Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Research

Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in a malaria endemic region of southern Tanzania

Authors: Kija R Ng'habi, Bart GJ Knols, Yoosook Lee, Heather M Ferguson, Gregory C Lanzaro

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Genetic diversity is a key factor that enables adaptation and persistence of natural populations towards environmental conditions. It is influenced by the interaction of a natural population's dynamics and the environment it inhabits. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis are the two major and widespread malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have examined the ecology and population dynamics of these vectors. Ecological conditions along the Kilombero valley in Tanzania influence the distribution and population density of these two vector species. It remains unclear whether the ecological diversity within the Kilombero valley has affected the population structure of An. gambiae s.l. populations. The goal of this study was to characterise the genetic structure of sympatric An. gambiae s.s and An. arabiensis populations along the Kilombero valley.

Methodology

Mosquitoes were collected from seven locations in Tanzania: six from the Kilombero valley and one outside the valley (~700 km away) as an out-group. To archive a genome-wide coverage, 13 microsatellite markers from chromosomes X, 2 and 3 were used.

Results

High levels of genetic differentiation among An. arabiensis populations was observed, as opposed to An. gambiae s.s., which was genetically undifferentiated across the 6,650 km2 of the Kilombero valley landscape. It appears that genetic differentiation is not attributed to physical barriers or distance, but possibly by ecological diversification within the Kilombero valley. Genetic divergence among An. arabiensis populations (FST = 0.066) was higher than that of the well-known M and S forms of An. gambiae s. s. in West and Central Africa (FST = 0.035), suggesting that these populations are maintained by some level of reproductive isolation.

Conclusion

It was hypothesized that ecological diversification across the valley may be a driving force for observed An. arabiensis genetic divergence. The impact of the observed An. arabiensis substructure to the prospects for new vector control approaches is discussed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Waples RS, Gaggiotti O: What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity. Mol Ecol. 2006, 15: 1419-1439. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02890.x.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Clobert J, Dhont AA, Nichols JD: Dispersal. 2001, Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press
3.
4.
Coulon A, Guillot G, Cosson JF, Angibault JM, Aulagnier S, Cargnelutti B, Galan M, Hewison AJ: Genetic structure is influenced by landscape features: empirical evidence from a roe deer population. Mol Ecol. 2006, 15: 1669-1679. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02861.x.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Lanzaro GC, Toure YT, Carnahan J, Zheng L, Dolo G, Traore S, Petrarca V, Vernick KD, Taylor CE: Complexities in the genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae populations in West Africa as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 14260-14265. 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14260.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
6.
Touré YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankare SF, Sow M, DI Deco MA, Coluzzi M: The distribution and inversion polymorphism of chromosomally recognized taxa of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Parassitol. 1998, 40: 477-511.
7.
Foster MW, Sharp RR: Race, ethnicity, and genomics: social classifications as proxies of biological heterogeneity. Genome Res. 2002, 12: 844-850. 10.1101/gr.99202.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Kaeuffer R, Re'ale D, Coltman DW, Pontier D: Detecting population structure using structure software: effect of background linkage disequilibrium. Heredity. 2007, 99: 374-380. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801010.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P: Inference of population structure using multilocus geneotype data. Genetics. 2000, 155: 945-959.PubMedCentralPubMed
10.
Larson SR, Jones TA, Jensen KB: Population structure in Pseudoroegneria spicata (Poaceae: Triticeae) modeled by Bayesian clustering of AFLP genotypes. Am J Bot. 2004, 91: 1789-1801. 10.3732/ajb.91.11.1789.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Rosenberg NA, Pritchard KJ, Weber LJ, Cann MH, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky AL, Feldman WM: Genetic structure of human population. Science. 2002, 298: 2381-2385. 10.1126/science.1078311.CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Petrarca V, Di Deco MA: Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979, 73: 483-497. 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90036-1.CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
Donnelly MJ, Cuamba N, Charlwood JD, Collins FH, Townson H: Population structure in the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis patton, in East Africa. Heredity. 1999, 83: 408-417. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885930.CrossRefPubMed
16.
White GB: Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1974, 68: 278-298. 10.1016/0035-9203(74)90035-2.CrossRefPubMed
17.
White GB, Magayuka SA, Boreham PFL: Comparative studies on sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae): bionomics and vectorial activity of species A and species B at Segera, Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res. 1972, 62: 295-317. 10.1017/S0007485300047738.CrossRef
18.
Coluzzi M, Sabatini A, Della Torre A, Di Deco MA, Petrarca V: A polytene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. Science. 2002, 298: 1415-1418. 10.1126/science.1077769.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Gillies MT, DeMeillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian zoogeographical region). 1968, Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research
20.
Besansky NJ, Krzywinski J, Lehmann T, Simard F, Kern M, Mukabayire O, Fontenille D, Toure Y, Sagnon N: Semipermeable species boundaries between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus DNA sequence variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 10818-10823. 10.1073/pnas.1434337100.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
Temu EA, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Minjas JN, Shiff CJ: Detection of hybrids in natural populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the rDNA-based, PCR method. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997, 91: 963-965.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Touré YT, Petrarca V, Traore SF, Coulibaly A, Maiga HM, Sankare SF, Sow M, DI Deco MA, Coluzzi M: Ecological genetic studies in the chromosomal form Mopti of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Mali, West Africa. Genetica. 1994, 94: 213-223. 10.1007/BF01443435.CrossRefPubMed
23.
della Torre A, Costantini C, Besansky NJ, Caccone A, Petrarca V, Powell JR, Coluzzi M: Speciation within Anopheles gambiae--the glass is half full. Science. 2002, 298: 115-117. 10.1126/science.1078170.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Simard F, Fontenille D, Lehmann T, Girod R, Brutus L, Gopaul R, Dournon C, Collins FH: High amounts of genetic differentiation between populations of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from West Africa and eastern outer islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 1000-1009.PubMed
25.
Donnelly MJ, Townson H: Evidence for extensive genetic differentiation among populations of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Eastern Africa. Insect Mol Biol. 2000, 9: 357-367. 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00197.x.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Nyanjom SR, Chen H, Gebre-Michael T, Bekele E, Shililu J, Githure J, Beier JC, Yan G: Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Ethiopia and Eritrea. J Hered. 2003, 94: 457-463. 10.1093/jhered/esg100.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Besansky NJ, Lehmann T, Fahey GT, Fontenille D, Braack LEO, Hawley WA, Collins FH: Patterns of mitochondrial variation within and between African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, suggest extensive gene flow. Genetics. 1997, 147: 1817-1828.PubMedCentralPubMed
28.
Tripet F, Wright J, Cornel A, Fofana A, Mcabee R, Meneses C, Reimer L, Slotman M, Thiemann T, Dolo G, Traore S, Lanzaro GC: Longitudinal survey of knockdown resistance to pyrethroid (kdr) in Mali, West Africa, and evidence of its emergence in the Bamako form of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 81-87.PubMed
29.
Reimer L, Fondjo E, Patchoké S, Diallo B, Lee Y, Ng A, Ndjemai HM, Atangana J, Traore SF, Lanzaro G, Cornel AJ: Relationship between kdr mutation and resistance to pyrethroid and DDT insecticides in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae. Med Vet Entomol. 2008, 45: 260-266.CrossRef
30.
Blandin S, Shiao SH, Moita LF, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Kafatos FC, Levashina EA: Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Cell. 2004, 116: 661-670. 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00173-4.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Osta MA, Christophides GK, Kafatos FC: Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development. Science. 2004, 303: 2030-2032. 10.1126/science.1091789.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Lanzaro GC, Tripet F: Geneflow among populations of Anopheles gambiae. a critical review. Ecological aspects for application of genetically modified mosquitoes. Edited by: Takken W, Scott TW. 2003, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2:
33.
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Mwankusye S, Billingsley P, Meuwissen J, Lyimo E, Takken W, Teuscher T, Tanner M: Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop. 1993, 54: 55-72. 10.1016/0001-706X(93)90068-M.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Killeen GF, Kihonda J, Lyimo E, Oketch FR, Kotas ME, Mathenge E, Schellenberg JA, Lengeler C, Smith TA, Drakeley CJ: Quantifying behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes: Evaluating the protective efficacy of insecticidal nets against malaria transmission in rural Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2006, 6: 161-10.1186/1471-2334-6-161.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
35.
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Takken W, Tanner M, Spiegelhalter DJ: Mapping densities of malaria vectors within a single village. Acta Trop. 1995, 59: 1-18. 10.1016/0001-706X(94)00082-C.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Killeen GF, Kihonda J, Lyimo E, Oketch FR, Kotas ME, Mathenge E, Schellenberg JA, Lengeler C, Smith TA, Drakeley CJ: Quantifying behavioural interactions between humans and mosquitoes: evaluating the protective efficacy of insecticidal nets against malaria transmission in rural Tanzania. Infect Dis. 2006, 6: 161-
37.
Killeen GF, Smith TA: Exploring the contributions of bed nets, cattle, insecticides and excitorepellency to malaria control: a deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 101: 867-880. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.04.022.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
38.
Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Sama S, Billingsley PF, Hadji H, Verhave JP, Lyimo E, Luttikhuizen PC, Smith T: The rise and fall of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Tanzanian village. Bull Entomol Res. 1995, 85: 37-44. 10.1017/S0007485300051993.CrossRef
39.
Charlwood JD, Vij R, Billingsley PF: Dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 726-732.PubMed
40.
Zheng L, Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC: An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Genetics. 1996, 143: 941-952.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
Bonnington C, Weaver D, Fanning E: Livestock and large wild mammals in the Kilombero Valley, in southern Tanzania. Afr J Ecol. 2007, 45: 658-663. 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00793.x.CrossRef
42.
IIED: The environmental impact of the proposed Kilombero valley hardwood project. Tanzania. An assessment of a project proposed by the Commonwealth Development Corporation. The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 1992, London, and the Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
43.
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH: Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993, 49: 520-529.PubMed
44.
45.
Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S: Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinformat. 2005, 1: 47-50.
46.
Guo S, Thompson E: Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportions for multiple alleles. Biometrics. 1992, 48: 361-372. 10.2307/2532296.CrossRefPubMed
47.
48.
Felsenstein J: PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6. 2005, Seattle: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3.6
49.
Slatkin M: A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics. 1995, 139: 457-462.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Ohta T: Linkage disequilibrium due to random genetic drift in finite subdivided populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982, 79: 1940-1944. 10.1073/pnas.79.6.1940.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
52.
Friedlaender JS, Friedlaender FR, Reed FA, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, Chambers GK, Lea RA, Loo J, Koki G, Hodgson JA, Merriwether DA, Webel JL: The genetic structure of pacific islanders. PLoS Genetics. 2008, 4: e19-10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
Griffiths CJ: The geological evolution of East Africa. Biogeography and Ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Edited by: Lovett JC, Wasser SK. 1993, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9-21.CrossRef
54.
Ng'habi KR, Meneses CR, Cornel AJ, Slotman MA, Knols BGJ, Ferguson HM, Lanzaro GC: Clarification of anomalies in the application of a 2La molecular karyotyping method for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Paras Vect. 2008, 1: 45-10.1186/1756-3305-1-45.CrossRef
55.
Moreno M, Salgueiro P, Vicente JL, Cano J, Berzosa PL, Lucio A, Simard F, Caccone A, Do Rosario VE, Pinto J: Genetic population structure of Anopheles gambiae in Equatorial Guinea. Mal J. 2007, 6: 137-10.1186/1475-2875-6-137.CrossRef
56.
Wondji C, Simard F, Fontenille D: Evidence for genetic differentiation between the molecular forms M and S within the forest chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae in an area of sympatry. Insect Mol Biol. 2002, 11: 11-19. 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00306.x.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Besansky NJ, Lehmann T, Fahey GT, Fontenille D, Braack LE, Hawley WA, Collins FH: Patterns of mitochondrial variation within and between African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, suggest extensive gene flow. Genetics. 1997, 147: 1817-1828.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Stump AD, Shoener JA, Costantini C, Sagnon N, Besansky NJ: Sex-linked differentiation between incipient species of Anopheles gambiae. Genetics. 2005, 169: 1509-1519.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
59.
Gillies MT: Studies in house leaving and outside resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. Part II. The exodus from houses and the house resting population. Bull Entomol Res. 1955, 45: 375-387.CrossRef
60.
Fornadel CM, Norris LC, Glass GE, Norris DE: Analysis of Anopheles arabiensis blood feeding behavior in southern Zambia during the two years after introduction of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010, 83: 848-853. 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0242.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
61.
Kirby MJ, Lindsay SW: Responses of adult mosquitoes of two sibling species, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) to high temperatures. Bull Entomol Res. 2004, 94: 441-448.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Benedict MQ, Robinson AS: The first releases of transgenic mosquitoes: an argument for the sterile insect technique. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19: 349-355. 10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00144-2.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Knols BGJ, Njiru BNN, Mukabana RW, Mathenge EM, Killeen GF: Contained semi-field environments for ecological studies on transgenic African malaria vectors. Ecology of transgenic mosquitoes. Edited by: Scott TW, Takken W. 2003, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.: Springer, 99-106.
64.
Petrarca V, Beier JC: Intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae complex as a factor affecting malaria transmission in the Kisumu area of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 46: 229-237.PubMed
65.
Donnelly MJ, Licht MC, Lehmann T: Evidence for recent population expansion in the evolutionary history of the malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae. Mol Biol Evol. 2001, 18: 1353-1364.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Population genetic structure of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae in a malaria endemic region of southern Tanzania
Authors
Kija R Ng'habi
Bart GJ Knols
Yoosook Lee
Heather M Ferguson
Gregory C Lanzaro
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-289

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Malaria Journal 1/2011 Go to the issue

Research

Effectiveness of artemether-lumefantrine provided by community health workers in under-five children with uncomplicated malaria in rural Tanzania: an open label prospective study

Research

Parasitostatic effect of maslinic acid. I. Growth arrest of Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic stages

Research

Malaria and pre-eclampsia in an area with unstable malaria transmission in Central Sudan

Research

Variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south Cameroon

Research

Assessment of global reporting of adverse drug reactions for anti-malarials, including artemisinin-based combination therapy, to the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring

Research

Screening for adulticidal bioactivity of South African plants against Anopheles arabiensis
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits