Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Rheumatology and Therapy 2/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Practical Approach

Practical Management of Respiratory Comorbidities in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Authors: James Bluett, Meghna Jani, Deborah P. M. Symmons

Published in: Rheumatology and Therapy | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Lung disease is one of the most common causes of extra-articular morbidity and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Development of pulmonary manifestations may be due to the systemic disease itself; to serious respiratory adverse events such as pneumonitis and infections secondary to therapy; or to lifestyle habits such as smoking. Rheumatologists often need to make important treatment decisions and plan future care in RA patients with respiratory comorbidities, despite the absence of clear evidence or consensus. In this review we evaluate the clinical assessment and management of RA-associated interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis, serious (including opportunistic) infection, and smoking-related diseases. We summarize the international recommendations for the management of such conditions where available, refer to published best practice on the basis of scientific literature, and propose practical management suggestions to aid informed decision-making.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Nannini C, Ryu JH, Matteson EL. Lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(3):340–6.PubMed Nannini C, Ryu JH, Matteson EL. Lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008;20(3):340–6.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Shaw M, Collins BF, Ho LA, Raghu G. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2015;24:1–16.PubMed Shaw M, Collins BF, Ho LA, Raghu G. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2015;24:1–16.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, et al. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(01):70–81.PubMed Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, et al. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(01):70–81.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Khurana R, Wolf R, Berney S, Caldito G, Hayat S, Berney SM. Risk of development of lung cancer is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a large case control study in US veterans. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(9):1704–8.PubMed Khurana R, Wolf R, Berney S, Caldito G, Hayat S, Berney SM. Risk of development of lung cancer is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a large case control study in US veterans. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(9):1704–8.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;75:1–13. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;75:1–13.
6.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Landewe R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:960–77. Smolen JS, Landewe R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:960–77.
7.
go back to reference Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2010;373(9664):659–72. Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2010;373(9664):659–72.
8.
go back to reference Joseph RM, Movahedi M, Dixon WG, Symmons DP. Smoking-related mortality in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study using the clinical practice research datalink. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(11):1598–606. Joseph RM, Movahedi M, Dixon WG, Symmons DP. Smoking-related mortality in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study using the clinical practice research datalink. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(11):1598–606.
9.
go back to reference Boyer JF, Gourraud PA, Cantagrel A, Davignon JL, Constantin A. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Jt Bone Spine. 2011;78(2):179–83. Boyer JF, Gourraud PA, Cantagrel A, Davignon JL, Constantin A. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Jt Bone Spine. 2011;78(2):179–83.
10.
go back to reference Nyhall-Wahlin BM, Petersson IF, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson LT, Turesson C. High disease activity disability burden and smoking predict severe extra-articular manifestations in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(4):416–20. Nyhall-Wahlin BM, Petersson IF, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson LT, Turesson C. High disease activity disability burden and smoking predict severe extra-articular manifestations in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(4):416–20.
11.
go back to reference de Rooy DPC, van Nies JAB, Kapetanovic MC, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for the radiological severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a study on six cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(7):1384–7.PubMed de Rooy DPC, van Nies JAB, Kapetanovic MC, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for the radiological severity of rheumatoid arthritis: a study on six cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(7):1384–7.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Vesperini V, Lukas C, Fautrel B, Le Loet X, Rincheval N, Combe B. Association of tobacco exposure and reduction of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a French multicenter cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(12):1899–906. Vesperini V, Lukas C, Fautrel B, Le Loet X, Rincheval N, Combe B. Association of tobacco exposure and reduction of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a French multicenter cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(12):1899–906.
13.
go back to reference Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):351–64.PubMedPubMedCentral Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):351–64.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Godtfredsen NS, Lam TH, Hansel TT, et al. COPD-related morbidity and mortality after smoking cessation: status of the evidence. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(4):844–53.PubMed Godtfredsen NS, Lam TH, Hansel TT, et al. COPD-related morbidity and mortality after smoking cessation: status of the evidence. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(4):844–53.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Turesson C, O’Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:722–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Turesson C, O’Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:722–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Sprunger DB, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease-associated mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:372–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Sprunger DB, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease-associated mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:372–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Castelino FV, Varga J. Interstitial lung disease in connective tissue diseases: evolving concepts of pathogenesis and management. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:213.PubMedPubMedCentral Castelino FV, Varga J. Interstitial lung disease in connective tissue diseases: evolving concepts of pathogenesis and management. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:213.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Bongartz T, Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF, et al. Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1583–91.PubMedPubMedCentral Bongartz T, Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF, et al. Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1583–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:277–304. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:277–304.
21.
go back to reference de Lauretis A, Veeraraghavan S, Renzoni E. Review series: aspects of interstitial lung disease: connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: how does it differ from IPF? How should the clinical approach differ? Chronic Respir Dis. 2011;8:53–82. de Lauretis A, Veeraraghavan S, Renzoni E. Review series: aspects of interstitial lung disease: connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: how does it differ from IPF? How should the clinical approach differ? Chronic Respir Dis. 2011;8:53–82.
22.
go back to reference Wilczynska MM, Condliffe AM, McKeon DJ. Coexistence of bronchiectasis and rheumatoid arthritis: revisited. Respir Care. 2013;58:694–701.PubMed Wilczynska MM, Condliffe AM, McKeon DJ. Coexistence of bronchiectasis and rheumatoid arthritis: revisited. Respir Care. 2013;58:694–701.PubMed
23.
go back to reference De Soyza A, McDonnell MJ, Goeminne PC, et al. Bronchiectasis rheumatoid overlap syndrome (BROS) is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: a multicentre cohort study. Chest. 2017;151(6):1247–54.PubMed De Soyza A, McDonnell MJ, Goeminne PC, et al. Bronchiectasis rheumatoid overlap syndrome (BROS) is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: a multicentre cohort study. Chest. 2017;151(6):1247–54.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Mori S, Koga Y, Sugimoto M. Different risk factors between interstitial lung disease and airway disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Respir Med. 2012;106:1591–9.PubMed Mori S, Koga Y, Sugimoto M. Different risk factors between interstitial lung disease and airway disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Respir Med. 2012;106:1591–9.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Assayag D, Lubin M, Lee JS, King TE, Collard HR, Ryerson CJ. Predictors of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease. Respirology. 2014;19:493–500.PubMed Assayag D, Lubin M, Lee JS, King TE, Collard HR, Ryerson CJ. Predictors of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease. Respirology. 2014;19:493–500.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Schernthaner G, Scherak O, Kolarz G, Kummer F. Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis associated with decreased diffusion capacity of the lung. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35:258–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Schernthaner G, Scherak O, Kolarz G, Kummer F. Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis associated with decreased diffusion capacity of the lung. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35:258–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Giles JT, Danoff SK, Sokolove J, et al. Association of fine specificity and repertoire expansion of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1487–94.PubMed Giles JT, Danoff SK, Sokolove J, et al. Association of fine specificity and repertoire expansion of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1487–94.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Zhu J, Zhou Y, Chen X, Li J. A metaanalysis of the increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis-related pulmonary disease as a result of serum anticitrullinated protein antibody positivity. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:1282–9.PubMed Zhu J, Zhou Y, Chen X, Li J. A metaanalysis of the increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis-related pulmonary disease as a result of serum anticitrullinated protein antibody positivity. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:1282–9.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Fischer A, Solomon JJ, Du Bois RM, et al. Lung disease with anti-CCP antibodies but not rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease. Respir Med. 2012;106:1040–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Fischer A, Solomon JJ, Du Bois RM, et al. Lung disease with anti-CCP antibodies but not rheumatoid arthritis or connective tissue disease. Respir Med. 2012;106:1040–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Gizinski AM, Mascolo M, Loucks JL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-specific autoantibodies in patients with interstitial lung disease and absence of clinically apparent articular RA. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:611–3.PubMedPubMedCentral Gizinski AM, Mascolo M, Loucks JL, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-specific autoantibodies in patients with interstitial lung disease and absence of clinically apparent articular RA. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:611–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Shadick NA, Fanta CH, Weinblatt ME, O’Donnell W, Coblyn JS. Bronchiectasis. A late feature of severe rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine. 1994;73:161–70.PubMed Shadick NA, Fanta CH, Weinblatt ME, O’Donnell W, Coblyn JS. Bronchiectasis. A late feature of severe rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine. 1994;73:161–70.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Bamji A, Cooke N. Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic bronchial suppuration. Scand J Rheumatol. 1985;14:15–21.PubMed Bamji A, Cooke N. Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic bronchial suppuration. Scand J Rheumatol. 1985;14:15–21.PubMed
33.
go back to reference McMahon MJ, Swinson DR, Shettar S, et al. Bronchiectasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:776–9.PubMedPubMedCentral McMahon MJ, Swinson DR, Shettar S, et al. Bronchiectasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:776–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Hillarby MC, McMahon MJ, Grennan DM, et al. HLA associations in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis but not with other pulmonary complications of rheumatoid disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:794–7.PubMed Hillarby MC, McMahon MJ, Grennan DM, et al. HLA associations in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis but not with other pulmonary complications of rheumatoid disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:794–7.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Toussirot E, Despaux J, Wendling D. Increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*0401 in patients with RA and bronchiectasis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:1001. Toussirot E, Despaux J, Wendling D. Increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*0401 in patients with RA and bronchiectasis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:1001.
36.
go back to reference Saag KG, Kolluri S, Koehnke RK, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis lung disease. Determinants of radiographic and physiologic abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(10):1711–9.PubMed Saag KG, Kolluri S, Koehnke RK, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis lung disease. Determinants of radiographic and physiologic abnormalities. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(10):1711–9.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Biederer J, Schnabel A, Muhle C, Gross WL, Heller M, Reuter M. Correlation between HRCT findings, pulmonary function tests and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:272–80.PubMed Biederer J, Schnabel A, Muhle C, Gross WL, Heller M, Reuter M. Correlation between HRCT findings, pulmonary function tests and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:272–80.PubMed
38.
go back to reference McDonagh J, Greaves M, Wright AR, Heycock C, Owen JP, Kelly C. High resolution computed tomography of the lungs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33(2):118–22.PubMed McDonagh J, Greaves M, Wright AR, Heycock C, Owen JP, Kelly C. High resolution computed tomography of the lungs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33(2):118–22.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Kochbati S, Boussema F, Ben Miled M, et al. Bronchiectasis in rheumatoid arthritis. High resolution computed pulmonary tomography. La Tunisie medicale. 2003;81(10):768–73 (Article in French).PubMed Kochbati S, Boussema F, Ben Miled M, et al. Bronchiectasis in rheumatoid arthritis. High resolution computed pulmonary tomography. La Tunisie medicale. 2003;81(10):768–73 (Article in French).PubMed
40.
go back to reference Despaux J, Manzoni P, Toussirot E, Auge B, Cedoz JP, Wendling D. Prospective study of the prevalence of bronchiectasis in rheumatoid arthritis using high-resolution computed tomography. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998;65(7–9):453–61.PubMed Despaux J, Manzoni P, Toussirot E, Auge B, Cedoz JP, Wendling D. Prospective study of the prevalence of bronchiectasis in rheumatoid arthritis using high-resolution computed tomography. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998;65(7–9):453–61.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Dawson JK, Fewins HE, Desmond J, Lynch MP, Graham DR. Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as assessed by high resolution computed tomography, chest radiography, and pulmonary function tests. Thorax. 2001;56(8):622–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Dawson JK, Fewins HE, Desmond J, Lynch MP, Graham DR. Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as assessed by high resolution computed tomography, chest radiography, and pulmonary function tests. Thorax. 2001;56(8):622–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
42.
43.
go back to reference Dhasmana DJ, Wilson R. Bronchiectasis and autoimmune disease. Eur Respir Monogr. 2011;52:192–210. Dhasmana DJ, Wilson R. Bronchiectasis and autoimmune disease. Eur Respir Monogr. 2011;52:192–210.
44.
go back to reference Ryerson CJ, Urbania TH, Richeldi L, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of unclassifiable interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:750–7.PubMed Ryerson CJ, Urbania TH, Richeldi L, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of unclassifiable interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:750–7.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Wells AU, Williams T. Lung function estimates in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the potential for a simple classification. Thorax. 2005;60:270–3.PubMedPubMedCentral Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Wells AU, Williams T. Lung function estimates in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the potential for a simple classification. Thorax. 2005;60:270–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Jani M, Hirani N, Matteson EL, Dixon WG. The safety of biologic therapies in RA-associated interstitial lung disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:284–94.PubMed Jani M, Hirani N, Matteson EL, Dixon WG. The safety of biologic therapies in RA-associated interstitial lung disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:284–94.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Stenton C. The MRC breathlessness scale. Occup Med (Lond). 2008;58:226–7. Stenton C. The MRC breathlessness scale. Occup Med (Lond). 2008;58:226–7.
49.
go back to reference Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6):788–824.PubMedPubMedCentral Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6):788–824.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:788–824.PubMedPubMedCentral Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:788–824.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:e3–19.PubMed Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:e3–19.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Latsi PI, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG, et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:531–7.PubMed Latsi PI, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG, et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:531–7.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Hamblin MJ, Horton MR. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: diagnostic dilemma. Pulm Med. 2011;2011:872120.PubMedPubMedCentral Hamblin MJ, Horton MR. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: diagnostic dilemma. Pulm Med. 2011;2011:872120.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA, et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Thorax. 2003;58:143–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA, et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Thorax. 2003;58:143–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Kim EJ, Elicker BM, Maldonado F, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1322–8.PubMed Kim EJ, Elicker BM, Maldonado F, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1322–8.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Sathi N, Urwin T, Desmond S, Dawson JK. Patients with limited rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease have a better prognosis than those with extensive disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:620. Sathi N, Urwin T, Desmond S, Dawson JK. Patients with limited rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease have a better prognosis than those with extensive disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:620.
57.
go back to reference Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. Group BTSBn-CG. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2010;65:i1–58.PubMed Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. Group BTSBn-CG. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2010;65:i1–58.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(1):1–25. Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(1):1–25.
59.
go back to reference Raghu G, Depaso WJ, Cain K, et al. Azathioprine combined with prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(2):291–6.PubMed Raghu G, Depaso WJ, Cain K, et al. Azathioprine combined with prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(2):291–6.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research, Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE Jr, Lasky JA, Martinez FJ. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(21):1968–77. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research, Raghu G, Anstrom KJ, King TE Jr, Lasky JA, Martinez FJ. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(21):1968–77.
61.
go back to reference Dixon WG, Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, et al. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case–control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1128–33.PubMed Dixon WG, Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, et al. Immediate and delayed impact of oral glucocorticoid therapy on risk of serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case–control analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1128–33.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Sumida H, Asano Y, Tamaki Z, et al. Successful experience of rituximab therapy for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus. J Dermatol. 2014;41(5):418–20.PubMed Sumida H, Asano Y, Tamaki Z, et al. Successful experience of rituximab therapy for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus. J Dermatol. 2014;41(5):418–20.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Keir GJ, Maher TM, Hansell DM, Denton CP, Ong VH, Singh S, et al. Severe interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: rituximab as rescue therapy. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(3):641–8.PubMed Keir GJ, Maher TM, Hansell DM, Denton CP, Ong VH, Singh S, et al. Severe interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: rituximab as rescue therapy. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(3):641–8.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Bosello SL, De Luca G, Rucco M, et al. Long-term efficacy of B cell depletion therapy on lung and skin involvement in diffuse systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(4):428–36.PubMed Bosello SL, De Luca G, Rucco M, et al. Long-term efficacy of B cell depletion therapy on lung and skin involvement in diffuse systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(4):428–36.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Matteson E, Bongartz T, Ryu JH, Crowson C, Hartman T, Dellaripa PF. Open-label, pilot study of the safety and clinical effects of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial pneumonia. Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2:53–8. Matteson E, Bongartz T, Ryu JH, Crowson C, Hartman T, Dellaripa PF. Open-label, pilot study of the safety and clinical effects of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial pneumonia. Open J Rheumatol Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2:53–8.
66.
go back to reference Dass S, Atzeni F, Vital EM, et al. Safety of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant lung disease. Rheumatology. 2011;50:iii121. Dass S, Atzeni F, Vital EM, et al. Safety of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant lung disease. Rheumatology. 2011;50:iii121.
67.
go back to reference Md Yusof MY, Kabia A, Dass S, Vital EM, Beirne P, Emery P. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with concomitant interstitial lung disease: 10-year experience at single centre. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:251. Md Yusof MY, Kabia A, Dass S, Vital EM, Beirne P, Emery P. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with concomitant interstitial lung disease: 10-year experience at single centre. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:251.
68.
go back to reference Becerra E, Cambridge G, Leandro MJ. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and lung involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:S220. Becerra E, Cambridge G, Leandro MJ. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and lung involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:S220.
69.
go back to reference Druce K, Iqbal K, Watson K, Symmons DPM, Hyrich KL, Kelly C. Mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease treated with first line TNFi or rituximab therapies. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:4092–4. Druce K, Iqbal K, Watson K, Symmons DPM, Hyrich KL, Kelly C. Mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease treated with first line TNFi or rituximab therapies. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:4092–4.
70.
go back to reference Noble PW, Albera C, Bradford WZ, Costabel U, Glassberg MK, Kardatzke D, et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1760–9.PubMed Noble PW, Albera C, Bradford WZ, Costabel U, Glassberg MK, Kardatzke D, et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1760–9.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Taniguchi H, Ebina M, Kondoh Y, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(4):821–9.PubMed Taniguchi H, Ebina M, Kondoh Y, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(4):821–9.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Hoshida Y, Xu J-X, Fujita S, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: clinicopathological analysis of 76 cases in relation to methotrexate medication. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:322–31.PubMed Hoshida Y, Xu J-X, Fujita S, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: clinicopathological analysis of 76 cases in relation to methotrexate medication. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:322–31.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Rizzi R, Curci P, Delia M, et al. Spontaneous remission of “methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders” after discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune disease. Review of the literature. Med Oncol. 2009;26:1–9.PubMed Rizzi R, Curci P, Delia M, et al. Spontaneous remission of “methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders” after discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune disease. Review of the literature. Med Oncol. 2009;26:1–9.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Jani M, Dixon WG, Kearsley-Fleet L, et al. Drug-specific risk and characteristics of lupus and vasculitis-like events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNFi: results from BSRBR-RA. RMD Open. 2017;3:e000314.PubMedPubMedCentral Jani M, Dixon WG, Kearsley-Fleet L, et al. Drug-specific risk and characteristics of lupus and vasculitis-like events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNFi: results from BSRBR-RA. RMD Open. 2017;3:e000314.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
go back to reference Perez-Alvarez R, Pérez-de-Lis M, Ramos-Casals M. Biologics-induced autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:56–64.PubMed Perez-Alvarez R, Pérez-de-Lis M, Ramos-Casals M. Biologics-induced autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:56–64.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, O’Donnell MJ, Carey JJ. Methotrexate use and risk of lung disease in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1269.PubMedPubMedCentral Conway R, Low C, Coughlan RJ, O’Donnell MJ, Carey JJ. Methotrexate use and risk of lung disease in psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1269.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
go back to reference Hadjinicolaou AV, Nisar MK, Bhagat S, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Östör AJK. Non-infectious pulmonary complications of newer biological agents for rheumatic diseases—a systematic literature review. Rheumatology. 2011;50(12):2297–305.PubMed Hadjinicolaou AV, Nisar MK, Bhagat S, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Östör AJK. Non-infectious pulmonary complications of newer biological agents for rheumatic diseases—a systematic literature review. Rheumatology. 2011;50(12):2297–305.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Roubille C, Haraoui B. Interstitial lung diseases induced or exacerbated by DMARDS and biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(5):613–26.PubMed Roubille C, Haraoui B. Interstitial lung diseases induced or exacerbated by DMARDS and biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(5):613–26.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Dixon WG, Suissa S, Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis Res Therapy. 2011;13(4):R139. Dixon WG, Suissa S, Hudson M. The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis Res Therapy. 2011;13(4):R139.
81.
go back to reference Chikura B, Sathi N, Lane S, Dawson JK. Variation of immunological response in methotrexate-induced pneumonitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(11):1647–50. Chikura B, Sathi N, Lane S, Dawson JK. Variation of immunological response in methotrexate-induced pneumonitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(11):1647–50.
82.
go back to reference Collins K, Aspey H, Todd A, Saravanan V, Rynne M, Kelly C. Methotrexate pneumonitis precipitated by switching from oral to parenteral administration. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(1):109–10. Collins K, Aspey H, Todd A, Saravanan V, Rynne M, Kelly C. Methotrexate pneumonitis precipitated by switching from oral to parenteral administration. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(1):109–10.
83.
go back to reference Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Weinblatt ME, et al. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histopathologic features of methotrexate-associated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(10):1829–37.PubMed Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Weinblatt ME, et al. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histopathologic features of methotrexate-associated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(10):1829–37.PubMed
84.
go back to reference van der Veen MJ, van der Heide A, Kruize AA, Bijlsma JW. Infection rate and use of antibiotics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53(4):224–8.PubMedPubMedCentral van der Veen MJ, van der Heide A, Kruize AA, Bijlsma JW. Infection rate and use of antibiotics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53(4):224–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
go back to reference Kraan MC, de Koster BM, Elferink JG, Post WJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP. Inhibition of neutrophil migration soon after initiation of treatment with leflunomide or methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: findings in a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in fifteen patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(7):1488–95.PubMed Kraan MC, de Koster BM, Elferink JG, Post WJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP. Inhibition of neutrophil migration soon after initiation of treatment with leflunomide or methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: findings in a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in fifteen patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(7):1488–95.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Ju JH, Kim S-I, Lee J-H, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease associated with leflunomide treatment in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2094–6.PubMed Ju JH, Kim S-I, Lee J-H, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease associated with leflunomide treatment in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2094–6.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Sawada T, Inokuma S, Sato T, et al. Leflunomide-induced interstitial lung disease: prevalence and risk factors in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2009;48:1069–72. Sawada T, Inokuma S, Sato T, et al. Leflunomide-induced interstitial lung disease: prevalence and risk factors in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2009;48:1069–72.
88.
go back to reference Yoshikawa GT, Dias GA, Fujihara S, et al. Formation of multiple pulmonary nodules during treatment with leflunomide. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(3):281–4.PubMedPubMedCentral Yoshikawa GT, Dias GA, Fujihara S, et al. Formation of multiple pulmonary nodules during treatment with leflunomide. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(3):281–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
go back to reference Kim SH, Yoo WH. Recurrent pneumothorax associated with pulmonary nodules after leflunomide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(7):919–22.PubMed Kim SH, Yoo WH. Recurrent pneumothorax associated with pulmonary nodules after leflunomide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(7):919–22.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Yamakado S, Yoshida Y, Yamada T, Kishida T, Kobayashi M, Nomura T. Pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia associated with sulfasalazine therapy for ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of literature. Intern Med. 1992;31:108–13.PubMed Yamakado S, Yoshida Y, Yamada T, Kishida T, Kobayashi M, Nomura T. Pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia associated with sulfasalazine therapy for ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of literature. Intern Med. 1992;31:108–13.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Parry SD, Barbatzas C, Peel ET, Barton JR. Sulphasalazine and lung toxicity. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:756–64.PubMed Parry SD, Barbatzas C, Peel ET, Barton JR. Sulphasalazine and lung toxicity. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:756–64.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Nadarajan P, Fabre A, Kelly E. Sulfasalazine: a rare cause of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Respir Med Case Rep. 2016;18:35–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Nadarajan P, Fabre A, Kelly E. Sulfasalazine: a rare cause of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Respir Med Case Rep. 2016;18:35–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
93.
go back to reference Haroon M, Harney S. A case of severe pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE) syndrome induced by sulphasalazine. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012;15:e150–2.PubMed Haroon M, Harney S. A case of severe pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE) syndrome induced by sulphasalazine. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012;15:e150–2.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Michel F, Navellou J-C, Ferraud D, Toussirot E, Wendling D. DRESS syndrome in a patient on sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine; 2005;72(1):82–5.PubMed Michel F, Navellou J-C, Ferraud D, Toussirot E, Wendling D. DRESS syndrome in a patient on sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine; 2005;72(1):82–5.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Bugatti L, Bertolazzi C, Grassi W. Severe drug hypersensitivity syndrome due to sulphasalazine in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo. 2009;61:65–8.PubMed Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Bugatti L, Bertolazzi C, Grassi W. Severe drug hypersensitivity syndrome due to sulphasalazine in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo. 2009;61:65–8.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Schmutz J, Barbaud A, Tréchot P. Hydroxychloroquine and DRESS. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:903.PubMed Schmutz J, Barbaud A, Tréchot P. Hydroxychloroquine and DRESS. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:903.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Volpe A, Marchetta A, Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Bambara LM, Arcaro G. Hydroxychloroquine-induced DRESS syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:537–9.PubMed Volpe A, Marchetta A, Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Bambara LM, Arcaro G. Hydroxychloroquine-induced DRESS syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:537–9.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Català Pérez R, Azón Masoliver A, Hernández Flix S. Interstitial lung disease induced by hydroxychloroquine. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145:415–6. Català Pérez R, Azón Masoliver A, Hernández Flix S. Interstitial lung disease induced by hydroxychloroquine. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145:415–6.
99.
go back to reference Lake F, Proudman S. Rheumatoid arthritis and lung disease: from mechanisms to a practical approach. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35(2):222–38.PubMed Lake F, Proudman S. Rheumatoid arthritis and lung disease: from mechanisms to a practical approach. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35(2):222–38.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Sinagra E, Perricone G, Romano C, Cottone M. Heart failure and anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24(5):385–92.PubMed Sinagra E, Perricone G, Romano C, Cottone M. Heart failure and anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24(5):385–92.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Daien CI, Monnier A, Claudepierre P, et al. Sarcoid-like granulomatosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor blockers: 10 cases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(8):883–6. Daien CI, Monnier A, Claudepierre P, et al. Sarcoid-like granulomatosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor blockers: 10 cases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(8):883–6.
102.
go back to reference Toussirot E, Pertuiset E. TNFalpha blocking agents and sarcoidosis: an update. Rev Med Interne. 2010;31(12):828–37.PubMed Toussirot E, Pertuiset E. TNFalpha blocking agents and sarcoidosis: an update. Rev Med Interne. 2010;31(12):828–37.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Ramos-Casals M, Perez-Alvarez R, Diaz-Lagares C, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA. Autoimmune diseases induced by biological agents: a double-edged sword? Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:188–93.PubMed Ramos-Casals M, Perez-Alvarez R, Diaz-Lagares C, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA. Autoimmune diseases induced by biological agents: a double-edged sword? Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:188–93.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Liote H, Liote F, Seroussi B, Mayaud C, Cadranel J. Rituximab-induced lung disease: a systematic literature review. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:681–7.PubMed Liote H, Liote F, Seroussi B, Mayaud C, Cadranel J. Rituximab-induced lung disease: a systematic literature review. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:681–7.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Wagner SA, Mehta AC, Laber DA. Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:916–9.PubMed Wagner SA, Mehta AC, Laber DA. Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:916–9.PubMed
106.
107.
go back to reference Kourbeti IS, Ziakas PD, Mylonakis E. Biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of opportunistic infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(12):1649–57.PubMed Kourbeti IS, Ziakas PD, Mylonakis E. Biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of opportunistic infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(12):1649–57.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Wada T, Akiyama Y, Yokota K, Sato K, Funakubo Y, Mimura T. A case of rheumatoid arthritis complicated with deteriorated interstitial pneumonia after the administration of abatacept. Jpn J Clin Immunol. 2012;35:433–8. Wada T, Akiyama Y, Yokota K, Sato K, Funakubo Y, Mimura T. A case of rheumatoid arthritis complicated with deteriorated interstitial pneumonia after the administration of abatacept. Jpn J Clin Immunol. 2012;35:433–8.
109.
go back to reference Ikegawa K, Hanaoka M, Ushiki A, Yamamoto H, Kubo K. A case of organizing pneumonia induced by tocilizumab. Intern Med. 2011;50:2191–3.PubMed Ikegawa K, Hanaoka M, Ushiki A, Yamamoto H, Kubo K. A case of organizing pneumonia induced by tocilizumab. Intern Med. 2011;50:2191–3.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Seminario-Vidal L, Cantrell W, Elewski BE. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in the setting of tofacitinib therapy for psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(8):901–2.PubMed Seminario-Vidal L, Cantrell W, Elewski BE. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in the setting of tofacitinib therapy for psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(8):901–2.PubMed
111.
go back to reference van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(6):508–19.PubMed van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(6):508–19.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(6):495–507.PubMed Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(6):495–507.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Ni Mhuircheartaigh OM, Matteson EL, Green AB, Crowson CS. Trends in serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(5):611–6.PubMed Ni Mhuircheartaigh OM, Matteson EL, Green AB, Crowson CS. Trends in serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(5):611–6.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, Symmons D, Silman A. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalisation in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):308–12.PubMed Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, Symmons D, Silman A. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalisation in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):308–12.PubMed
115.
go back to reference Coyne P, Hamilton J, Heycock C, Saravanan V, Coulson E, Kelly CA. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(9):1832–6.PubMed Coyne P, Hamilton J, Heycock C, Saravanan V, Coulson E, Kelly CA. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(9):1832–6.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):628–34.PubMed Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):628–34.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Suissa S. Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(7):1157–60. Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Suissa S. Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(7):1157–60.
118.
go back to reference Boling EP, Ohishi T, Wahl SM, Misiti J, Wistar R Jr, Wilder RL. Humoral immune function in severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987;43(2):185–94.PubMed Boling EP, Ohishi T, Wahl SM, Misiti J, Wistar R Jr, Wilder RL. Humoral immune function in severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987;43(2):185–94.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Wagner UG, Koetz K, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Perturbation of the T cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(24):14447–52.PubMedPubMedCentral Wagner UG, Koetz K, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Perturbation of the T cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(24):14447–52.PubMedPubMedCentral
120.
go back to reference Fomin I, Caspi D, Levy V, et al. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of disease modifying drugs, including TNF alpha blockers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(2):191–4.PubMed Fomin I, Caspi D, Levy V, et al. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of disease modifying drugs, including TNF alpha blockers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(2):191–4.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64(Suppl 3):iii1–55.PubMed Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64(Suppl 3):iii1–55.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Muller R, Kallikorm R, Polluste K, Lember M. Compliance with treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(10):3131–5.PubMed Muller R, Kallikorm R, Polluste K, Lember M. Compliance with treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(10):3131–5.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Hope HF, Bluett J, Barton A, Hyrich KL, Cordingley L, Verstappen SM. Psychological factors predict adherence to methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis; findings from a systematic review of rates, predictors and associations with patient-reported and clinical outcomes. RMD Open. 2016;2(1):e000171.PubMedPubMedCentral Hope HF, Bluett J, Barton A, Hyrich KL, Cordingley L, Verstappen SM. Psychological factors predict adherence to methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis; findings from a systematic review of rates, predictors and associations with patient-reported and clinical outcomes. RMD Open. 2016;2(1):e000171.PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
go back to reference Lim AY, Gaffney K, Scott DG. Methotrexate-induced pancytopenia: serious and under-reported? Our experience of 25 cases in 5 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(8):1051–5. Lim AY, Gaffney K, Scott DG. Methotrexate-induced pancytopenia: serious and under-reported? Our experience of 25 cases in 5 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(8):1051–5.
125.
go back to reference Leombruno JP, Einarson TR, Keystone EC. The safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments in rheumatoid arthritis: meta and exposure-adjusted pooled analyses of serious adverse events. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(7):1136–45.PubMed Leombruno JP, Einarson TR, Keystone EC. The safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments in rheumatoid arthritis: meta and exposure-adjusted pooled analyses of serious adverse events. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(7):1136–45.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Galloway JB, Hyrich KL, Mercer LK, et al. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first 6 months of treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with special emphasis on risks in the elderly. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2011;50(1):124–31. Galloway JB, Hyrich KL, Mercer LK, et al. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first 6 months of treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with special emphasis on risks in the elderly. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2011;50(1):124–31.
127.
go back to reference van Dartel SA, Fransen J, Kievit W, et al. Predictors for the 5-year risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: a cohort study in the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(6):1052–7. van Dartel SA, Fransen J, Kievit W, et al. Predictors for the 5-year risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: a cohort study in the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(6):1052–7.
128.
go back to reference Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Botsios C, et al. Long-term anti-TNF therapy and the risk of serious infections in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab in the GISEA registry. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;12(2):225–9.PubMed Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Botsios C, et al. Long-term anti-TNF therapy and the risk of serious infections in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab in the GISEA registry. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;12(2):225–9.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Casulo C, Maragulia J, Zelenetz AD. Incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia in patients receiving rituximab and the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent infections. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013;13(2):106–11.PubMed Casulo C, Maragulia J, Zelenetz AD. Incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia in patients receiving rituximab and the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent infections. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013;13(2):106–11.PubMed
130.
go back to reference van Vollenhoven RF, Emery P, Bingham CO 3rd, et al. Longterm safety of patients receiving rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(3):558–67.PubMed van Vollenhoven RF, Emery P, Bingham CO 3rd, et al. Longterm safety of patients receiving rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(3):558–67.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Bukhari M, Abernethy R, Deighton C, Ding T, Hyrich K, Lunt M, et al. BSR and BHPR guidelines on the use of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(12):2311–3. Bukhari M, Abernethy R, Deighton C, Ding T, Hyrich K, Lunt M, et al. BSR and BHPR guidelines on the use of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(12):2311–3.
132.
go back to reference Simon TA, Askling J, Lacaille D, et al. Infections requiring hospitalization in the abatacept clinical development program: an epidemiological assessment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R67.PubMedPubMedCentral Simon TA, Askling J, Lacaille D, et al. Infections requiring hospitalization in the abatacept clinical development program: an epidemiological assessment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R67.PubMedPubMedCentral
133.
go back to reference Ding T, Ledingham J, Luqmani R, et al. BSR and BHPR rheumatoid arthritis guidelines on safety of anti-TNF therapies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(11):2217–9. Ding T, Ledingham J, Luqmani R, et al. BSR and BHPR rheumatoid arthritis guidelines on safety of anti-TNF therapies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(11):2217–9.
134.
go back to reference Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M, et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1914–20.PubMed Strangfeld A, Eveslage M, Schneider M, et al. Treatment benefit or survival of the fittest: what drives the time-dependent decrease in serious infection rates under TNF inhibition and what does this imply for the individual patient? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(11):1914–20.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Yun H, Xie F, Delzell E, et al. Risk of hospitalised infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving biologics following a previous infection while on treatment with anti-TNF therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):1065–71.PubMed Yun H, Xie F, Delzell E, et al. Risk of hospitalised infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving biologics following a previous infection while on treatment with anti-TNF therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):1065–71.PubMed
137.
go back to reference Mangtani P, Cumberland P, Hodgson CR, Roberts JA, Cutts FT, Hall AJ. A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom general practice research database. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(1):1–10.PubMed Mangtani P, Cumberland P, Hodgson CR, Roberts JA, Cutts FT, Hall AJ. A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom general practice research database. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(1):1–10.PubMed
138.
go back to reference Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):36–44.PubMed Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):36–44.PubMed
139.
go back to reference Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(4):370–7.PubMed Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(4):370–7.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Maruyama T, Taguchi O, Niederman MS, et al. Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1004.PubMedPubMedCentral Maruyama T, Taguchi O, Niederman MS, et al. Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1004.PubMedPubMedCentral
143.
go back to reference van Assen S, Elkayam O, Agmon-Levin N, et al. Vaccination in adult patients with auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review for the European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(6):341–52.PubMed van Assen S, Elkayam O, Agmon-Levin N, et al. Vaccination in adult patients with auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a systematic literature review for the European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(6):341–52.PubMed
144.
go back to reference Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(21):1453–60.PubMed Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(21):1453–60.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Sjoholm A, Truedsson L, Jonsson G, Geborek P. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(1):106–11. Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T, Sjoholm A, Truedsson L, Jonsson G, Geborek P. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(1):106–11.
146.
go back to reference Kaine JL, Kivitz AJ, Birbara C, Luo AY. Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(2):272–9.PubMed Kaine JL, Kivitz AJ, Birbara C, Luo AY. Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(2):272–9.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):64–74.PubMed Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):64–74.PubMed
148.
go back to reference Tay L, Leon F, Vratsanos G, Raymond R, Corbo M. Vaccination response to tetanus toxoid and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines following administration of a single dose of abatacept: a randomized, open-label, parallel group study in healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(2):R38.PubMedPubMedCentral Tay L, Leon F, Vratsanos G, Raymond R, Corbo M. Vaccination response to tetanus toxoid and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines following administration of a single dose of abatacept: a randomized, open-label, parallel group study in healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(2):R38.PubMedPubMedCentral
149.
go back to reference Giebink GS, Le CT, Cosio FG, Spika JS, Schiffman G. Serum antibody responses of high-risk children and adults to vaccination with capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rev Infect Dis. 1981;3(Suppl):S168–78.PubMed Giebink GS, Le CT, Cosio FG, Spika JS, Schiffman G. Serum antibody responses of high-risk children and adults to vaccination with capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rev Infect Dis. 1981;3(Suppl):S168–78.PubMed
150.
go back to reference Rytel MW, Dailey MP, Schiffman G, Hoffmann RG, Piering WF. Pneumococcal vaccine immunization of patients with renal impairment. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986;182(4):468–73.PubMed Rytel MW, Dailey MP, Schiffman G, Hoffmann RG, Piering WF. Pneumococcal vaccine immunization of patients with renal impairment. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1986;182(4):468–73.PubMed
151.
go back to reference Salemi S, Picchianti-Diamanti A, Germano V, et al. Influenza vaccine administration in rheumatoid arthritis patients under treatment with TNFalpha blockers: safety and immunogenicity. Clin Immunol. 2010;134(2):113–20.PubMed Salemi S, Picchianti-Diamanti A, Germano V, et al. Influenza vaccine administration in rheumatoid arthritis patients under treatment with TNFalpha blockers: safety and immunogenicity. Clin Immunol. 2010;134(2):113–20.PubMed
152.
go back to reference Chalmers A, Scheifele D, Patterson C, et al. Immunization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis against influenza: a study of vaccine safety and immunogenicity. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(7):1203–6.PubMed Chalmers A, Scheifele D, Patterson C, et al. Immunization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis against influenza: a study of vaccine safety and immunogenicity. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(7):1203–6.PubMed
153.
go back to reference Gutierrez-Urena S, Molina JF, Garcia CO, Cuellar ML, Espinoza LR. Pancytopenia secondary to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(2):272–6.PubMed Gutierrez-Urena S, Molina JF, Garcia CO, Cuellar ML, Espinoza LR. Pancytopenia secondary to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(2):272–6.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Chakravarty K, McDonald H, Pullar T, et al. BSR/BHPR guideline for disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy in consultation with the British Association of Dermatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(6):924–5. Chakravarty K, McDonald H, Pullar T, et al. BSR/BHPR guideline for disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy in consultation with the British Association of Dermatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(6):924–5.
155.
go back to reference Vial T, Gallant C, Choqu-Kastylevsky G, Descotes J. Treatment of drug-induced agranulocytosis with haematopoietic growth factors: a review of the clinical experience. BioDrugs. 1999;11(3):185–200.PubMed Vial T, Gallant C, Choqu-Kastylevsky G, Descotes J. Treatment of drug-induced agranulocytosis with haematopoietic growth factors: a review of the clinical experience. BioDrugs. 1999;11(3):185–200.PubMed
156.
go back to reference Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(9):657–65.PubMed Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(9):657–65.PubMed
157.
go back to reference Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(1):8–32.PubMed Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(1):8–32.PubMed
158.
go back to reference Coursin DB, Wood KE. Corticosteroid supplementation for adrenal insufficiency. JAMA. 2002;287(2):236–40.PubMed Coursin DB, Wood KE. Corticosteroid supplementation for adrenal insufficiency. JAMA. 2002;287(2):236–40.PubMed
161.
go back to reference Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(7):1986–92.PubMed Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(7):1986–92.PubMed
162.
go back to reference Ehlers S. Role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in host defence against tuberculosis: implications for immunotherapies targeting TNF. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(Suppl 2):ii37–42.PubMedPubMedCentral Ehlers S. Role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in host defence against tuberculosis: implications for immunotherapies targeting TNF. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(Suppl 2):ii37–42.PubMedPubMedCentral
163.
go back to reference Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(3):148–55.PubMed Gardam MA, Keystone EC, Menzies R, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(3):148–55.PubMed
164.
go back to reference Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet. 1999;354(9194):1932–9.PubMed Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet. 1999;354(9194):1932–9.PubMed
165.
go back to reference Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al. Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(3):522–8.PubMed Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al. Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(3):522–8.PubMed
166.
go back to reference Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P, et al. Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: the three-year prospective French Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):1884–94.PubMedPubMedCentral Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P, et al. Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: the three-year prospective French Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):1884–94.PubMedPubMedCentral
167.
go back to reference Carmona L, Gomez-Reino JJ, Rodriguez-Valverde V, et al. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1766–72.PubMed Carmona L, Gomez-Reino JJ, Rodriguez-Valverde V, et al. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1766–72.PubMed
168.
go back to reference Martin-Mola E, Balsa A. Infectious complications of biologic agents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35(1):183–99.PubMed Martin-Mola E, Balsa A. Infectious complications of biologic agents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35(1):183–99.PubMed
169.
go back to reference Lahiri M, Dixon WG. Risk of infection with biologic antirheumatic therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(2):290–305.PubMed Lahiri M, Dixon WG. Risk of infection with biologic antirheumatic therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(2):290–305.PubMed
170.
go back to reference Kimby E. Tolerability and safety of rituximab (MabThera®). Cancer Treat Rev. 2005;31(6):456–73.PubMed Kimby E. Tolerability and safety of rituximab (MabThera®). Cancer Treat Rev. 2005;31(6):456–73.PubMed
171.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(3):492–509.PubMed Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(3):492–509.PubMed
172.
go back to reference Smitten AL, Simon TA, Hochberg MC, Suissa S. A meta-analysis of the incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):R45.PubMedPubMedCentral Smitten AL, Simon TA, Hochberg MC, Suissa S. A meta-analysis of the incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):R45.PubMedPubMedCentral
173.
go back to reference Mercer LK, Davies R, Galloway JB, et al. Risk of cancer in patients receiving non-biologic disease-modifying therapy for rheumatoid arthritis compared with the UK general population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(1):91–8. Mercer LK, Davies R, Galloway JB, et al. Risk of cancer in patients receiving non-biologic disease-modifying therapy for rheumatoid arthritis compared with the UK general population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(1):91–8.
174.
go back to reference Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF, Achenbach SJ, et al. Incidence and mortality of obstructive lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(8):1243–50. Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF, Achenbach SJ, et al. Incidence and mortality of obstructive lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(8):1243–50.
175.
go back to reference Sparks JA, Chang SC, Liao KP, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and mortality among women during 36 years of prospective follow-up: results from the nurses’ health study. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(6):753–62. Sparks JA, Chang SC, Liao KP, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and mortality among women during 36 years of prospective follow-up: results from the nurses’ health study. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(6):753–62.
176.
go back to reference Saevarsdottir S, Wedren S, Seddighzadeh M, et al. Patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who smoke are less likely to respond to treatment with methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: observations from the Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Swedish Rheumatology Register cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(1):26–36.PubMed Saevarsdottir S, Wedren S, Seddighzadeh M, et al. Patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who smoke are less likely to respond to treatment with methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: observations from the Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Swedish Rheumatology Register cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(1):26–36.PubMed
177.
go back to reference Rojas-Serrano J, Perez LL, Garcia CG, et al. Current smoking status is associated to a non-ACR 50 response in early rheumatoid arthritis. A cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(12):1589–93.PubMed Rojas-Serrano J, Perez LL, Garcia CG, et al. Current smoking status is associated to a non-ACR 50 response in early rheumatoid arthritis. A cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(12):1589–93.PubMed
178.
go back to reference Naranjo A, Khan NA, Cutolo M, et al. Smoking cessation advice by rheumatologists: results of an international survey. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(10):1825–9. Naranjo A, Khan NA, Cutolo M, et al. Smoking cessation advice by rheumatologists: results of an international survey. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(10):1825–9.
179.
go back to reference Harris HE, Tweedie F, White M, Samson K. How to motivate patients with rheumatoid arthritis to quit smoking. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(4):691–8.PubMed Harris HE, Tweedie F, White M, Samson K. How to motivate patients with rheumatoid arthritis to quit smoking. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(4):691–8.PubMed
180.
go back to reference Aimer P, Stamp L, Stebbings S, Valentino N, Cameron V, Treharne GJ. Identifying barriers to smoking cessation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(5):607–15. Aimer P, Stamp L, Stebbings S, Valentino N, Cameron V, Treharne GJ. Identifying barriers to smoking cessation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(5):607–15.
181.
go back to reference Aimer P, Treharne GJ, Stebbings S, et al. Efficacy of a rheumatoid arthritis-specific smoking cessation program: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(1):28–37. Aimer P, Treharne GJ, Stebbings S, et al. Efficacy of a rheumatoid arthritis-specific smoking cessation program: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(1):28–37.
182.
go back to reference Iqbal K, Kelly C. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a perspective review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2015;7:247–67.PubMedPubMedCentral Iqbal K, Kelly C. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a perspective review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2015;7:247–67.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Practical Management of Respiratory Comorbidities in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors
James Bluett
Meghna Jani
Deborah P. M. Symmons
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Rheumatology and Therapy / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 2198-6576
Electronic ISSN: 2198-6584
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-017-0071-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Rheumatology and Therapy 2/2017 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.