Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Pediatric Drugs
Published in: Pediatric Drugs 3/2015

Open Access 01-06-2015 | Review Article

The Use of Probiotics in Pediatric Gastroenterology: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations by Latin-American Experts

Authors: Sylvia Cruchet, Raquel Furnes, Aldo Maruy, Eduardo Hebel, Jorge Palacios, Fernando Medina, Nelson Ramirez, Marina Orsi, Lysette Rondon, Vera Sdepanian, Luis Xóchihua, Manuel Ybarra, Roberto Arturo Zablah

Published in: Pediatric Drugs | Issue 3/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Objective

The stability and composition of intestinal flora plays a vital role in human wellbeing throughout life from as early as birth. Over the past 50 years, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic administration in pediatric gastroenterology. This document aims to provide a recommendation score on probiotic utilization in pediatric gastroenterology, together with a review of current knowledge concerning its benefits, tolerability, and safety.

Study Design

Published literature was selected without study design restriction: clinical guidelines, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, outcomes research and case–controlled studies were selected using the following MESH-validated terms: probiotics, diarrhea, acute diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler’s diarrhea, bacterial diarrhea, nosocomial diarrhea, prophylactic diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori infection, colic, infantile colic, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, and allergy. Once the validity and the quality of results were evaluated, a recommendation score and level of evidence were assigned for pediatric gastrointestinal-related conditions, according to the updated Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines: 1a for systematic review (SR) of RCTs, 1b for individual RCT, 1c for SR and individual RCT, 2a for SR of cohort studies, 2b for individual cohort studies, 2c for outcomes research, and 3a for SR of case-control studies.

Results and Conclusions

The Latin American Expert group consensus recommends the use of the following probiotics for pediatric gastrointestinal conditions: prevention of acute infectious diarrhea (AID): 1b for Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and L. reuteri; prevention of nosocomial diarrhea: 1 b for B. lactis Bb12, B. bifidum, LGG and Streptococcus thermophiles; treatment of AID: 1a for LGG and S. boulardii, 1b for L. reuteri; prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: 1b for LGG and S. boulardii; prevention of traveler’s diarrhea: 1b for S. boulardii; prevention of infantile colic: 1a for L. reuteri DSM 17938; treatment of infantile colic: 1b for L. reuteri DSM 17938; prevention of NEC: 1a for B. breve, mixtures of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus, LGG, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri DSM 17938; induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: 1b for VSL#3; improving symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: 2c for LGG and VSL#3.
Literature
1.
Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Jaeschke R, et al. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:389–91.PubMed
3.
Laupacis A, et al. Users’ guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;272:234–7.PubMed
4.
Levine M, et al. Users’ guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:1615–9.PubMed
5.
Oxman AD, et al. Users’ guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;272:1367–71.PubMed
6.
7.
8.
9.
Lilly DM, Stillwell RH. Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science. 1965;147:747–8.PubMed
10.
Parker RB. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Animal Nutr Health. 1974;29:4–8.
11.
Tissier H. Tritement des infections intestinales par la methode de translormation de la flore bacterienne de l’intestin. C R Soc Biol. 1906;60:359–61.
12.
13.
Czerucka D, et al. Review article: yeast as probiotics—Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:767–78.PubMed
14.
Lajolo F. Alimentos funcionales: Aspectos Científicos y Regulatorios. Dieta y Salud. 2003;10:2–7.
15.
16.
Elmer GW, et al. Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections. JAMA. 1996;275:870–6.PubMed
17.
Gorbach SL. Prebióticos y lácteos fermentados: sus beneficios para la salud. Infect Dis Clin Pract Esp. 1995;3:2–7.
18.
19.
20.
Borchers AT, et al. Probiotics and immunity. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:26–46.PubMed
21.
Indriyani S. Effects of live versus heat-killed probiotics on acute diarrhea in young children. Indriyani Paediatr Indones. 2012;52:249–54.
22.
Chen X, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:24449–54.PubMed
23.
Lutgendorff F, et al. The role of microbiota and probiotics in stress-induced gastro-intestinal damage. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8:282–98.PubMed
24.
Donkor ON, et al. Cytokine profile and induction of T helper type 17 and regulatory T cells by human peripheral mononuclear cells after microbial exposure. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;167:282–95.PubMedCentralPubMed
25.
Guarino A, et al. Probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25:18–23.PubMed
26.
Kaila M, et al. A prospective study of humoral immune responses to cow milk antigens in the first year of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1994;5:164–9.PubMed
27.
McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2202–22.PubMedCentralPubMed
28.
Saran S, et al. Use of fermented foods to combat stunting and failure to thrive. Nutrition. 2002;18:393–6.PubMed
29.
Sazawal S, et al. Efficacy of milk fortified with a probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis (DR-10TM) and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in prevention of morbidity and on nutritional status. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13:S28.
30.
Agostoni C, et al. Probiotic bacteria in dietetic products for infants: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:365–74.PubMed
31.
Szajewska H, et al. Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:454–75.PubMed
32.
Saavedra JM, et al. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994;344:1046–9.PubMed
33.
Szajewska H, et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J Pediatr. 2001;138:361–5.PubMed
34.
Mastretta E, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;35:527–31.PubMed
35.
Chouraqui JP, et al. Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in residential care settings. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:288–92.PubMed
36.
Thibault H, et al. Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:147–52.PubMed
37.
38.
Shamir R, et al. Evaluation of a diet containing probiotics and zinc for the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in children younger than one year of age. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:370–5.PubMed
39.
Isolauri E, et al. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics. 1991;88:90–7.PubMed
40.
Shornikova AV, et al. A trial in the Karelian Republic of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus GG for treatment of acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:460–5.PubMed
41.
Guarino A, et al. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;25:516–9.PubMed
42.
Guandalini S, et al. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: a multicenter European trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:54–60.PubMed
43.
Shornikova AV, et al. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:1103–7.PubMed
44.
Szajewska H, et al. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri strain DSM 17938 (and the original strain ATCC 55730) for treating acute gastroenteritis in children. Benef Microbes. 2014;5:285–93.PubMed
45.
Simakachorn N, et al. Clinical evaluation of the addition of lyophilized, heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:68–72.PubMed
46.
Szymanski H, et al. Treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in infants and children with a mixture of three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:247–53.PubMed
47.
Costa-Ribeiro H, et al. Limitations of probiotic therapy in acute, severe dehydrating diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:112–5.PubMed
48.
Salazar-Lindo E, et al. Lactobacillus casei strain GG in the treatment of infants with acute watery diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN67363048]. BMC Pediatr. 2004;4:18.PubMedCentralPubMed
49.
Kowalska-Duplaga K, et al. Efficacy of Trilacin the treatment of acute diarrhoea in infants and young children—a multicentre, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pediatria Współczesna. 2004;3:295–9.
50.
Khanna V, et al. Efficacy of tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus in acute diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:935–8.PubMed
51.
Sarker SA, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 has no effect on rotavirus but ameliorates the outcome of nonrotavirus diarrhea in children from Bangladesh. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e221–8.PubMed
52.
Huang JS, et al. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2625–34.PubMed
53.
Van Niel CW, et al. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2002;109:678–84.PubMed
54.
Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(Suppl 2):S17–25.PubMed
55.
56.
Höchter W, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii bei akuter Erwachsenendiarrhoe. Münch Med Wschr. 1990;132:188–92.
57.
Cetina-Sauri G, Sierra Basto G. Therapeutic evaluation of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea. Ann Pediatr. 1994;41:397–400.
58.
Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:44–7.PubMed
59.
Villarruel G, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii in acute childhood diarrhoea: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:538–41.PubMed
60.
Castañeda C, et al. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with chronic diarrhea, especially cases due to giardiasis. Rev Mex Pueric Pediatr. 1995;2:12–6.
61.
Mansour-Ghanaei F, et al. Efficacy of saccharomyces boulardii with antibiotics in acute amoebiasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:1832–3.PubMed
62.
Saint-Marc T, et al. Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of diarrhea in AIDS. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1991;142:64–5.
63.
Billoo AG, et al. Role of a probiotic (Saccharomyces boulardii) in management and prevention of diarrhoea. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:4557–60.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
Gutierrez Castrellon P, et al. An evidence based Iberic-Latin American guideline for acute gastroenteritis management in infants and prescholars. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010;72:220 e1–20.
65.
National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis: diagnosis, assessment and management in children younger than 5 years. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). 2009. Accessed 30 Oct 2014.
66.
67.
Sazawal S, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:374–82.PubMed
68.
Francavilla R, et al. Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 vs. placebo in children with acute diarrhoea—a double-blind study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36:363–9.PubMed
69.
Turck D, et al. Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an outpatient pediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:22–6.PubMed
70.
Szajewska H, et al. Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr. 2006;149:367–72.PubMed
71.
Advice for travelers. Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2004;2(21):33–40.
72.
Advice for travelers. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1996;38(969):17–20.
73.
Mackell S. Traveler’s diarrhea in the pediatric population: etiology and impact. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl 8):S547–52.PubMed
74.
Hilton E, et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a diarrheal preventive in travelers. J Travel Med. 1997;4:41–3.PubMed
75.
Katelaris PH, et al. Lactobacilli to prevent traveler’s diarrhea? N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1360–1.PubMed
76.
Oksanen PJ, et al. Prevention of travellers’ diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG. Ann Med. 1990;22:53–6.PubMed
77.
Kollaritsch H, et al. Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea with Saccharomyces boulardii. Results of a placebo controlled double-blind study. Fortschr Med. 1993;111:152–6.PubMed
78.
Boonyaritichaikij S, et al. Long-term administration of probiotics to asymptomatic pre-school children for either the eradication or the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2009;14:202–7.PubMed
79.
Cruchet S, et al. Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children. Nutrition. 2003;19:716–21.PubMed
80.
Gotteland M, et al. Effect of regular ingestion of Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin or Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in children colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:1747–51.PubMed
81.
Szajewska H, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48:431–6.PubMed
82.
Sykora J, et al. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39:692–8.PubMed
83.
Goldman CG, et al. Effect of a probiotic food as an adjuvant to triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Nutrition. 2006;22:984–8.PubMed
84.
Lionetti E, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri therapy to reduce side-effects during anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment in children: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1461–8.PubMed
85.
Sýkora J, et al. Supplements of one week triple drug therapy with special probiotic Lactobacillus casei imunitass (Strain DN-114 000) and Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in the eradication of H. pylori-colonized children: a prospective randomised trial [abstract P0900]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39:S400.
86.
Hurduc V, et al. A randomized, open trial evaluating the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:127–31.PubMed
87.
Hyman PE, et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1519–26.PubMed
88.
Savino F. Focus on infantile colic. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1259–64.PubMed
89.
Metcalf TJ, et al. Simethicone in the treatment of infant colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Pediatrics. 1994;94:29–34.PubMed
90.
Akcam M, Yilmaz A. Oral hypertonic glucose solution in the treatment of infantile colic. Pediatr Int. 2006;48:125–7.PubMed
91.
Danielsson B, Hwang CP. Treatment of infantile colic with surface active substance (simethicone). Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985;74:446–50.PubMed
92.
Gupta SK. Update on infantile colic and management options. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;8:921–6.PubMed
93.
Savino F, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. Phytother Res. 2005;19:335–40.PubMed
94.
95.
Szajewska H, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of infantile colic in breastfed infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2013;162:257–62.PubMed
96.
Savino F, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e124–30.PubMed
97.
Savino F, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colic: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e526–33.PubMed
98.
Chau K, et al. Probiotics for infantile colic: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. J Pediatr. 2015;166(74–8):e1.
99.
Savino F, et al. Preventive effects of oral probiotic on infantile colic: a prospective, randomised, blinded, controlled trial using Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. Benef Microbes. 2014:1–7. [Epub ahead of print].
100.
Indrio F, et al. Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:228–33.PubMed
101.
Sung V, et al. Treating infant colic with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: double blind, placebo controlled randomised trial. BMJ. 2014;348:g2107.PubMedCentralPubMed
102.
Saavedra JM, et al. Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: tolerance and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:261–7.PubMed
103.
Fernandez JI, De las Cuevas T. Enterocolitis necrotizante neonatal. Bol Pediatr. 2006;46(Suppl 1):172–8.
104.
Deshpande G, et al. Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2007;369:1614–20.PubMed
105.
Samanta M, et al. Prophylactic probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight newborns. J Trop Pediatr. 2009;55:128–31.PubMed
106.
107.
Mattar AF, et al. Effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro. Pediatr Surg Int. 2001;17:265–8.PubMed
108.
Orrhage K, Nord CE. Factors controlling the bacterial colonization of the intestine in breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:47–57.
109.
Reid G, et al. Can bacterial interference prevent infection? Trends Microbiol. 2001;9:424–8.PubMed
110.
Duffy LC. Interactions mediating bacterial translocation in the immature intestine. J Nutr. 2000;130:432S–6S.PubMed
111.
Martin CR, Walker WA. Probiotics: role in pathophysiology and prevention in necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32:127–37.PubMed
112.
Schanler RJ. Probiotics and necrotising enterocolitis in premature infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91:F395–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
114.
Bin-Nun A, et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr. 2005;147:192–6.PubMed
115.
Lin HC, et al. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1–4.PubMed
116.
Wolvers D, et al. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: prevention and management of infections by probiotics. J Nutr. 2010;140:698S–712S.PubMed
117.
Alfaleh K, et al. Probiotics reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Neonatology. 2010;97:93–9.PubMed
118.
Deshpande G, et al. Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2010;125:921–30.PubMed
119.
Hunter C, et al. Effect of routine probiotic, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, use on rates of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with birthweight <1000 grams: a sequential analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:142.PubMedCentralPubMed
120.
Kadowaki N, et al. Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. J Exp Med. 2001;194:863–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
121.
Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1620–33.PubMed
122.
Bousvaros A, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:833–9.PubMed
123.
Day AS, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicines by children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40:681–4.PubMed
124.
Miele E, et al. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:437–43.PubMed
125.
Talley NJ. Functional gastrointestinal disorders as a public health problem. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 2008;20(Suppl 1):121–9.
126.
Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL, Rome III. New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006;15:237–41.PubMed
127.
128.
Bausserman M, Michail S. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr. 2005;147:197–201.PubMed
129.
Gawronska A, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:177–84.PubMed
130.
Guandalini S, et al. VSL#3 improves symptoms in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51:24–30.PubMed
131.
Banaszkiewicz A, Szajewska H. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus GG as an adjunct to lactulose for the treatment of constipation in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2005;146:364–9.PubMed
132.
Chmielewska A, Szajewska H. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: probiotics for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:69–75.PubMedCentralPubMed
133.
Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:179–85.PubMed
134.
Isolauri E, et al. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1604–10.PubMed
135.
Kalliomaki M, et al. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076–9.PubMed
136.
Kalliomaki M, et al. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1869–71.PubMed
137.
Kukkonen K, et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:192–8.PubMed
138.
Taylor AL, et al. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:184–91.PubMed
139.
Rosenfeldt V, et al. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr. 2004;145:612–6.PubMed
140.
Kendler M, et al. Comparison of fecal microflora in children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome according to IgE sensitization to food. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:141–7.PubMed
141.
Brouwer ML, et al. No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:899–906.PubMed
142.
Sistek D, et al. Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:629–33.PubMed
143.
Viljanen M, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy. 2005;60:494–500.PubMed
144.
Rosenfeldt V, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:389–95.PubMed
145.
Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD006474.
146.
Petroczi A, et al. Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49:393–402.PubMed
147.
Temmerman R, et al. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from probiotic products. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;81:1–10.PubMed
148.
Elliot E, Teversham K. An evaluation of nine probiotics available in South Africa, August 2003. S Afr Med J. 2004;94:121–4.PubMed
149.
Ibnou-Zekri N, et al. Divergent patterns of colonization and immune response elicited from two intestinal Lactobacillus strains that display similar properties in vitro. Infect Immun. 2003;71:428–36.PubMedCentralPubMed
150.
Braegger C, et al. Supplementation of infant formula with probiotics and/or prebiotics: a systematic review and comment by the ESPGHAN committee on nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52:238–50.PubMed
151.
Henker J, et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus placebo for treating diarrhea of greater than 4 days duration in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:494–9.PubMed
152.
Yameen MA, et al. Nasal and perirectal colonization of vancomycin sensitive and resistant enterococci in patients of paediatrics ICU (PICU) of tertiary health care facilities. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:156.PubMedCentralPubMed
153.
Bernet MF, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut. 1994;35:483–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
154.
Juntunen M, et al. Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human intestinal mucus in healthy infants and during rotavirus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:293–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
155.
Urban MF, et al. Growth of infants born to HIV-infected women when fed a biologically acidified starter formula with and without probiotics. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2008;21:28–32.
156.
Weizman Z, Alsheikh A. Safety and tolerance of a probiotic formula in early infancy comparing two probiotic agents: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25:415–9.PubMed
157.
Gibson RA, et al. Safety of supplementing infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and Bifidobacterium lactis in term infants: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:1706–13.PubMed
158.
Probiotics. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2007;49(1267):66–8.
159.
Snydman DR. The safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 2):S104-11 (discussion S44–51).
160.
Broughton RA, et al. Neonatal meningitis due to Lactobacillus. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983;2:382–4.PubMed
161.
Kunz AN, et al. Two cases of Lactobacillus bacteremia during probiotic treatment of short gut syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:457–8.PubMed
162.
Perapoch J, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two newborns, only one of whom had been treated with ultra-levura. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:468–70.PubMed
163.
Thompson C, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a neonate. J Perinatol. 2001;21:258–60.PubMed
164.
Borriello SP, et al. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:775–80.PubMed
165.
Karpa KD. Probiotics for Clostridium difficile diarrhea: putting it into perspective. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:1284–7.PubMed
166.
Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20:146–55.PubMed
167.
Mackay AD, et al. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1999;5:290–2.PubMed
168.
Rautio M, et al. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1159–60.PubMed
169.
Cabana MD, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45:405–10.
170.
Enache-Angoulvant A, Hennequin C. Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1559–68.PubMed
171.
Cassone M, et al. Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5340–3.PubMedCentralPubMed
172.
Jijon H, et al. DNA from probiotic bacteria modulates murine and human epithelial and immune function. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1358–73.PubMed
Metadata
Title
The Use of Probiotics in Pediatric Gastroenterology: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations by Latin-American Experts
Authors
Sylvia Cruchet
Raquel Furnes
Aldo Maruy
Eduardo Hebel
Jorge Palacios
Fernando Medina
Nelson Ramirez
Marina Orsi
Lysette Rondon
Vera Sdepanian
Luis Xóchihua
Manuel Ybarra
Roberto Arturo Zablah
Publication date
01-06-2015
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Pediatric Drugs / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1174-5878
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-015-0124-6

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Pediatric Drugs 3/2015 Go to the issue

Letter to the Editor

Clinical Research in Paediatrics: What Can We Do?

Original Research Article

Pediatric Assessment of Vancomycin Empiric Dosing (PAVED): a Retrospective Review

Review Article

Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children

Editorial

Better Therapies for Children: A Worldwide Search for Needed Human Resources

Short Communication

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for External Ventricular Drains in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients

Review Article

Prophylaxis of Migraine in Children and Adolescents