences of multiple infection with Plasmodium falciparum in an area of high endemicity. Parassitologia. 1999, 41: 247-250.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Ayoola OO, Gbadegesin RA, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Genetic diversity of the msp-1 locus and symptomatic malaria in south-west Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 226-232. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.06.017.PubMed Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Ayoola OO, Gbadegesin RA, Orimadegun AE, Akinsola AK, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Genetic diversity of the msp-1 locus and symptomatic malaria in south-west Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2005, 95: 226-232. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.06.017.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Ariey F, Hommel D, Le Scanf C, Duchemin JB, Peneau C, Hulin A, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O: Association of severe malaria with a specific Plasmodium falciparum genotype in French Guiana. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 237-241. 10.1086/322012.PubMed Ariey F, Hommel D, Le Scanf C, Duchemin JB, Peneau C, Hulin A, Sarthou JL, Reynes JM, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O: Association of severe malaria with a specific Plasmodium falciparum genotype in French Guiana. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 237-241. 10.1086/322012.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Amodu OK, Oyedeji SI, Ntoumi F, Orimadegun AE, Gbadegesin RA, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Complexity of the msp2 locus and the severity of childhood malaria, in south-western Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008, 102: 95-102. 10.1179/136485908X252340.PubMed Amodu OK, Oyedeji SI, Ntoumi F, Orimadegun AE, Gbadegesin RA, Olumese PE, Omotade OO: Complexity of the msp2 locus and the severity of childhood malaria, in south-western Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008, 102: 95-102. 10.1179/136485908X252340.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Engelbrecht F, Felger I, Genton B, Alpers M, Beck HP: Plasmodium falciparum: malaria morbidity is associated with specific merozoite surface antigen 2 genotypes. Exp Parasitol. 1995, 81: 90-96. 10.1006/expr.1995.1096.PubMed Engelbrecht F, Felger I, Genton B, Alpers M, Beck HP: Plasmodium falciparum: malaria morbidity is associated with specific merozoite surface antigen 2 genotypes. Exp Parasitol. 1995, 81: 90-96. 10.1006/expr.1995.1096.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Taraika J, Anders R, Alpers MP: Cellular immunity to merozoite surface protein 2 (FC27 and 3D7) in Papua New Guinean children. Temporal variation and relation to clinical and parasitological status. Parasite Immunol. 1997, 19: 207-214. 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-198.x.PubMed Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Taraika J, Anders R, Alpers MP: Cellular immunity to merozoite surface protein 2 (FC27 and 3D7) in Papua New Guinean children. Temporal variation and relation to clinical and parasitological status. Parasite Immunol. 1997, 19: 207-214. 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-198.x.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Cortes A, Mellombo M, Benet A, Lorry K, Rare L, Reeder JC: Plasmodium falciparum: distribution of msp2 genotypes among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from the Wosera region of Papua New Guinea. Exp Parasitol. 2004, 106: 22-29. 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.01.010.PubMed Cortes A, Mellombo M, Benet A, Lorry K, Rare L, Reeder JC: Plasmodium falciparum: distribution of msp2 genotypes among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from the Wosera region of Papua New Guinea. Exp Parasitol. 2004, 106: 22-29. 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.01.010.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Cortes A, Mellombo M, Mueller I, Benet A, Reeder JC, Anders RF: Geographical structure of diversity and differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic infections for Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate AMA1. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 1416-1426. 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1416-1426.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed Cortes A, Mellombo M, Mueller I, Benet A, Reeder JC, Anders RF: Geographical structure of diversity and differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic infections for Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidate AMA1. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 1416-1426. 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1416-1426.2003.PubMedCentralPubMed
87.
go back to reference Sim BK: EBA-175: an erythrocyte-binding ligand of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today. 1995, 11: 213-217.PubMed Sim BK: EBA-175: an erythrocyte-binding ligand of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today. 1995, 11: 213-217.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Pologe LG, Pavlovec A, Shio H, Ravetch JV: Primary structure and subcellular localization of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987, 84: 7139-7143. 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7139.PubMedCentralPubMed Pologe LG, Pavlovec A, Shio H, Ravetch JV: Primary structure and subcellular localization of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987, 84: 7139-7143. 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7139.PubMedCentralPubMed
89.
go back to reference Bhutani N, Ranjit MR, Yameen M, Singh N, Dev V, Pillai CR, Ansari MA, Sharma YD: Genetic diversity among field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in India. Curr Sci. 1998, 75: 160-163. Bhutani N, Ranjit MR, Yameen M, Singh N, Dev V, Pillai CR, Ansari MA, Sharma YD: Genetic diversity among field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in India. Curr Sci. 1998, 75: 160-163.
90.
go back to reference Ranjit MR, Das A, Das BP, Das BN, Dash BP, Chhotray GP: Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in clinically mild and severe malaria cases in Orissa, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 99: 389-395. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.010.PubMed Ranjit MR, Das A, Das BP, Das BN, Dash BP, Chhotray GP: Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in clinically mild and severe malaria cases in Orissa, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 99: 389-395. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.010.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Su XZ, Heatwole VM, Wertheimer SP, Guinet F, Herrfeldt JA, Peterson DS, Ravetch JA, Wellems TE: The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell. 1995, 82: 89-100. 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90055-1.PubMed Su XZ, Heatwole VM, Wertheimer SP, Guinet F, Herrfeldt JA, Peterson DS, Ravetch JA, Wellems TE: The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell. 1995, 82: 89-100. 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90055-1.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Smith JD, Chitnis CE, Craig AG, Roberts DJ, Hudson-Taylor DE, Peterson DS, Pinches R, Newbold CI, Miller LH: Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes. Cell. 1995, 82: 101-110. 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90056-X.PubMedCentralPubMed Smith JD, Chitnis CE, Craig AG, Roberts DJ, Hudson-Taylor DE, Peterson DS, Pinches R, Newbold CI, Miller LH: Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes. Cell. 1995, 82: 101-110. 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90056-X.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
go back to reference Kaestli M, Cockburn IA, Cortes A, Baea K, Rowe JA, Beck HP: Virulence of malaria is associated with differential expression of Plasmodium falciparum var gene subgroups in a case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2006, 193: 1567-1574. 10.1086/503776.PubMedCentralPubMed Kaestli M, Cockburn IA, Cortes A, Baea K, Rowe JA, Beck HP: Virulence of malaria is associated with differential expression of Plasmodium falciparum var gene subgroups in a case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2006, 193: 1567-1574. 10.1086/503776.PubMedCentralPubMed
94.
go back to reference Kyriacou HM, Stone GN, Challis RJ, Raza A, Lyke KE, Thera MA, Kone AK, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, Rowe JA: Differential va gene transcription in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with cerebral malaria compared to hyperparasitaemia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006, 150: 211-218. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.08.005.PubMedCentralPubMed Kyriacou HM, Stone GN, Challis RJ, Raza A, Lyke KE, Thera MA, Kone AK, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV, Rowe JA: Differential va gene transcription in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with cerebral malaria compared to hyperparasitaemia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006, 150: 211-218. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.08.005.PubMedCentralPubMed
95.
go back to reference Kirchgatter K, del Portillo HA: Association of severe noncerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Brazil with expressed PfEMP1 DBL1 alpha sequences lacking cysteine residues. Mol Med. 2002, 8: 16-23.PubMedCentralPubMed Kirchgatter K, del Portillo HA: Association of severe noncerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Brazil with expressed PfEMP1 DBL1 alpha sequences lacking cysteine residues. Mol Med. 2002, 8: 16-23.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
go back to reference Bull PC, Berriman M, Kyes S, Quail MA, Hall N, Kortok MM, Marsh K, Newbold CI: Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen expression patterns during malaria. PLoS Pathog. 2005, 1: e26-10.1371/journal.ppat.0010026.PubMedCentralPubMed Bull PC, Berriman M, Kyes S, Quail MA, Hall N, Kortok MM, Marsh K, Newbold CI: Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen expression patterns during malaria. PLoS Pathog. 2005, 1: e26-10.1371/journal.ppat.0010026.PubMedCentralPubMed
97.
go back to reference Schofield L, Mueller I: Clinical immunity to malaria. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 205-221. 10.2174/156652406776055221.PubMed Schofield L, Mueller I: Clinical immunity to malaria. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 205-221. 10.2174/156652406776055221.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Yazdani SS, Mukherjee P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE: Immune responses to asexual blood-stages of malaria parasites. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 187-203. 10.2174/156652406776055212.PubMed Yazdani SS, Mukherjee P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE: Immune responses to asexual blood-stages of malaria parasites. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 187-203. 10.2174/156652406776055212.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Olumese PE, Gbadegesin RA: Intraleucocytic malaria pigment and clinical severity of malaria in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 92: 54-56. 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90952-X.PubMed Amodu OK, Adeyemo AA, Olumese PE, Gbadegesin RA: Intraleucocytic malaria pigment and clinical severity of malaria in children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 92: 54-56. 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90952-X.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Lyke KE, Diallo DA, Dicko A, Kone A, Coulibaly D, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Coulibaly S, Dakouo B, Taylor TE, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV: Association of intraleukocytic Plasmodium falciparum malaria pigment with disease severity, clinical manifestations, and prognosis in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 253-259.PubMed Lyke KE, Diallo DA, Dicko A, Kone A, Coulibaly D, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Coulibaly S, Dakouo B, Taylor TE, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV: Association of intraleukocytic Plasmodium falciparum malaria pigment with disease severity, clinical manifestations, and prognosis in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 253-259.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Nguyen PH, Day N, Pram TD, Ferguson DJ, White NJ: Intraleucocytic malaria pigment and prognosis in severe malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995, 89: 200-204. 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90496-4.PubMed Nguyen PH, Day N, Pram TD, Ferguson DJ, White NJ: Intraleucocytic malaria pigment and prognosis in severe malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995, 89: 200-204. 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90496-4.PubMed
102.
go back to reference McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 1994, 371: 508-510. 10.1038/371508a0.PubMed McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 1994, 371: 508-510. 10.1038/371508a0.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI: A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet. 1997, 6: 1357-1360. 10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357.PubMed Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI: A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Hum Mol Genet. 1997, 6: 1357-1360. 10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Hill , Weatherall : In Malaria: Parasite Biology Pathogenesis and Protection. 1998, Washington: ASM Hill , Weatherall : In Malaria: Parasite Biology Pathogenesis and Protection. 1998, Washington: ASM
105.
go back to reference Kun JF, Klabunde J, Lell B, Luckner D, Alpers M, May J, Meyer C, Kremsner PG: Association of the ICAM-1Kilifi mutation with protection against severe malaria in Lambarene, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61: 776-779.PubMed Kun JF, Klabunde J, Lell B, Luckner D, Alpers M, May J, Meyer C, Kremsner PG: Association of the ICAM-1Kilifi mutation with protection against severe malaria in Lambarene, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61: 776-779.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Kikuchi M, Looareesuwan S, Ubalee R, Tasanor O, Suzuki F, Wattanagoon Y, Na-Bangchang K, Kimura A, Aikawa M, Hirayama K: Association of adhesion molecule PECAM-1/CD31 polymorphism with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Thais. Parasitol Int. 2001, 50: 235-239. 10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00082-4.PubMed Kikuchi M, Looareesuwan S, Ubalee R, Tasanor O, Suzuki F, Wattanagoon Y, Na-Bangchang K, Kimura A, Aikawa M, Hirayama K: Association of adhesion molecule PECAM-1/CD31 polymorphism with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Thais. Parasitol Int. 2001, 50: 235-239. 10.1016/S1383-5769(01)00082-4.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Kariuki S, Urdahl KB, McElroy PD, Roberts JM, Lal AA: Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 107-111. 10.1086/320999.PubMed Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Kariuki S, Urdahl KB, McElroy PD, Roberts JM, Lal AA: Fcgamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project. J Infect Dis. 2001, 184: 107-111. 10.1086/320999.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Sabeti P, Usen S, Farhadian S, Jallow M, Doherty T, Newport M, Pinder M, Ward R, Kwiatkowski D: CD40L association with protection from severe malaria. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 286-291. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363877.PubMed Sabeti P, Usen S, Farhadian S, Jallow M, Doherty T, Newport M, Pinder M, Ward R, Kwiatkowski D: CD40L association with protection from severe malaria. Genes Immun. 2002, 3: 286-291. 10.1038/sj.gene.6363877.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: CD36 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 364-374. 10.1086/346091.PubMedCentralPubMed Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K: CD36 polymorphism is associated with protection from cerebral malaria. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 364-374. 10.1086/346091.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
go back to reference Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M: Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 138: 145-150. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02590.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M: Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 138: 145-150. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02590.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
111.
go back to reference Lyke KE, Burges R, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Dao M, Diarra I, Kone A, Harley R, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Sztein MB: Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and matched uncomplicated malaria or healthy controls. Infect Immun. 2004, 72: 5630-5637. 10.1128/IAI.72.10.5630-5637.2004.PubMedCentralPubMed Lyke KE, Burges R, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Dao M, Diarra I, Kone A, Harley R, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Sztein MB: Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and matched uncomplicated malaria or healthy controls. Infect Immun. 2004, 72: 5630-5637. 10.1128/IAI.72.10.5630-5637.2004.PubMedCentralPubMed
112.
go back to reference Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: IL4-589 C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop. 2004, 90: 205-209. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014.PubMed Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: IL4-589 C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop. 2004, 90: 205-209. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Leoratti FM, Farias L, Alves FP, Suarez-Mutis MC, Coura JR, Kalil J, Camargo EP, Moraes SL, Ramasawmy R: Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198: 772-780. 10.1086/590440.PubMed Leoratti FM, Farias L, Alves FP, Suarez-Mutis MC, Coura JR, Kalil J, Camargo EP, Moraes SL, Ramasawmy R: Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198: 772-780. 10.1086/590440.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Sinha S, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Patibandla PK, Mallick PK, Sharma SK, Mohanty S, Pati SS, Mishra SK, Ramteke BK, Bhatt R, Joshi H, Dash AP, Ahuja RC, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Polymorphisms of TNF-enhancer and gene for FcgammaRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population. Malar J. 2008, 7: 13-10.1186/1475-2875-7-13.PubMedCentralPubMed Sinha S, Mishra SK, Sharma S, Patibandla PK, Mallick PK, Sharma SK, Mohanty S, Pati SS, Mishra SK, Ramteke BK, Bhatt R, Joshi H, Dash AP, Ahuja RC, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S: Polymorphisms of TNF-enhancer and gene for FcgammaRIIa correlate with the severity of falciparum malaria in the ethnically diverse Indian population. Malar J. 2008, 7: 13-10.1186/1475-2875-7-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
115.
go back to reference Boldt AB, Messias-Reason IJ, Lell B, Issifou S, Pedroso ML, Kremsner PG, Kun JF: Haplotype specific-sequencing reveals MBL2 association with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J. 2009, 8: 97-10.1186/1475-2875-8-97.PubMedCentralPubMed Boldt AB, Messias-Reason IJ, Lell B, Issifou S, Pedroso ML, Kremsner PG, Kun JF: Haplotype specific-sequencing reveals MBL2 association with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J. 2009, 8: 97-10.1186/1475-2875-8-97.PubMedCentralPubMed
116.
go back to reference Kwiatkowski D: Genetic susceptibility to malaria getting complex. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2000, 10: 320-324. 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00087-3.PubMed Kwiatkowski D: Genetic susceptibility to malaria getting complex. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2000, 10: 320-324. 10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00087-3.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Vafa M, Maiga B, Berzins K, Hayano M, Bereczky S, Dolo A, Daou M, Arama C, Kouriba B, Farnert A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Associations between the IL-4-590 T allele and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in asymptomatic Fulani of Mali. Microbes Infect. 2007, 9: 1043-1048. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.011.PubMed Vafa M, Maiga B, Berzins K, Hayano M, Bereczky S, Dolo A, Daou M, Arama C, Kouriba B, Farnert A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Associations between the IL-4-590 T allele and Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in asymptomatic Fulani of Mali. Microbes Infect. 2007, 9: 1043-1048. 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.011.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Mombo LE, Ntoumi F, Bisseye C, Ossari S, Lu CY, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R: Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 68: 186-190.PubMed Mombo LE, Ntoumi F, Bisseye C, Ossari S, Lu CY, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R: Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 68: 186-190.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, Yates SN, Kwiatkowski D, Gupta S, Warn P, Allsopp CE, Gilbert SC, Peschu N, Newbold CI, Greenwood BM, Marsh K, Hill AVS: Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 1995, 376: 246-249. 10.1038/376246a0.PubMed Ruwende C, Khoo SC, Snow RW, Yates SN, Kwiatkowski D, Gupta S, Warn P, Allsopp CE, Gilbert SC, Peschu N, Newbold CI, Greenwood BM, Marsh K, Hill AVS: Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature. 1995, 376: 246-249. 10.1038/376246a0.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M: Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2001, 414: 305-308. 10.1038/35104556.PubMed Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M: Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2001, 414: 305-308. 10.1038/35104556.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Chotivanich K, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chierakul W, Simpson J, Looareesuwan S, White N: Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P. falciparum malaria. Blood. 2002, 100: 1172-1176.PubMed Chotivanich K, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chierakul W, Simpson J, Looareesuwan S, White N: Hemoglobin E: a balanced polymorphism protective against high parasitemias and thus severe P. falciparum malaria. Blood. 2002, 100: 1172-1176.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Hill AV: Malaria resistance genes: a natural selection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 225-226. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90282-H. 232PubMed Hill AV: Malaria resistance genes: a natural selection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 86: 225-226. 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90282-H. 232PubMed
123.
go back to reference Genton B, al-Yaman F, Mgone CS, Alexander N, Paniu MM, Alpers MP, Mokela D: Ovalocytosis and cerebral malaria. Nature. 1995, 378: 564-565. 10.1038/378564a0.PubMed Genton B, al-Yaman F, Mgone CS, Alexander N, Paniu MM, Alpers MP, Mokela D: Ovalocytosis and cerebral malaria. Nature. 1995, 378: 564-565. 10.1038/378564a0.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Cockburn IA, Mackinnon MJ, O'Donnell A, Allen SJ, Moulds JM, Baisor M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, Rowe JA: A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 272-277. 10.1073/pnas.0305306101.PubMedCentralPubMed Cockburn IA, Mackinnon MJ, O'Donnell A, Allen SJ, Moulds JM, Baisor M, Bockarie M, Reeder JC, Rowe JA: A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 272-277. 10.1073/pnas.0305306101.PubMedCentralPubMed
125.
go back to reference Migot-Nabias F, Pelleau S, Watier L, Guitard J, Toly C, De Araujo C, Ngom MI, Chevillard C, Gaye O, Garcia A: Red blood cell polymorphisms in relation to Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic parasite densities and morbidity in Senegal. Microbes Infect. 2006, 8: 2352-2358. 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.021.PubMed Migot-Nabias F, Pelleau S, Watier L, Guitard J, Toly C, De Araujo C, Ngom MI, Chevillard C, Gaye O, Garcia A: Red blood cell polymorphisms in relation to Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic parasite densities and morbidity in Senegal. Microbes Infect. 2006, 8: 2352-2358. 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.021.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Usanga EA, Luzzatto L: Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient host red cells by production of parasite-encoded enzyme. Nature. 1985, 313: 793-795. 10.1038/313793a0.PubMed Usanga EA, Luzzatto L: Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient host red cells by production of parasite-encoded enzyme. Nature. 1985, 313: 793-795. 10.1038/313793a0.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Rowe JA, Handel IG, Thera MA, Deans AM, Lyke KE, Kone A, Diallo DA, Raza A, Kai O, Marsh K, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Moulds JM: Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced rosetting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 17471-17476. 10.1073/pnas.0705390104.PubMedCentralPubMed Rowe JA, Handel IG, Thera MA, Deans AM, Lyke KE, Kone A, Diallo DA, Raza A, Kai O, Marsh K, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Moulds JM: Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced rosetting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104: 17471-17476. 10.1073/pnas.0705390104.PubMedCentralPubMed
128.
go back to reference Fischer PR, Boone P: Short report: severe malaria associated with blood group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 122-123.PubMed Fischer PR, Boone P: Short report: severe malaria associated with blood group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 122-123.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Lell B, May J, Schmidt-Ott RJ, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Schmid D, Herbich K, Mockenhaupt FP, Meyer CG, Bienzle U, Kremsner PG: The role of red blood cell polymorphisms in resistance and susceptibility to malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 1999, 28: 794-799. 10.1086/515193.PubMed Lell B, May J, Schmidt-Ott RJ, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Schmid D, Herbich K, Mockenhaupt FP, Meyer CG, Bienzle U, Kremsner PG: The role of red blood cell polymorphisms in resistance and susceptibility to malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 1999, 28: 794-799. 10.1086/515193.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Barragan A, Kremsner PG, Wahlgren M, Carlson J: Blood group A antigen is a coreceptor in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Infect Immun. 2000, 68: 2971-2975. 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2971-2975.2000.PubMedCentralPubMed Barragan A, Kremsner PG, Wahlgren M, Carlson J: Blood group A antigen is a coreceptor in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Infect Immun. 2000, 68: 2971-2975. 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2971-2975.2000.PubMedCentralPubMed
131.
go back to reference Branch OH, Takala S, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Kolczak M, Hawley W, Lal AA: Plasmodium falciparum genotypes, low complexity of infection, and resistance to subsequent malaria in participants in the Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 7783-7792. 10.1128/IAI.69.12.7783-7792.2001.PubMedCentralPubMed Branch OH, Takala S, Kariuki S, Nahlen BL, Kolczak M, Hawley W, Lal AA: Plasmodium falciparum genotypes, low complexity of infection, and resistance to subsequent malaria in participants in the Asembo Bay Cohort Project. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 7783-7792. 10.1128/IAI.69.12.7783-7792.2001.PubMedCentralPubMed
132.
go back to reference Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL: The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science. 2002, 298: 129-149. 10.1126/science.1076181.PubMed Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL: The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science. 2002, 298: 129-149. 10.1126/science.1076181.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Plebanski M, Hill AV: The immunology of malaria infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2000, 12: 437-441. 10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00117-5.PubMed Plebanski M, Hill AV: The immunology of malaria infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2000, 12: 437-441. 10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00117-5.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Bouharoun-Tayoun H, Attanath P, Sabchareon A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Druilhe P: Antibodies that protect humans against Plasmodium falciparum blood stages do not on their own inhibit parasite growth and invasion in vitro, but act in cooperation with monocytes. J Exp Med. 1990, 172: 1633-1641. 10.1084/jem.172.6.1633.PubMed Bouharoun-Tayoun H, Attanath P, Sabchareon A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Druilhe P: Antibodies that protect humans against Plasmodium falciparum blood stages do not on their own inhibit parasite growth and invasion in vitro, but act in cooperation with monocytes. J Exp Med. 1990, 172: 1633-1641. 10.1084/jem.172.6.1633.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Groux H, Gysin J: Opsonization as an effector mechanism in human protection against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum: functional role of IgG subclasses. Res Immunol. 1990, 141: 529-542. 10.1016/0923-2494(90)90021-P.PubMed Groux H, Gysin J: Opsonization as an effector mechanism in human protection against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum: functional role of IgG subclasses. Res Immunol. 1990, 141: 529-542. 10.1016/0923-2494(90)90021-P.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Sarthou JL, Angel G, Aribot G, Rogier C, Dieye A, Toure Balde A, Diatta B, Seignot P, Roussilhon C: Prognostic value of anti-Plasmodium falciparum-specific immunoglobulin G3, cytokines, and their soluble receptors in West African patients with severe malaria. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 3271-3276.PubMedCentralPubMed Sarthou JL, Angel G, Aribot G, Rogier C, Dieye A, Toure Balde A, Diatta B, Seignot P, Roussilhon C: Prognostic value of anti-Plasmodium falciparum-specific immunoglobulin G3, cytokines, and their soluble receptors in West African patients with severe malaria. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 3271-3276.PubMedCentralPubMed
137.
go back to reference Tangteerawatana P, Krudsood S, Chalermrut K, Looareesuwan S, Khusmith S: Natural human IgG subclass antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens and their relation to malaria resistance in an endemic area of Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32: 247-254.PubMed Tangteerawatana P, Krudsood S, Chalermrut K, Looareesuwan S, Khusmith S: Natural human IgG subclass antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens and their relation to malaria resistance in an endemic area of Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32: 247-254.PubMed
138.
go back to reference Tangteerawatana P, Montgomery SM, Perlmann H, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Differential regulation of IgG subclasses and IgE antimalarial antibody responses in complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2007, 29: 475-483. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00965.x.PubMed Tangteerawatana P, Montgomery SM, Perlmann H, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Differential regulation of IgG subclasses and IgE antimalarial antibody responses in complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2007, 29: 475-483. 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00965.x.PubMed
139.
go back to reference Lucchi NW, Tongren JE, Jain V, Nagpal AC, Kauth CW, Woehlbier U, Bujard H, Dash AP, Singh N, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V: Antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 complex in cerebral malaria patients in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 121-10.1186/1475-2875-7-121.PubMedCentralPubMed Lucchi NW, Tongren JE, Jain V, Nagpal AC, Kauth CW, Woehlbier U, Bujard H, Dash AP, Singh N, Stiles JK, Udhayakumar V: Antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 complex in cerebral malaria patients in India. Malar J. 2008, 7: 121-10.1186/1475-2875-7-121.PubMedCentralPubMed
140.
go back to reference Desowitz RS: Plasmodium-specific immunoglobulin E in sera from an area of holoendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989, 83: 478-479. 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90254-X.PubMed Desowitz RS: Plasmodium-specific immunoglobulin E in sera from an area of holoendemic malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989, 83: 478-479. 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90254-X.PubMed
141.
go back to reference Luty AJ, Mayombo J, Lekoulou F, Mshana R: Immunologic responses to soluble exoantigens of Plasmodium falciparum in Gabonese children exposed to continuous intense infection. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 720-729. Luty AJ, Mayombo J, Lekoulou F, Mshana R: Immunologic responses to soluble exoantigens of Plasmodium falciparum in Gabonese children exposed to continuous intense infection. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1994, 51: 720-729.
142.
go back to reference Farouk SE, Dolo A, Bereczky S, Kouriba B, Maiga B, Farnert A, Perlmann H, Hayano M, Montgomery SM, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Different antibody- and cytokine-mediated responses to Plasmodium falciparum parasite in two sympatric ethnic tribes living in Mali. Microbes Infect. 2005, 7: 110-117. 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.012.PubMed Farouk SE, Dolo A, Bereczky S, Kouriba B, Maiga B, Farnert A, Perlmann H, Hayano M, Montgomery SM, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Different antibody- and cytokine-mediated responses to Plasmodium falciparum parasite in two sympatric ethnic tribes living in Mali. Microbes Infect. 2005, 7: 110-117. 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.012.PubMed
143.
go back to reference Perlmann H, Helmby H, Hagstedt M, Carlson J, Larsson PH, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P: IgE elevation and IgE anti-malarial antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: association of high IgE levels with cerebral malaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994, 97: 284-292.PubMedCentralPubMed Perlmann H, Helmby H, Hagstedt M, Carlson J, Larsson PH, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P: IgE elevation and IgE anti-malarial antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: association of high IgE levels with cerebral malaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994, 97: 284-292.PubMedCentralPubMed
144.
go back to reference Perlmann P, Bjorkman A: Malaria research: host-parasite interactions and new developments in chemotherapy, immunology and vaccinology. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2000, 13: 431-443. 10.1097/00001432-200010000-00002.PubMed Perlmann P, Bjorkman A: Malaria research: host-parasite interactions and new developments in chemotherapy, immunology and vaccinology. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2000, 13: 431-443. 10.1097/00001432-200010000-00002.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Perlmann P, Perlmann H, ElGhazali G, Blomberg MT: IgE and tumor necrosis factor in malaria infection. Immunol Lett. 1999, 65: 29-33. 10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00120-5.PubMed Perlmann P, Perlmann H, ElGhazali G, Blomberg MT: IgE and tumor necrosis factor in malaria infection. Immunol Lett. 1999, 65: 29-33. 10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00120-5.PubMed
146.
go back to reference Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Looareesuwan S, Krudsood S, Kano S, Matsumoto Y, Brittenham G, Troye-Blomberg M, Aikawa M: Contrasting functions of IgG and IgE antimalarial antibodies in uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 373-377.PubMed Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Looareesuwan S, Krudsood S, Kano S, Matsumoto Y, Brittenham G, Troye-Blomberg M, Aikawa M: Contrasting functions of IgG and IgE antimalarial antibodies in uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 373-377.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Vannaphan S, Traore B, Gay F, Looareesuwan S: Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 834-836.PubMed Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Vannaphan S, Traore B, Gay F, Looareesuwan S: Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 834-836.PubMed
148.
go back to reference Druilhe P, Tall A, Sokhna C: Worms can worsen malaria: towards a new means to roll back malaria?. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 359-362. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.011.PubMed Druilhe P, Tall A, Sokhna C: Worms can worsen malaria: towards a new means to roll back malaria?. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 359-362. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.011.PubMed
149.
go back to reference Maizels RM, Balic A, Gomez-Escobar N, Nair M, Taylor MD, Allen JE: Helminth parasites--masters of regulation. Immunol Rev. 2004, 201: 89-116. 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x.PubMed Maizels RM, Balic A, Gomez-Escobar N, Nair M, Taylor MD, Allen JE: Helminth parasites--masters of regulation. Immunol Rev. 2004, 201: 89-116. 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x.PubMed
150.
go back to reference Andrade BB, Santos CJ, Camargo LM, Souza-Neto SM, Reis-Filho A, Clarencio J, Mendonca VR, Luz NF, Camargo EP, Barral A, Silva AA, Barral-Netto M: Hepatitis B infection is associated with asymptomatic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e19841-10.1371/journal.pone.0019841.PubMedCentralPubMed Andrade BB, Santos CJ, Camargo LM, Souza-Neto SM, Reis-Filho A, Clarencio J, Mendonca VR, Luz NF, Camargo EP, Barral A, Silva AA, Barral-Netto M: Hepatitis B infection is associated with asymptomatic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e19841-10.1371/journal.pone.0019841.PubMedCentralPubMed
151.
go back to reference Djimde AA, Doumbo OK, Traore O, Guindo AB, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Niare-Doumbo S, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Tekete M, Fofana B, Dicko A, Diallo DA, Wellems TE, Kwiatkowski D, Plowe CV: Clearance of drug-resistant parasites as a model for protective immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 558-563. Djimde AA, Doumbo OK, Traore O, Guindo AB, Kayentao K, Diourte Y, Niare-Doumbo S, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Cissoko Y, Tekete M, Fofana B, Dicko A, Diallo DA, Wellems TE, Kwiatkowski D, Plowe CV: Clearance of drug-resistant parasites as a model for protective immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2003, 69: 558-563.
152.
go back to reference Baird JK, Masbar S, Basri H, Tirtokusumo S, Subianto B, Hoffman SL: Age-dependent susceptibility to severe disease with primary exposure to Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis. 1998, 178: 592-595. 10.1086/517482.PubMed Baird JK, Masbar S, Basri H, Tirtokusumo S, Subianto B, Hoffman SL: Age-dependent susceptibility to severe disease with primary exposure to Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis. 1998, 178: 592-595. 10.1086/517482.PubMed
153.
go back to reference Schwartz E, Sadetzki S, Murad H, Raveh D: Age as a risk factor for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in nonimmune patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001, 33: 1774-1777. 10.1086/322522.PubMed Schwartz E, Sadetzki S, Murad H, Raveh D: Age as a risk factor for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in nonimmune patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001, 33: 1774-1777. 10.1086/322522.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Winkler S, Willheim M, Baier K, Schmid D, Aichelburg A, Graninger W, Kremsner PG: Frequency of cytokine-producing T cells in patients of different age groups with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 209-216. 10.1086/314571.PubMed Winkler S, Willheim M, Baier K, Schmid D, Aichelburg A, Graninger W, Kremsner PG: Frequency of cytokine-producing T cells in patients of different age groups with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 209-216. 10.1086/314571.PubMed
155.
go back to reference Kumaratilake LM, Ferrante A, Jaeger T, Rzepczyk CM: Effects of cytokines, complement, and antibody on the neutrophil respiratory burst and phagocytic response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Infect Immun. 1992, 60: 3731-3738.PubMedCentralPubMed Kumaratilake LM, Ferrante A, Jaeger T, Rzepczyk CM: Effects of cytokines, complement, and antibody on the neutrophil respiratory burst and phagocytic response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Infect Immun. 1992, 60: 3731-3738.PubMedCentralPubMed
156.
go back to reference Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD: Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007, 7: 93-104. 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70021-X.PubMed Desai M, ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, McGready R, Asamoa K, Brabin B, Newman RD: Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007, 7: 93-104. 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70021-X.PubMed
157.
go back to reference Rogerson SJ, Wijesinghe RS, Meshnick SR: Host immunity as a determinant of treatment outcome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 51-59. 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70322-6.PubMed Rogerson SJ, Wijesinghe RS, Meshnick SR: Host immunity as a determinant of treatment outcome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 51-59. 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70322-6.PubMed
158.
go back to reference Fried M, Nosten F, Brockman A, Brabin BJ, Duffy PE: Maternal antibodies block malaria. Nature. 1998, 395: 851-852. 10.1038/27570.PubMed Fried M, Nosten F, Brockman A, Brabin BJ, Duffy PE: Maternal antibodies block malaria. Nature. 1998, 395: 851-852. 10.1038/27570.PubMed
159.
go back to reference Wilson NO, Bythwood T, Solomon W, Jolly P, Yatich N, Jiang Y, Shuaib F, Adjei AA, Anderson W, Stiles JK: Elevated levels of IL-10 and G-CSF associated with asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2010, 2010: Wilson NO, Bythwood T, Solomon W, Jolly P, Yatich N, Jiang Y, Shuaib F, Adjei AA, Anderson W, Stiles JK: Elevated levels of IL-10 and G-CSF associated with asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2010, 2010:
160.
go back to reference Dixon MW, Thompson J, Gardiner DL, Trenholme KR: Sex in Plasmodium: a sign of commitment. Trends Parasitol. 2008, 24: 168-175. 10.1016/j.pt.2008.01.004.PubMed Dixon MW, Thompson J, Gardiner DL, Trenholme KR: Sex in Plasmodium: a sign of commitment. Trends Parasitol. 2008, 24: 168-175. 10.1016/j.pt.2008.01.004.PubMed
161.
go back to reference Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Meutstege AM, Okech BA, Akim IN, Beier JC, Githure JI, Sauerwein RW: Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya. Malar J. 2004, 3: 18-10.1186/1475-2875-3-18.PubMedCentralPubMed Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Meutstege AM, Okech BA, Akim IN, Beier JC, Githure JI, Sauerwein RW: Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya. Malar J. 2004, 3: 18-10.1186/1475-2875-3-18.PubMedCentralPubMed
162.
go back to reference Smith T, Schellenberg JA, Hayes R: Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic areas. Stat Med. 1994, 13: 2345-2358. 10.1002/sim.4780132206.PubMed Smith T, Schellenberg JA, Hayes R: Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic areas. Stat Med. 1994, 13: 2345-2358. 10.1002/sim.4780132206.PubMed
163.
go back to reference von Seidlein L, Bojang K, Jones P, Jaffar S, Pinder M, Obaro S, Doherty T, Haywood M, Snounou G, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Royce C, McAdam K, Greenwood B: A randomized controlled trial of artemether/benflumetol, a new antimalarial and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 638-644.PubMed von Seidlein L, Bojang K, Jones P, Jaffar S, Pinder M, Obaro S, Doherty T, Haywood M, Snounou G, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Royce C, McAdam K, Greenwood B: A randomized controlled trial of artemether/benflumetol, a new antimalarial and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 638-644.PubMed
164.
go back to reference Sutherland CJ, Ord R, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Drakeley CJ, Alexander N, Coleman R, Pinder M, Walraven G, Targett GA: Reduction of malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of co-artemether. PLoS Med. 2005, 2: e92-10.1371/journal.pmed.0020092.PubMedCentralPubMed Sutherland CJ, Ord R, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Drakeley CJ, Alexander N, Coleman R, Pinder M, Walraven G, Targett GA: Reduction of malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of co-artemether. PLoS Med. 2005, 2: e92-10.1371/journal.pmed.0020092.PubMedCentralPubMed
165.
go back to reference Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ: Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet. 1996, 347: 1654-1658. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91488-9.PubMed Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ: Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet. 1996, 347: 1654-1658. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91488-9.PubMed
166.
go back to reference Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW: Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis. 2006, 193: 1151-1159. 10.1086/503051.PubMed Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW: Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis. 2006, 193: 1151-1159. 10.1086/503051.PubMed
167.
go back to reference Drakeley CJ, Jawara M, Targett GA, Walraven G, Obisike U, Coleman R, Pinder M, Sutherland CJ: Addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 53-61. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01169.x.PubMed Drakeley CJ, Jawara M, Targett GA, Walraven G, Obisike U, Coleman R, Pinder M, Sutherland CJ: Addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 53-61. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01169.x.PubMed
168.
go back to reference Ogutu B, Tiono AB, Makanga M, Premji Z, Gbadoe AD, Ubben D, Marrast AC, Gaye O: Treatment of asymptomatic carriers with artemether-lumefantrine: an opportunity to reduce the burden of malaria?. Malar J. 2010, 9: 30-10.1186/1475-2875-9-30.PubMedCentralPubMed Ogutu B, Tiono AB, Makanga M, Premji Z, Gbadoe AD, Ubben D, Marrast AC, Gaye O: Treatment of asymptomatic carriers with artemether-lumefantrine: an opportunity to reduce the burden of malaria?. Malar J. 2010, 9: 30-10.1186/1475-2875-9-30.PubMedCentralPubMed
169.
go back to reference Stepniewska K, White NJ: Pharmacokinetic determinants of the window of selection for antimalarial drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008, 52: 1589-1596. 10.1128/AAC.00903-07.PubMedCentralPubMed Stepniewska K, White NJ: Pharmacokinetic determinants of the window of selection for antimalarial drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008, 52: 1589-1596. 10.1128/AAC.00903-07.PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
go back to reference Butcher GA: Antimalarial drugs and the mosquito transmission of Plasmodium. Int J Parasitol. 1997, 27: 975-987. 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00079-9.PubMed Butcher GA: Antimalarial drugs and the mosquito transmission of Plasmodium. Int J Parasitol. 1997, 27: 975-987. 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00079-9.PubMed
171.
go back to reference Taylor WR, White NJ: Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf. 2004, 27: 25-61.PubMed Taylor WR, White NJ: Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf. 2004, 27: 25-61.PubMed
172.
go back to reference Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chantra A, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ: Activities of artesunate and primaquine against asexual- and sexual-stage parasites in falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004, 48: 1329-1334. 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1329-1334.2004.PubMedCentralPubMed Pukrittayakamee S, Chotivanich K, Chantra A, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ: Activities of artesunate and primaquine against asexual- and sexual-stage parasites in falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004, 48: 1329-1334. 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1329-1334.2004.PubMedCentralPubMed
173.
go back to reference Weerasinghe KL, Galappaththy G, Fernando WP, Wickremasinghe DR, Faizal HM, Wickremasinghe AR: A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P. falciparum malaria. Ceylon Med J. 2002, 47: 83-85.PubMed Weerasinghe KL, Galappaththy G, Fernando WP, Wickremasinghe DR, Faizal HM, Wickremasinghe AR: A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P. falciparum malaria. Ceylon Med J. 2002, 47: 83-85.PubMed
174.
go back to reference Shekalaghe S, Drakeley C, Gosling R, Ndaro A, van Meegeren M, Enevold A, Alifrangis M, Mosha F, Sauerwein R, Bousema T: Primaquine clears submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate. PLoS One. 2007, 2: e1023-10.1371/journal.pone.0001023.PubMedCentralPubMed Shekalaghe S, Drakeley C, Gosling R, Ndaro A, van Meegeren M, Enevold A, Alifrangis M, Mosha F, Sauerwein R, Bousema T: Primaquine clears submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate. PLoS One. 2007, 2: e1023-10.1371/journal.pone.0001023.PubMedCentralPubMed
175.
go back to reference Aregawi MW, Ali AS, Al-mafazy AW, Molteni F, Katikiti S, Warsame M, Njau RJ, Komatsu R, Korenromp E, Hosseini M, Low-Beer D, Bjorkman A, D'Alessandro U, Coosemans M, Otten M: Reductions in malaria and anaemia case and death burden at hospitals following scale-up of malaria control in Zanzibar, 1999-2008. Malar J. 2011, 10: 46-10.1186/1475-2875-10-46.PubMedCentralPubMed Aregawi MW, Ali AS, Al-mafazy AW, Molteni F, Katikiti S, Warsame M, Njau RJ, Komatsu R, Korenromp E, Hosseini M, Low-Beer D, Bjorkman A, D'Alessandro U, Coosemans M, Otten M: Reductions in malaria and anaemia case and death burden at hospitals following scale-up of malaria control in Zanzibar, 1999-2008. Malar J. 2011, 10: 46-10.1186/1475-2875-10-46.PubMedCentralPubMed
176.
go back to reference Harrison G: Mosquitoes, malaria and man: a history of hostilities since 1880, John Murray, London. 1978, 172-174. Harrison G: Mosquitoes, malaria and man: a history of hostilities since 1880, John Murray, London. 1978, 172-174.
177.
go back to reference Coleman RE, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Kumpitak C, Soyseng V, Miller RS, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J: Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 379-383. Coleman RE, Maneechai N, Rachapaew N, Kumpitak C, Soyseng V, Miller RS, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J: Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 379-383.
Metadata
Title
The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria
Authors
Dolie D Laishram
Patrick L Sutton
Nutan Nanda
Vijay L Sharma
Ranbir C Sobti
Jane M Carlton
Hema Joshi
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-29

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Malaria Journal 1/2012 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.