Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Geriatrics Reports 4/2014

01-12-2014 | Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Authors: Abhilash K. Desai, Faith Galliano Desai

Published in: Current Geriatrics Reports | Issue 4/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is a critical component of comprehensive, state-of-the-science dementia care. BPSD are complex, associated with substantial heterogeneity in terms of etiology, clinical presentation and treatment outcome and are the subject of extensive research. Consequently, it can be challenging for health care providers to stay up to date with the clinically most relevant findings and know how to best manage BPSD and respond to concerns of person’s with dementia (PWD) and their family. This is a narrative review that proposes an evidence-informed systematic approach for management of BPSD and aims to summarize key findings from research to date on psychosocial environmental and psychopharmacological interventions for management of BPSD. Early and comprehensive management of BPSD has the potential to not only promote the dignity and safety of PWD but also to improve their caregiver’s quality of life and reduce costs on society by preventing visits to emergency departments, hospitalizations and premature institutionalization.
Literature
1.•
go back to reference Alzheimer’s Association, 2014 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 10, Issue 2. This paper provides up to date facts and figures about the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementia and profound negative impact they have on the individual, family and society. Alzheimer’s Association, 2014 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 10, Issue 2. This paper provides up to date facts and figures about the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementia and profound negative impact they have on the individual, family and society.
2.
go back to reference Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75.PubMedCrossRef Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:63–75.PubMedCrossRef
3.••
go back to reference Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG. Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762–9. This paper provides state-of-the-science update on key elements that define management of BPSD and proposes the DICE approach (describe, investigate, create, evaluate) that can be used in research as well as clinical settings.PubMedCrossRef Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG. Detroit Expert Panel on Assessment and Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings: recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):762–9. This paper provides state-of-the-science update on key elements that define management of BPSD and proposes the DICE approach (describe, investigate, create, evaluate) that can be used in research as well as clinical settings.PubMedCrossRef
4.••
go back to reference Geda YE, Schneider LS, Gitlin LN, Miller DS, Smith GS, Bell J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Past progress and anticipation of the future. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:602–8. This is the first of a series of documents by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms – Professional Interest Group (NPS-IPG) within the International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (IPSTAART) and provides up to date information on the key neurobiological underpinnings of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Geda YE, Schneider LS, Gitlin LN, Miller DS, Smith GS, Bell J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: Past progress and anticipation of the future. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:602–8. This is the first of a series of documents by the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms – Professional Interest Group (NPS-IPG) within the International Society to Advance Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment (IPSTAART) and provides up to date information on the key neurobiological underpinnings of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.••
6.
go back to reference Desai AK, Schwartz L, Grossberg G. Behavioral disturbance in dementia. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2012;14:298–309.CrossRef Desai AK, Schwartz L, Grossberg G. Behavioral disturbance in dementia. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2012;14:298–309.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, Gustavsson A, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):73–85.PubMedCrossRef Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, Gustavsson A, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):73–85.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.PubMedCrossRef Spalletta G, Musicco M, Padovani A, Rozzini L, Perri R, Fadda L, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in a large cohort of newly diagnosed, untreated patients with Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(11):1026–35.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Di Lulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, Casini AR, Gianni W, Caltagirone C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):629–40.CrossRef Di Lulio F, Palmer K, Blundo C, Casini AR, Gianni W, Caltagirone C, et al. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(4):629–40.CrossRef
10.
11.
go back to reference Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:330–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Okura T, Plassman BL, Steffens DC, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:330–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Selbaek G, Engedal K, Benth JS, Bergh S. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow up period. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):81–91.PubMed Selbaek G, Engedal K, Benth JS, Bergh S. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow up period. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):81–91.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Vilalta-Franch J, Lopez-Pousa S, Calvo-Perxas L, Garre-Olmo J. Psychosis of Alzheimer disease: prevalence, incidence, persistence, risk factors, and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(11):1135–43.PubMedCrossRef Vilalta-Franch J, Lopez-Pousa S, Calvo-Perxas L, Garre-Olmo J. Psychosis of Alzheimer disease: prevalence, incidence, persistence, risk factors, and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(11):1135–43.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Bergh S, Engedal K, Roen I, Selbaek G. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(8):1231–9.PubMedCrossRef Bergh S, Engedal K, Roen I, Selbaek G. The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia in Norwegian nursing homes. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(8):1231–9.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):300–5.PubMedCrossRef Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):300–5.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Van der Linde RM, Brayne C, Dening T. Depression and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia – separate research worlds in need of a common understanding. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(2):177–83.PubMedCrossRef Van der Linde RM, Brayne C, Dening T. Depression and other behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia – separate research worlds in need of a common understanding. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(2):177–83.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly: a conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:711–21.PubMed Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N. Agitated behaviors in the elderly: a conceptual review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:711–21.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Mortby ME, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Apathy: a separate syndrome from depression in dementia? A critical review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(4):305–16.PubMed Mortby ME, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Apathy: a separate syndrome from depression in dementia? A critical review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24(4):305–16.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Koopmans RTC, Zuidema SU, Leontjevas R, Gerritsen DL. Comprehensive assessment of depression and behavioral problems in long-term care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;23(7):1054–62.CrossRef Koopmans RTC, Zuidema SU, Leontjevas R, Gerritsen DL. Comprehensive assessment of depression and behavioral problems in long-term care. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;23(7):1054–62.CrossRef
21.•
go back to reference Hermann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacological recommendations for the systematic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5 Suppl 1:S5. This paper gives up to date recommendations for appropriate use of psychopharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD.CrossRef Hermann N, Lanctot KL, Hogan DB. Pharmacological recommendations for the systematic treatment of dementia: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2012. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2013;5 Suppl 1:S5. This paper gives up to date recommendations for appropriate use of psychopharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD.CrossRef
22.•
go back to reference Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(5):433–8. This paper provides most recent guidelines for use of cholinesterase inhibitors and psychopharmacological agents for management of both cognitive as well as non-cognitive (BPSD) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease as well as related dementias.PubMedCentralPubMed Moore A, Patterson C, Lee L, Vedel I, Bergman H. Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(5):433–8. This paper provides most recent guidelines for use of cholinesterase inhibitors and psychopharmacological agents for management of both cognitive as well as non-cognitive (BPSD) symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease as well as related dementias.PubMedCentralPubMed
23.
go back to reference Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Psychiatric Consultation in Long-Term Care. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; 2010. Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Psychiatric Consultation in Long-Term Care. A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; 2010.
24.
go back to reference Cohen-Mansfield J, Thein K, Marx MS, Dakheel-Ali M, Freedman L. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(9):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef Cohen-Mansfield J, Thein K, Marx MS, Dakheel-Ali M, Freedman L. Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(9):1255–61.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Husebo BS, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Seifert R, Aarsland D. The response of agitated behavior to pain management in persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print]. Husebo BS, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Seifert R, Aarsland D. The response of agitated behavior to pain management in persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print].
26.
go back to reference van der Roest HG, Meiland FJ, Maroccini R, Comijs HC, Jonker C, Droes RM. Subjective needs in people with dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(3):559–92.PubMedCrossRef van der Roest HG, Meiland FJ, Maroccini R, Comijs HC, Jonker C, Droes RM. Subjective needs in people with dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(3):559–92.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8.PubMedCrossRef Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF. The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1203–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Pitfield C, Shahriyarmolki K, Livingston G. Systematic reviews of stress in staff caring for people with dementia living in 24-hour care settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):4–9.PubMedCrossRef Pitfield C, Shahriyarmolki K, Livingston G. Systematic reviews of stress in staff caring for people with dementia living in 24-hour care settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(1):4–9.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Orrell M, Hancock GA, Liyanage KC, Woods B, Challis D, Hoe J. The needs of people with dementia in care homes: the perspectives of users, staff and family caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):941–51.PubMedCrossRef Orrell M, Hancock GA, Liyanage KC, Woods B, Challis D, Hoe J. The needs of people with dementia in care homes: the perspectives of users, staff and family caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):941–51.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Luo H, Lin M, Castle N. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: a comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26:44–50.CrossRef Luo H, Lin M, Castle N. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: a comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26:44–50.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Hori K, Konishi K, Watanabe K, Uchida H, Tsuboi T, Moriyasu M, et al. Influence of anticholinergic activity in serum on clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63:147–53.PubMedCrossRef Hori K, Konishi K, Watanabe K, Uchida H, Tsuboi T, Moriyasu M, et al. Influence of anticholinergic activity in serum on clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;63:147–53.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Desai AK. Psychotropic side effects of commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly. Prim Psychiatry. 2004;11:27–34. Desai AK. Psychotropic side effects of commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly. Prim Psychiatry. 2004;11:27–34.
34.
go back to reference Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N, Lipson S, Rosenthal AS, Pawlson LG. Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology. 1990;36(3):150–8.PubMedCrossRef Cohen-Mansfield J, Billig N, Lipson S, Rosenthal AS, Pawlson LG. Medical correlates of agitation in nursing home residents. Gerontology. 1990;36(3):150–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bourgeois J, Elseviers MM, Azermai M, Van Bortel L, Petrovic M, Vander Stichele RR. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(5):833–44.PubMedCrossRef Bourgeois J, Elseviers MM, Azermai M, Van Bortel L, Petrovic M, Vander Stichele RR. Benzodiazepine use in Belgian nursing homes: a closer look into indications and dosages. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(5):833–44.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Bourbonnais A, Ducharme F. The meanings of screams in older people living with dementia in a nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(7):1172–84.PubMedCrossRef Bourbonnais A, Ducharme F. The meanings of screams in older people living with dementia in a nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(7):1172–84.PubMedCrossRef
37.••
go back to reference Kitwood T. The experience of dementia. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:13–22. This is a landmark paper that reminds us of the importance of keeping the personhood of the person with dementia foremost in all decisions and approaches to manage BPSD.CrossRef Kitwood T. The experience of dementia. Aging Ment Health. 1997;1:13–22. This is a landmark paper that reminds us of the importance of keeping the personhood of the person with dementia foremost in all decisions and approaches to manage BPSD.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Palliative and end-of-life care in psychogeriatric patients. Aging Health. 2011;7(3):395–408.CrossRef Desai AK, Grossberg GT. Palliative and end-of-life care in psychogeriatric patients. Aging Health. 2011;7(3):395–408.CrossRef
39.
40.
go back to reference Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52:159–66.CrossRef Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997;52:159–66.CrossRef
41.
42.
go back to reference Ballard C, Corbett A. Agitation and aggression in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(3):252–9.PubMedCrossRef Ballard C, Corbett A. Agitation and aggression in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(3):252–9.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Seitz DP, Gill SS, Hermann N, Brisbin S, Rappoport MJ, Rines J, et al. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia I long-term care: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(2):185–203.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Seitz DP, Gill SS, Hermann N, Brisbin S, Rappoport MJ, Rines J, et al. Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia I long-term care: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(2):185–203.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-308112. Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, Tan CC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.​1136/​jnnp-2014-308112.
45.
go back to reference Stevenson DG, Decker SL, Dwyer LL, Huskamp HA, Grabowski DC, Metzger ED, et al. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among nursing home residents: findings from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(12):1078–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stevenson DG, Decker SL, Dwyer LL, Huskamp HA, Grabowski DC, Metzger ED, et al. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among nursing home residents: findings from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(12):1078–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Devanand DP, Mintzer J, Schultz SK, Andrews HF, Sultzer DL, de la Pena D, et al. Relapse risk after discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1497–507.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Devanand DP, Mintzer J, Schultz SK, Andrews HF, Sultzer DL, de la Pena D, et al. Relapse risk after discontinuation of risperidone in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1497–507.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF, Sweet RA, Aizenstein H, Snitz B, et al. The long-term effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1051–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF, Sweet RA, Aizenstein H, Snitz B, et al. The long-term effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1051–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Langballe EM, Engdahl B, Nordeng H, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Selbaek G. Short- and long-term mortality risk associated with the use of antipsychotics among 26,940 dementia outpatients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:332–6.CrossRef Langballe EM, Engdahl B, Nordeng H, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Selbaek G. Short- and long-term mortality risk associated with the use of antipsychotics among 26,940 dementia outpatients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:332–6.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Nasrallah HA, White T, Nasrallah AT. Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:437–9.PubMedCrossRef Nasrallah HA, White T, Nasrallah AT. Lower mortality in geriatric patients receiving risperidone and olanzapine versus haloperidol: preliminary analysis of retrospective data. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:437–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer’s disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(5):583–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zheng L, Mack WJ, Dagerman KS, Hsiao JK, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, et al. Metabolic changes associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in Alzheimer’s disease patients: the CATIE-AD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(5):583–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, et al. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):831–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Vigen CL, Mack WJ, Keefe RS, Sano M, Sultzer DL, Stroup TS, et al. Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: outcomes from CATIE-AD. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(8):831–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mulsant BH. Challenges of the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(4):317–20.PubMedCrossRef Mulsant BH. Challenges of the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(4):317–20.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Henry G, Williamson D, Tampi RR. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, a literature review of evidence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26(3):169–83.CrossRef Henry G, Williamson D, Tampi RR. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, a literature review of evidence. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2011;26(3):169–83.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Schwarz S, Froelich L, Burns A. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):542–50.PubMedCrossRef Schwarz S, Froelich L, Burns A. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):542–50.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Zarros AC, Kalopita KS, Tsakiris ST. Serotoninergic impairment and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2005;65:277–86. Zarros AC, Kalopita KS, Tsakiris ST. Serotoninergic impairment and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2005;65:277–86.
56.
go back to reference Leong C. Antidepressants for depression in patients with dementia: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm. 2014;29(4):254–63.PubMedCrossRef Leong C. Antidepressants for depression in patients with dementia: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm. 2014;29(4):254–63.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Cummings JL, Back C. The cholinergic hypothesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6 Suppl 1:64–8.CrossRef Cummings JL, Back C. The cholinergic hypothesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;6 Suppl 1:64–8.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Roundtree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL, Doody RS. Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer’s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:338–45.CrossRef Roundtree SD, Atri A, Lopez OL, Doody RS. Effectiveness of antidementia drugs in delaying Alzheimer’s disease progression. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:338–45.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Yeh YC, Ouyang WC. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(4):185–93.PubMedCrossRef Yeh YC, Ouyang WC. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2012;28(4):185–93.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Gauthier S, Cummings J, Ballard C, Brodaty H, Grossberg G, Robert P, et al. Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(3):346–72.PubMedCrossRef Gauthier S, Cummings J, Ballard C, Brodaty H, Grossberg G, Robert P, et al. Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(3):346–72.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):853–61.PubMedCrossRef Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, Thomas RG, Raman R, Jakimovich LJ, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):853–61.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Dolder CR, Nealy KL. The efficacy and safety of newer anticonvulsants in patients with dementia. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):627–37.PubMed Dolder CR, Nealy KL. The efficacy and safety of newer anticonvulsants in patients with dementia. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):627–37.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, Sewell DD. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:207–8.PubMedCrossRef Ng B, Camacho A, Bardwell W, Sewell DD. Lamotrigine for agitation in older patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:207–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Roserberg PB, Lanctot KL, Drye LT, Hermann N, Scherer RW, Bachman DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–6.CrossRef Roserberg PB, Lanctot KL, Drye LT, Hermann N, Scherer RW, Bachman DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):810–6.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3, CD009178.PubMed McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3, CD009178.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Tampi RR, Tampi DJ. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print]. Tampi RR, Tampi DJ. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2014 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print].
67.
go back to reference Woodward MR, Harper DG, Stolyar A, Forester BP, Ellison JM. Dronabinol for the treatment of agitation and aggressive behavior in acutely hospitalized severely demented patients with noncognitive behavioral symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:415–9.PubMedCrossRef Woodward MR, Harper DG, Stolyar A, Forester BP, Ellison JM. Dronabinol for the treatment of agitation and aggressive behavior in acutely hospitalized severely demented patients with noncognitive behavioral symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:415–9.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, et al. Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease patients with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(9):744–51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Kyomen HH, Hennen J, Gottlieb GL, Wei JY. Estrogen therapy and noncognitive psychiatric signs and symptoms in elderly patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1225–7.PubMedCrossRef Kyomen HH, Hennen J, Gottlieb GL, Wei JY. Estrogen therapy and noncognitive psychiatric signs and symptoms in elderly patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1225–7.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23–8.PubMedCrossRef Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Bonner LT, Pascualy M, Riekse RG, Snowden MB, et al. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005;19(1):23–8.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kraus MF, Maki PM. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:222–30.PubMed Kraus MF, Maki PM. Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction in brain injury: case studies and review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:222–30.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):796–801.PubMedCrossRef Frakey LL, Salloway S, Buelow M, Malloy P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of apathy in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):796–801.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Tucker I. Management of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):683–92.PubMedCrossRef Tucker I. Management of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):683–92.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–57.PubMedCrossRef Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–57.PubMedCrossRef
76.
77.
go back to reference Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless legs syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management in primary care. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):99–111.PubMedCrossRef Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless legs syndrome: a review of diagnosis and management in primary care. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(3):99–111.PubMedCrossRef
78.•
go back to reference Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG. Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2020–9. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gitlin LN, Kales HC, Lyketsos CG. Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia. JAMA. 2012;308(19):2020–9. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
79.•
go back to reference Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–53. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCrossRef Brodaty H, Arasaratnam C. Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):946–53. This is one of the two papers that provides critical evaluation of research to date that supports use of caregiver based psychosocial environmental interventions for the management of BPSD.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference O’Neil ME, Freeman M., Christensen V, Telerant R, Addleman A, Kansagara D. A systematic evidence review of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral symptoms of dementia. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2011 Mar. O’Neil ME, Freeman M., Christensen V, Telerant R, Addleman A, Kansagara D. A systematic evidence review of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral symptoms of dementia. VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2011 Mar.
81.
go back to reference Gitlin LN. Good news for dementia care: caregiver interventions reduce behavioral symptoms in people with dementia and family distress. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:894–7.PubMedCrossRef Gitlin LN. Good news for dementia care: caregiver interventions reduce behavioral symptoms in people with dementia and family distress. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:894–7.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Janzen S, Zecevic AA, Kloseck M, Orange JB. Managing agitation using nonpharmacological interventions for seniors with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2013;28(5):524–32.CrossRef Janzen S, Zecevic AA, Kloseck M, Orange JB. Managing agitation using nonpharmacological interventions for seniors with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2013;28(5):524–32.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Manepalli J, Desai A, Sharma P. Psychosocial-Environmental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16:39–47. Manepalli J, Desai A, Sharma P. Psychosocial-Environmental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Prim Psychiatry. 2009;16:39–47.
84.
go back to reference Broday H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20:549–64.CrossRef Broday H, Burns K. Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20:549–64.CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Stanley M, Calleo J, Bush AL, Wilson N, Snow AL, Kraus-Schuman C, et al. The peaceful mind program: a pilot test of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention for anxious patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:696–708.PubMedCrossRef Stanley M, Calleo J, Bush AL, Wilson N, Snow AL, Kraus-Schuman C, et al. The peaceful mind program: a pilot test of a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention for anxious patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:696–708.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Houser WS, George DR, Chinchilli VM. Impact of TimeSlips creative expression program on behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medication use in persons with dementia in long-term care: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:337–40.PubMedCrossRef Houser WS, George DR, Chinchilli VM. Impact of TimeSlips creative expression program on behavioral symptoms and psychotropic medication use in persons with dementia in long-term care: a cluster-randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:337–40.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Day K, Carreon D, Stump C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist. 2000;40:397–416.PubMedCrossRef Day K, Carreon D, Stump C. The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research. Gerontologist. 2000;40:397–416.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein-Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centered care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:317–25.PubMedCrossRef Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein-Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centered care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:317–25.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Bakker TJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, van der Lee J, Olde Rikkert MG, Beekman AT, Ribbe MW. Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:507–20.PubMedCrossRef Bakker TJ, Duivenvoorden HJ, van der Lee J, Olde Rikkert MG, Beekman AT, Ribbe MW. Integrative psychotherapeutic nursing home program to reduce multiple psychiatric symptoms of cognitively impaired patients and caregiver burden: randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:507–20.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Nordgren L, Engstrom G. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: a care report. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(8):625–32.CrossRef Nordgren L, Engstrom G. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on behavioral and/or psychological symptoms in dementia: a care report. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2012;27(8):625–32.CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Thune-Boyle IC, Iliffe S, Cerga-pashoja A, Lowery D, Warner J. The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1046–57.PubMedCrossRef Thune-Boyle IC, Iliffe S, Cerga-pashoja A, Lowery D, Warner J. The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(7):1046–57.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference O’Connor CM, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Jeon H, Mioshi E, Gitlin LN. Use of the tailored activities program to reduce neuropsychiatric behaviors in dementia: an Australian protocol for a randomized trial to evaluate its effectiveness. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):857–69.PubMedCrossRef O’Connor CM, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Jeon H, Mioshi E, Gitlin LN. Use of the tailored activities program to reduce neuropsychiatric behaviors in dementia: an Australian protocol for a randomized trial to evaluate its effectiveness. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(5):857–69.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Kolanowski A, Litaker M, Buettner L, Moeller J, Costa PT. A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1032–41.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kolanowski A, Litaker M, Buettner L, Moeller J, Costa PT. A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1032–41.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Olde-Rikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2007;62A:1002–9.CrossRef Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Olde-Rikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2007;62A:1002–9.CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Gertiatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670–8.CrossRef Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, et al. Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. Int J Gertiatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(7):670–8.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference van der Ploeg ES, O’Connor DW. Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi:10.1111/pcn.12192.PubMed van der Ploeg ES, O’Connor DW. Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi:10.​1111/​pcn.​12192.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2, CD003150.PubMed Forrester LT, Maayan N, Orrell M, Spector AE, Buchan LD, Soares-Weiser K. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2, CD003150.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Nursing home violence: occurrence, risks and interventions. Ann Long-Term Care. 2009;17(1):25–31. Hall RCW, Hall RCW, Chapman MJ. Nursing home violence: occurrence, risks and interventions. Ann Long-Term Care. 2009;17(1):25–31.
100.
go back to reference van de Ven G, Draskovic I, van Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia-care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86662.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef van de Ven G, Draskovic I, van Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia-care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86662.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Rees G. Dementia: Facing the epidemic. A vision for a world class dementia care system. Sydney: Alzheimer’s Australia; 2009. Rees G. Dementia: Facing the epidemic. A vision for a world class dementia care system. Sydney: Alzheimer’s Australia; 2009.
102.
go back to reference Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, et al. Ethical dilemmas: should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:88–90.PubMedCrossRef Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, et al. Ethical dilemmas: should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:88–90.PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Landau R, Werner S. Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:358–66.PubMedCrossRef Landau R, Werner S. Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:358–66.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Ujkaj M, Davidoff DA, Seiner SJ, Ellison JM, Harper DG, Forester BP. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):61–72.PubMedCrossRef Ujkaj M, Davidoff DA, Seiner SJ, Ellison JM, Harper DG, Forester BP. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of agitation and aggression in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):61–72.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Smith M, Schultz SK, Seydel LL, Reist J, Kelly M, Weckman M, et al. Improving antipsychotic agent use in nursing homes: development of an algorithm for treating problem behaviors in dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 2013;39(5):24–35.PubMedCrossRef Smith M, Schultz SK, Seydel LL, Reist J, Kelly M, Weckman M, et al. Improving antipsychotic agent use in nursing homes: development of an algorithm for treating problem behaviors in dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 2013;39(5):24–35.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Authors
Abhilash K. Desai
Faith Galliano Desai
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Geriatrics Reports / Issue 4/2014
Electronic ISSN: 2196-7865
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-014-0099-0

Other articles of this Issue 4/2014

Current Geriatrics Reports 4/2014 Go to the issue

Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Neuromodulation Therapies in the Elderly Depressed Patient

Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Recent Advances in Delirium Recognition and Management

Geriatric Psychiatry (GT Grossberg, Section Editor)

Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults