Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cellular Oncology 4/2020

01-08-2020 | Report

Zebularine-induced myeloma cell death is accompanied by decreased c-Myc expression

Authors: Patryk Krzeminski, Ramón García-Sanz, Norma C. Gutiérrez

Published in: Cellular Oncology | Issue 4/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

Epigenetic therapies have proven to be clinically effective in several hematological malignancies. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a second-generation DNA demethylation agent, zebularine, on multiple myeloma (MM).

Methods

Western blot, ELISA, qRT-PCR, proliferation assays and cell transfection were used to investigate the mechanism of action of zebularine in MM.

Results

We found that zebularine induced apoptosis and DNA demethylation in most of the MM cell lines tested. Its cytotoxic effect was associated with a time-dependent decrease in the level of c-Myc protein. Moreover, zebularine induced H2AX phosphorylation, a surrogate marker of DNA damage, in five out of eight MM cell lines tested.

Conclusions

Our study revealed novel effects of zebularine on MM that may have potential implications for DNA methylation-based therapies.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference S.B. Baylin, M. Esteller, M.R. Rountree, K.E. Bachman, K. Schuebel, J.G. Herman, Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, chromatin formation and gene expression in cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 687–692 (2001)CrossRef S.B. Baylin, M. Esteller, M.R. Rountree, K.E. Bachman, K. Schuebel, J.G. Herman, Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, chromatin formation and gene expression in cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 687–692 (2001)CrossRef
2.
go back to reference B.A. Walker, C.P. Wardell, L. Chiecchio, E.M. Smith, K.D. Boyd, A. Neri, F.E. Davies, F.M. Ross, G.J. Morgan, Aberrant global methylation patterns affect the molecular pathogenesis and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Blood 117, 553–562 (2011)CrossRef B.A. Walker, C.P. Wardell, L. Chiecchio, E.M. Smith, K.D. Boyd, A. Neri, F.E. Davies, F.M. Ross, G.J. Morgan, Aberrant global methylation patterns affect the molecular pathogenesis and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Blood 117, 553–562 (2011)CrossRef
3.
go back to reference E. Braggio, A. Maiolino, M.E. Gouveia, R. Magalhães, J.T. Souto Filho, M. Garnica, M. Nucci, I.Z. Renault, Methylation status of nine tumor suppressor genes in multiple myeloma. Int. J. Hematol. 91, 87–96 (2010)CrossRef E. Braggio, A. Maiolino, M.E. Gouveia, R. Magalhães, J.T. Souto Filho, M. Garnica, M. Nucci, I.Z. Renault, Methylation status of nine tumor suppressor genes in multiple myeloma. Int. J. Hematol. 91, 87–96 (2010)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference C.M. Bender, M.L. Gonzalgo, F.A. Gonzales, C.T. Nguyen, K.D. Robertson, P.A. Jones, Roles of cell division and gene transcription in the methylation of CpG Islands. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 6690–6698 (1999)CrossRef C.M. Bender, M.L. Gonzalgo, F.A. Gonzales, C.T. Nguyen, K.D. Robertson, P.A. Jones, Roles of cell division and gene transcription in the methylation of CpG Islands. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 6690–6698 (1999)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference K. Maes, E. De Smedt, M. Lemaire, H. De Raeve, E. Menu, E. Van Valckenborgh, S. McClue, K. Vanderkerken, E. De Bruyne, The role of DNA damage and repair in decitabine-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 5, 3115–3129 (2014)CrossRef K. Maes, E. De Smedt, M. Lemaire, H. De Raeve, E. Menu, E. Van Valckenborgh, S. McClue, K. Vanderkerken, E. De Bruyne, The role of DNA damage and repair in decitabine-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 5, 3115–3129 (2014)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference T. Kiziltepe, T. Hideshima, L. Catley, N. Raje, H. Yasui, N. Shiraishi, Y. Okawa, H. Ikeda, S. Vallet, S. Pozzi, K. Ishitsuka, E.M. Ocio, D. Chauhan, K.C. Anderson, 5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induces ATR-mediated DNA double-strand break responses, apoptosis, and synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin and bortezomib against multiple myeloma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 1718–1727 (2007)CrossRef T. Kiziltepe, T. Hideshima, L. Catley, N. Raje, H. Yasui, N. Shiraishi, Y. Okawa, H. Ikeda, S. Vallet, S. Pozzi, K. Ishitsuka, E.M. Ocio, D. Chauhan, K.C. Anderson, 5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induces ATR-mediated DNA double-strand break responses, apoptosis, and synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin and bortezomib against multiple myeloma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 1718–1727 (2007)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference J. Laliberté, V.E. Marquez, R.L. Momparler, Potent inhibitors for the deamination of cytosine arabinoside and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine by human cytidine deaminase. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 30, 7–11 (1992)CrossRef J. Laliberté, V.E. Marquez, R.L. Momparler, Potent inhibitors for the deamination of cytosine arabinoside and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine by human cytidine deaminase. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 30, 7–11 (1992)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference B.A. Chabner, J.C. Drake, D.G. Johns, Deamination of 5-azacytidine by a human leukemia cell cytidine deaminase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 2763–2765 (1973)CrossRef B.A. Chabner, J.C. Drake, D.G. Johns, Deamination of 5-azacytidine by a human leukemia cell cytidine deaminase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 2763–2765 (1973)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference C. Stresemann, B. Brueckner, T. Musch, H. Stopper, F. Lyko, Functional diversity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 66, 2794–2800 (2006)CrossRef C. Stresemann, B. Brueckner, T. Musch, H. Stopper, F. Lyko, Functional diversity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 66, 2794–2800 (2006)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference L. Zhou, X. Cheng, B.A. Connolly, M.J. Dickman, P.J. Hurd, D.P. Hornby, Zebularine: a novel DNA methylation inhibitor that forms a covalent complex with DNA methyltransferases. J. Mol. Biol. 321, 591–599 (2002)CrossRef L. Zhou, X. Cheng, B.A. Connolly, M.J. Dickman, P.J. Hurd, D.P. Hornby, Zebularine: a novel DNA methylation inhibitor that forms a covalent complex with DNA methyltransferases. J. Mol. Biol. 321, 591–599 (2002)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference J.C. Cheng, C.B. Yoo, D.J. Weisenberger, J. Chuang, C. Wozniak, G. Liang, V.E. Marquez, S. Greer, T.F. Orntoft, T. Thykjaer, P.A. Jones, Preferential response of cancer cells to zebularine. Cancer Cell 6, 151–158 (2004)CrossRef J.C. Cheng, C.B. Yoo, D.J. Weisenberger, J. Chuang, C. Wozniak, G. Liang, V.E. Marquez, S. Greer, T.F. Orntoft, T. Thykjaer, P.A. Jones, Preferential response of cancer cells to zebularine. Cancer Cell 6, 151–158 (2004)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference P. Krzeminski, M.E. Sarasquete, I. Misiewicz-Krzeminska, R. Corral, L.A. Corchete, A.A. Martín, R. García-Sanz, J.F. San Miguel, N.C. Gutiérrez, Insights into epigenetic regulation of microRNA-155 expression in multiple myeloma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1849, 353–366 (2015)CrossRef P. Krzeminski, M.E. Sarasquete, I. Misiewicz-Krzeminska, R. Corral, L.A. Corchete, A.A. Martín, R. García-Sanz, J.F. San Miguel, N.C. Gutiérrez, Insights into epigenetic regulation of microRNA-155 expression in multiple myeloma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1849, 353–366 (2015)CrossRef
13.
go back to reference J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Mol. Cloning Lab. Man. (1989). J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Mol. Cloning Lab. Man. (1989).
14.
go back to reference M.M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254 (1976)CrossRef M.M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254 (1976)CrossRef
15.
go back to reference E.M. Hurt, S.B. Thomas, B. Peng, W.L. Farrar, Reversal of p53 epigenetic silencing in multiple myeloma permits apoptosis by a p53 activator. Cancer Biol Ther 5, 1154–1160 (2006)CrossRef E.M. Hurt, S.B. Thomas, B. Peng, W.L. Farrar, Reversal of p53 epigenetic silencing in multiple myeloma permits apoptosis by a p53 activator. Cancer Biol Ther 5, 1154–1160 (2006)CrossRef
16.
go back to reference J.C. Cheng, D.J. Weisenberger, F.A. Gonzales, G. Liang, G.-L. Xu, Y.-G. Hu, V.E. Marquez, P.A. Jones, Continuous zebularine treatment effectively sustains demethylation in human bladder cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 1270–1278 (2004)CrossRef J.C. Cheng, D.J. Weisenberger, F.A. Gonzales, G. Liang, G.-L. Xu, Y.-G. Hu, V.E. Marquez, P.A. Jones, Continuous zebularine treatment effectively sustains demethylation in human bladder cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 1270–1278 (2004)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference M.L. Orta, N. Pastor, E. Burgos-Morón, I. Domínguez, J.M. Calderón-Montaño, C. Huertas Castaño, M. López-Lázaro, T. Helleday, S. Mateos, Zebularine induces replication-dependent double-strand breaks which are preferentially repaired by homologous recombination. DNA Repair 57, 116–124 (2017)CrossRef M.L. Orta, N. Pastor, E. Burgos-Morón, I. Domínguez, J.M. Calderón-Montaño, C. Huertas Castaño, M. López-Lázaro, T. Helleday, S. Mateos, Zebularine induces replication-dependent double-strand breaks which are preferentially repaired by homologous recombination. DNA Repair 57, 116–124 (2017)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference C. Grandjenette, M. Schnekenburger, T. Karius, J. Ghelfi, A. Gaigneaux, E. Henry, M. Dicato, M. Diederich, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-mediated c-myc down-regulation triggers telomere-dependent senescence by regulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase in chronic myeloid leukemia. Neoplasia 6, 511–528 (2014) C. Grandjenette, M. Schnekenburger, T. Karius, J. Ghelfi, A. Gaigneaux, E. Henry, M. Dicato, M. Diederich, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-mediated c-myc down-regulation triggers telomere-dependent senescence by regulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase in chronic myeloid leukemia. Neoplasia 6, 511–528 (2014)
19.
go back to reference C.B. Yoo, R. Valente, C. Congiatu, F. Gavazza, A. Angel, M.A. Siddiqui, P.A. Jones, C. McGuigan, V.E. Marquez, Activation of p16 gene silenced by DNA methylation in cancer cells by phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′-deoxyzebularine. J. Med. Chem. 51, 7593–7601 (2008)CrossRef C.B. Yoo, R. Valente, C. Congiatu, F. Gavazza, A. Angel, M.A. Siddiqui, P.A. Jones, C. McGuigan, V.E. Marquez, Activation of p16 gene silenced by DNA methylation in cancer cells by phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′-deoxyzebularine. J. Med. Chem. 51, 7593–7601 (2008)CrossRef
20.
go back to reference D. Dytfeld, M. Luczak, T. Wrobel, L. Usnarska-Zubkiewicz, K. Brzezniakiewicz, K. Jamroziak, K. Giannopoulos, A. Przybylowicz-Chalecka, B. Ratajczak, J. Czerwinska-Rybak, A. Nowicki, M. Joks, E. Czechowska, M. Zawartko, T. Szczepaniak, N. Grzasko, M. Morawska, M. Bochenek, T. Kubicki, M. Morawska, K. Tusznio, A. Jakubowiak, M. Komarnicki, D. Dytfeld, M. Luczak, T. Wrobel, L. Usnarska-Zubkiewicz, K. Brzezniakiewicz, K. Jamroziak, K. Giannopoulos, A. Przybylowicz-Chalecka, B. Ratajczak, J. Czerwinska-Rybak, A. Nowicki, M. Joks, E. Czechowska, M. Zawartko, T. Szczepaniak, N. Grzasko, M. Morawska, M. Bochenek, T. Kubicki, M. Morawska, K. Tusznio, A. Jakubowiak, M. Komarnicki, Comparative proteomic profiling of refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma reveals biomarkers involved in resistance to bortezomib-based therapy. Oncotarget 7, 56726–56736 (2016)CrossRef D. Dytfeld, M. Luczak, T. Wrobel, L. Usnarska-Zubkiewicz, K. Brzezniakiewicz, K. Jamroziak, K. Giannopoulos, A. Przybylowicz-Chalecka, B. Ratajczak, J. Czerwinska-Rybak, A. Nowicki, M. Joks, E. Czechowska, M. Zawartko, T. Szczepaniak, N. Grzasko, M. Morawska, M. Bochenek, T. Kubicki, M. Morawska, K. Tusznio, A. Jakubowiak, M. Komarnicki, D. Dytfeld, M. Luczak, T. Wrobel, L. Usnarska-Zubkiewicz, K. Brzezniakiewicz, K. Jamroziak, K. Giannopoulos, A. Przybylowicz-Chalecka, B. Ratajczak, J. Czerwinska-Rybak, A. Nowicki, M. Joks, E. Czechowska, M. Zawartko, T. Szczepaniak, N. Grzasko, M. Morawska, M. Bochenek, T. Kubicki, M. Morawska, K. Tusznio, A. Jakubowiak, M. Komarnicki, Comparative proteomic profiling of refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma reveals biomarkers involved in resistance to bortezomib-based therapy. Oncotarget 7, 56726–56736 (2016)CrossRef
21.
go back to reference J.H. Beumer, J.L. Eiseman, R.A. Parise, E. Joseph, J.L. Holleran, J.M. Covey, M.J. Egorin, Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine in mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 7483–7491 (2006) J.H. Beumer, J.L. Eiseman, R.A. Parise, E. Joseph, J.L. Holleran, J.M. Covey, M.J. Egorin, Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine in mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 7483–7491 (2006)
22.
go back to reference M. Billam, M.D. Sobolewski, N.E. Davidson, Effects of a novel DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine on human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 120, 581–592 (2010)CrossRef M. Billam, M.D. Sobolewski, N.E. Davidson, Effects of a novel DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine on human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 120, 581–592 (2010)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference M. Lemaire, L.F. Momparler, M.L. Bernstein, V.E. Marquez, R.L. Momparler, Enhancement of antineoplastic action of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine by zebularine on L1210 leukemia. Anti-Cancer Drugs 16, 301–308 (2005)CrossRef M. Lemaire, L.F. Momparler, M.L. Bernstein, V.E. Marquez, R.L. Momparler, Enhancement of antineoplastic action of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine by zebularine on L1210 leukemia. Anti-Cancer Drugs 16, 301–308 (2005)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Z. Zhang, Q. He, Y. Tao, J. Guo, F. Xu, L.-Y. Wu, Y.-S. Zhao, D. Wu, L.-Y. Zhou, J.-Y. Su, L.-X. Song, C. Xiao, X. Li, C.-K. Chang, Decitabine treatment sensitizes tumor cells to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Am. J. Transl. Res. 9, 454–465 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentral Z. Zhang, Q. He, Y. Tao, J. Guo, F. Xu, L.-Y. Wu, Y.-S. Zhao, D. Wu, L.-Y. Zhou, J.-Y. Su, L.-X. Song, C. Xiao, X. Li, C.-K. Chang, Decitabine treatment sensitizes tumor cells to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Am. J. Transl. Res. 9, 454–465 (2017)PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Y. Cui, A. Naz, D.H. Thompson, J. Irudayaraj, Decitabine nanoconjugate sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Mol. Pharm. 12, 1279–1288 (2015)CrossRef Y. Cui, A. Naz, D.H. Thompson, J. Irudayaraj, Decitabine nanoconjugate sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Mol. Pharm. 12, 1279–1288 (2015)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Y. Cao, G.-Q. Qiu, H.-Q. Wu, Z.-L. Wang, Y. Lin, W. Wu, X.-B. Xie, W.-Y. Gu, Decitabine enhances bortezomib treatment in RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 14, 3469–3475 (2016)CrossRef Y. Cao, G.-Q. Qiu, H.-Q. Wu, Z.-L. Wang, Y. Lin, W. Wu, X.-B. Xie, W.-Y. Gu, Decitabine enhances bortezomib treatment in RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 14, 3469–3475 (2016)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference M.B. Heckmann, S. Doroudgar, H.A. Katus, L.H. Lehmann, Cardiovascular adverse events in multiple myeloma patients. J. Thorac. Dis. 10, S4296–S4305 (2018) M.B. Heckmann, S. Doroudgar, H.A. Katus, L.H. Lehmann, Cardiovascular adverse events in multiple myeloma patients. J. Thorac. Dis. 10, S4296–S4305 (2018)
28.
go back to reference C.T. Wallington-Beddoe, M. Sobieraj-Teague, B.J. Kuss, S.M. Pitson, Resistance to proteasome inhibitors and other targeted therapies in myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 182, 11–28 (2018)CrossRef C.T. Wallington-Beddoe, M. Sobieraj-Teague, B.J. Kuss, S.M. Pitson, Resistance to proteasome inhibitors and other targeted therapies in myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 182, 11–28 (2018)CrossRef
29.
go back to reference D.J.P.M. Stumpel, D. Schotte, P. Schneider, L. Seslija, R.X. de Menezes, V.E. Marquez, R. Pieters, M.L. den Boer, R.W. Stam, Hypermethylation of specific microRNA genes in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: major matters at a micro scale. Leukemia 25, 429–439 (2011)CrossRef D.J.P.M. Stumpel, D. Schotte, P. Schneider, L. Seslija, R.X. de Menezes, V.E. Marquez, R. Pieters, M.L. den Boer, R.W. Stam, Hypermethylation of specific microRNA genes in MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: major matters at a micro scale. Leukemia 25, 429–439 (2011)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference M. Zauri, G. Berridge, M.-L. Thézénas, K.M. Pugh, R. Goldin, B.M. Kessler, S. Kriaucionis, CDA directs metabolism of epigenetic nucleosides revealing a therapeutic window in cancer. Nature 524, 114–118 (2015)CrossRef M. Zauri, G. Berridge, M.-L. Thézénas, K.M. Pugh, R. Goldin, B.M. Kessler, S. Kriaucionis, CDA directs metabolism of epigenetic nucleosides revealing a therapeutic window in cancer. Nature 524, 114–118 (2015)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference R.Z. Mahfouz, A. Jankowska, Q. Ebrahem, X. Gu, V. Visconte, A. Tabarroki, P. Terse, J. Covey, K. Chan, Y. Ling, K.J. Engelke, M.A. Sekeres, R. Tiu, J. Maciejewski, T. Radivoyevitch, Y. Saunthararajah, Increased CDA expression/activity in males contributes to decreased cytidine analog half-life and likely contributes to worse outcomes with 5-azacytidine or decitabine therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 19, 938–948 (2013) R.Z. Mahfouz, A. Jankowska, Q. Ebrahem, X. Gu, V. Visconte, A. Tabarroki, P. Terse, J. Covey, K. Chan, Y. Ling, K.J. Engelke, M.A. Sekeres, R. Tiu, J. Maciejewski, T. Radivoyevitch, Y. Saunthararajah, Increased CDA expression/activity in males contributes to decreased cytidine analog half-life and likely contributes to worse outcomes with 5-azacytidine or decitabine therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 19, 938–948 (2013)
32.
go back to reference T. Neff, C.A. Blau, Forced expression of cytidine deaminase confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside and gemcitabine. Exp. Hematol. 24, 1340–1346 (1996)PubMed T. Neff, C.A. Blau, Forced expression of cytidine deaminase confers resistance to cytosine arabinoside and gemcitabine. Exp. Hematol. 24, 1340–1346 (1996)PubMed
33.
go back to reference H. Guo, N. Rao, Q. Xu, H. Guo, Origin of tight binding of a near-perfect transition-state analogue by cytidine deaminase: Implications for enzyme catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 3191–3197 (2005)CrossRef H. Guo, N. Rao, Q. Xu, H. Guo, Origin of tight binding of a near-perfect transition-state analogue by cytidine deaminase: Implications for enzyme catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 3191–3197 (2005)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference P.L. Greenberg, E. Attar, J.M. Bennett, C.D. Bloomfield, C.M. De Castro, H.J. Deeg, J.M. Foran, K. Gaensler, G. Garcia-Manero, S.D. Gore, D. Head, R. Komrokji, L.J. Maness, M. Millenson, S.D. Nimer, M.R. O’Donnell, M.A. Schroeder, P.J. Shami, R.M. Stone, J.E. Thompson, P. Westervelt, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. JNCCN 9, 30–56 (2011)CrossRef P.L. Greenberg, E. Attar, J.M. Bennett, C.D. Bloomfield, C.M. De Castro, H.J. Deeg, J.M. Foran, K. Gaensler, G. Garcia-Manero, S.D. Gore, D. Head, R. Komrokji, L.J. Maness, M. Millenson, S.D. Nimer, M.R. O’Donnell, M.A. Schroeder, P.J. Shami, R.M. Stone, J.E. Thompson, P. Westervelt, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. JNCCN 9, 30–56 (2011)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Zebularine-induced myeloma cell death is accompanied by decreased c-Myc expression
Authors
Patryk Krzeminski
Ramón García-Sanz
Norma C. Gutiérrez
Publication date
01-08-2020
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Cellular Oncology / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 2211-3428
Electronic ISSN: 2211-3436
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-020-00516-6

Other articles of this Issue 4/2020

Cellular Oncology 4/2020 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine