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Cellular Oncology
Published in: Cellular Oncology 5/2017

01-10-2017 | Review

Lung cancer-associated brain metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options

Authors: Meysam Yousefi, Tayyeb Bahrami, Arash Salmaninejad, Rahim Nosrati, Parisa Ghaffari, Seyed H. Ghaffari

Published in: Cellular Oncology | Issue 5/2017

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Abstract

Background

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in humans. There are several reasons for this high rate of mortality, including metastasis to several organs, especially the brain. In fact, lung cancer is responsible for approximately 50% of all brain metastases, which are very difficult to manage. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer-associated brain metastasis brings up novel therapeutic promises with the hope to ameliorate the severity of the disease. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of lung cancer dissemination and metastasis to the brain, as well as promising horizons for impeding lung cancer brain metastasis, including the role of cancer stem cells, the blood-brain barrier, interactions of lung cancer cells with the brain microenvironment and lung cancer-driven systemic processes, as well as the role of growth factor/receptor tyrosine kinases, cell adhesion molecules and non-coding RNAs. In addition, we provide an overview of current and novel therapeutic approaches, including radiotherapy, surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, as also targeted cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based therapies, micro-RNA-based therapies and other small molecule or antibody-based therapies. We will also discuss the daunting potential of some combined therapies.

Conclusions

The identification of molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer metastasis has opened up new avenues towards their eradication and provides interesting opportunities for future research aimed at the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Metadata
Title
Lung cancer-associated brain metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic options
Authors
Meysam Yousefi
Tayyeb Bahrami
Arash Salmaninejad
Rahim Nosrati
Parisa Ghaffari
Seyed H. Ghaffari
Publication date
01-10-2017
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Cellular Oncology / Issue 5/2017
Print ISSN: 2211-3428
Electronic ISSN: 2211-3436
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-017-0345-5

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